ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR PILATES - Learn Muscles
ANATOMY ANDPHYSIOLOGY FOR PILATESPurchase College CE Class
Joseph E. Muscolino joseph.e.muscolino@gmail.com (203) 788-7635 www.learnmuscles.com
Week One Basic Kinesiology Terminology
Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy is Structure Physiology isFunction
Axial / Appendicular Body
Body Parts
Static Positional Terms
Pairs of Terms roximal/distalSuperficial/deep
Movement Terms - Pairs Flexion / extensionAbduction / adductionRight lateral flexion / left lateral flexionMedial rotation / lateral rotationRight rotation / left rotation
Movement Terms – Pairscont’d Pronation / supinationDorsiflexion / plantarflexionProtraction / retractionElevation / depressionUpward rotation / downward rotation Extension vs. hyperextension Circumduction
Planes A plane is a 2-D flat surface that dividesspace. Movements occur within planes. There are three cardinal planes:– Sagittal– Frontal– Transverse Oblique planes
Planes – Sagittal and Frontal
Planes – Transverse and Oblique
Movement in Planes – Sagittal andFrontal
Movement in Planes – Transverseand Oblique
Axes An axis (plural: axes)is an imaginary linearound whichmovement occurs.
Axes – cont’d For each plane, there is a correspondingaxis Sagittal – mediolateral Frontal – anteroposterior Transverse – vertical (superoinferior) Oblique - oblique
Mediolateral Axis
Anteroposterior Axis
Vertical Axis
Oblique Axis
Naming Joint Actions A joint action is a cardinal plane jointmotion. Three parts to fully describe a joint motion:– Direction of motion– Body part that moves– Joint at which motion occurs Example: Flexion of the arm at theshoulder joint
Week Two The Skeletal System
Bones of the Skeleton
Bones – Upper Extremity Scapula / clavicleHumerusRadius / ulnaCarpalsMetacarpalsPhalanges
Bones – Lower Extremity Pelvic bone (ilium, ischium, pubis)FemurTibia / FibulaTarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges
Bones – Axial Body Cranium (frontal, temporal, occipital )VertebraeSacrum /coccyxHyoid boneSternumRib cage
Bony Landmarks Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)Iliac crestMedial border of scapulaInferior angle of scapulaSpinous processes (SPs)
Joint Classification Structural:– Fibrous– Cartilaginous– Synovial (joint cavity)
Fibrous Joint Examples
Cartilaginous Joint Examples
Synovial Joint Examples
Synovial Joint Categories Uniaxial (hinge and pivot)Biaxial (condyloid and saddle)Triaxial (ball and socket)Nonaxial
Uniaxial Joints
Biaxial Joints
Triaxial Joints
Nonaxial Joints
Upper Extremity Joints Shoulder Shoulder Girdle: (scapulocostal,sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular) Elbow Radioulnar Wrist Saddle of thumb Metacarpophalangeal Interphalangeal
Lower Extremity Joints geal
Axial Body Joints DiscFacetSacroiliacTemporomandibular (TMJ)
Other Skeletal Tissues Cartilage Bursa Tendon sheath
Other Skeletal Tissues - Figures
Week Three Pathologic Conditions Myofascial Tissue
Overview of Blood Flow Systemic circulation: Heart to arteries to capillaries– Tissue exchange with the cells of the body To veins to the heart
Pathologic Conditions Disc bulge / herniationSciaticaHyper-hypo ative joint disease (DJD, osteoarthritis, OA)SprainCarpal tunnel syndromeMeniscus damageFoot hyperpronationHip replacement
Pathologic Disc
Pathologic Disc
Sciatica
Spinal Curves
Pelvic Tilt Notice therelationship betweenthe sacral base angleand the lordosis of thelumbar spine.
Hypolordosis / Hyperlordosis
Scoliosis
Spondylolisthesis
DJD/OA
Sprain
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Meniscus Damage
Foot Hyperpronation
Foot Hyperpronation – cont’d
Foot Hyperpronation – cont’d
Tight ‘hip joint abductors’ Notice the effect uponthe spine
Hip Replacement
Myofascial Tissue
Typical Muscle
Concentric (Shortening)Contractions
Concentric (Shortening)Contractions - Brachialis
Concentric Contraction
Eccentric and IsometricContractions
Concentric Contraction Analogy
Eccentric Contraction Analogy
Adding Resistance
Stabilization - Pelvis
Stabilization - Scapula
Neural Control
Neural Control – cont’d
Muscle Memory
Strain / Tendinitis
Week Four Muscles / Muscle Groups Functional Groups
Upper Extremity Shoulder jointShoulder girdleElbow jointRadioulnar jointsWrist jointFinger joints
Shoulder Joint Flexors (anterior deltoid)Extensors (posterior deltoid)Abductors (middle deltoid)Adductors (pectoralis major, latissimusdorsi) Medial rotators (pectoralis major,latissimus dorsi) Lateral rotators (rotator cuff )
Shoulder Joint - Figures
Shoulder Girdle Protractors (pectoralis muscles) Retractors (rhomboids, middle trapezius) Elevators (upper trapezius, levatorscapulae) Depressors (lower trapezius, pectoralisminor) Upward rotators Downward rotators
Shoulder Girdle Figures
Elbow Joint Flexors (biceps brachii, brachialis) Extensors (triceps brachii)
Elbow Joint Figures
Elbow Joint Figures – cont’d
Radioulnar Joints Pronators Supinators
Radioulnar Joints Figures
Wrist Joint Flexors (wrist flexor group)Extensors (wrist extensor group)Radial deviatorsUlnar deviators
Wrist Joint Figures
Finger Joints FlexorsExtensorsAbductorsAdductors
Finger Joints Figures
Lower Extremity Hip jointPelvisKnee jointAnkle jointSubtalar jointToe joints
Hip Joint Flexors (iliopsoas)Extensors (gluteal muscles, hamstrings)Abductors (gluteal muscles)Adductors (adductor group)Medial rotatorsLateral rotators (gluteal muscles, deeplateral rotators)
Hip Joint Figures
Hip Joint Figures – cont’d
Pelvis (at the hip joint) Anterior tilt (hip flexors)Posterior tilt (hip extensors)Depression (hip abductors)ElevationRight rotationLeft rotation
Pelvis Figures
Pelvis Figures – cont’d
Pelvis Figures – cont’d
Pelvic Posture and the Spine
Knee Joint Extensors (quadriceps femoris group) Flexors (hamstring group)
Knee Joint Figures
Ankle Joint Dorsiflexors Plantarflexors (gastrocnemius, soleus)
Ankle Joint Figures
Subtalar Joint Pronators / Evertors (fibularis muscles) Supinators / Invertors (tibialis anterior andposterior)
Subtalar Joint Figures
Toe Joints ExtensorsFlexorsAbductorsAdductors
Toe Joint Figures
Axial Body Spinal Joints Pelvis Temporomandibular joints (TMJs)
Spinal Joints - Trunk Flexors (abdominals: rectus abdominis,external and internal abdominal obliques) Extensors (erector spinae) Right lateral flexors Left lateral flexors Right rotators (abdominal obliques) Left rotators (abdominal obliques)
Spinal Joints - Neck Flexors (sternocleidomastoid [SCM],scalenes, longus muscles) Extensors (upper trapezius, levatorscapulae, semispinalis capitis) Right lateral flexors Left lateral flexors Right rotators (upper trapezius, SCM) Left rotators (upper trapezius, SCM)
Spinal Joints Figures
Spinal Joints Figures – cont’d
Spinal Joints Figures – cont’d
Pelvis (at the lumbosacral joint) Anterior tilt (back extensors)Posterior tilt (abdominals)DepressionElevation (lateral flexors)Right rotationLeft rotation
Pelvis Figures
Pelvis Figures – cont’d
Pelvis Figures – cont’d
Pelvis Figures – cont’d
Temporomandibular Joints (TMJs) ElevatorsDepressorsRight lateral deviatorsLeft lateral deviators
Temporomandibular Joints (TMJs)Figures
Fasciae
Fasciae – cont’d
Powerhouse The “core” Pelvis and Trunk Hip joints and Spinal joints
Powerhouse cont’d
Powerhouse cont’d
Core Stabilization
Core Stabilization – cont’d
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR PILATES Purchase College CE Class Joseph E. Muscolino joseph.e.muscolino@gmail.com (203) 788-7635 www.learnmuscles.com . Week One Basic Kinesiology Terminology . Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy is Structure Physiology is Function .
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