Dams In Oregon
Dams in Oregon:impacts, opportunities andfuture directionsRose WallickChauncey Anderson, Stewart Rounds,Mackenzie Keith, Krista JonesUSGS Oregon Water Science CenterU.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
Dams in OregonMore than 1,100 dams in state dam inventory48 dams more than 100ft tall10 dams more than 300 ft tallCougar Dam is tallest – 519 ftDam Height
OverviewPurpose and environmental impacts of damsStrategies to address impacts Removal, infrastructure modifications, operationsScience insights from USGS studiesFuture directions
U.S. has more than87,000 documenteddamsDams built per decadeSource: National Inventory of Dams,ttp://nid.usace.army.mil/Detroit Dam, completed 1953, 463 ftAfter Doyle et al. (2003)Cougar Dam, completed 1963, 519 ftPhotographs courtesy USACE
Purpose of damsDams provide: Hydropower Flood control Water storage Navigation Recreation Other benefitsMiddle Fork Willamette, USGS photoDetroit Lake, Photo courtesy:https://www.detroitlakeoregon.org/
Environmental impacts of dams Alter river flows, water temperature, water quality, trapsediment, carbon, nutrients in reservoirs Block fish passage Change ecosystems above and below dams Support conditions that can lead to harmful algae bloomsCougar Reservoir, South Fork McKenzie,USGS photoMiddle Fork Willamette River below DexterDam, USGS photo
Motivating factors for removing,upgrading or re-operating damsExamples include: Dams age, expensive to maintain safely Facilities may not work as initially intended Reservoirs fill with sediment Regulatory requirements Fish passageWater qualityIron Gate Dam and Reservoir, Klamath River,Photograph by C. Anderson, USGS
Management strategiesObsolete or unsafe dams arecandidates for removalUpgrade facilitiesFish passageTemperature controlTotal dissolved gasModify operations of existing facilitiesEnvironmental flows for habitatsFlow management to address temperatureDrawdowns to flush sediment or pass fishPortable Floating Fish Collector, CougarReservoir, photo by R. Wallick, USGS
Dam removal reasonsEcosystem restoration Fish passage and habitatUpstream / downstream connectivityWater temperature changes (seasonal timing, &absolute temperatures)Safety Many old facilities expensive to modernizeEarthquakesEconomic FERC relicensingCosts of retrofitting or management changes to meetESA or other requirementsElwha Dam, 108 ft, removed in 2011Photo by C. Magirl, USGSNew York Times article on risks of Lake Isabella dam failure
Damremovalin theU.S.Major et al., Gravel-BedRivers v. 8, in press,based on AmericanRivers database
Dam removal –technical concerns Hydrologic Changes – Flooding, channel changesSediment Erosion / Transport / Deposition Reservoir erosion Downstream deposition Impacts to habitats Debris ContaminantsWater qualityInvasive aquatic species & plantsLoss of fish collection facilitiesDecreased groundwater levelsImpacts on infrastructure (WTPs, pumps, pipelines )Potential benefits include: improvements to habitat, fish passage,water quality, removal of non-native reservoir fish
Effects of dam removal proportional todam size and operation Dam’s effects on flow and sediment transport (dam presenceand operations both matter) Dam height, and pace of removal Reservoir sediment volume, composition64 m highdam4 m high damHomestead Dam, Ashuelot River,NH (Gartner et al., 2015)Glines Canyon Dam, Elwha River, WAUSGS photographs
Overarching conceptual modelFoley and others, 2017
Ecosystem impacts, benefits fromdam removalMuch still to learn about ecosystem responses, butmaking progress.1. Ecosystem responsesmediated throughbio-physicalprocesses2. Many complexrelationships,feedbacksPess et al., in revision
Coupled upstream-downstream systemEcologicalresponsesPessetet al,al.,ininrevision.revisionPess
Case study: Marmot Dam, Sandy RiverFebruary 26, 2008Photos by J. Major, USGSLessons learned (Foley and others, 2017) Physical responses typically fast Ecological responses differ longitudinally Connectivity quickly restored Geomorphic context matters Quantitative models useful for predicting effects Fish respond rapidly
Using science and engineering toinform dam operationsExamples from Willamette and ColumbiaU.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey(photos from Corps of Engineers and PGE)
Willamette Basin USACE dams in Willamette Valley13 USACE damsESA-listed fish Chinook salmon Steelhead salmon Bull troutOperations consider Flood control, hydropower, downstream water users,recreationTemperature managementSeasonal flow requirementsfor listed fish10mi
Total Dissolved GasCritical regulatory metric for dam operations Goal: Minimize gas bubble trauma for outmigrating juvenilesalmonids Real time decisions regarding spill and power generation Infrastructure improvementsLower Granite Dam, Snake River. Photo credit: E. Glisch, USACE
Total Dissolved Gas ater/Columbia/Water-Quality/
Downstream TemperaturesTemperature affects fish habitatand the timing of migration,spawning, egg incubation andemergence, etc.Detroit Dam463 feet tallMultiple outlets: Spillway Power penstocks Upper regulating outlets Lower regulating outletsWarm or cooltemperaturesaccessed withdifferentoutletsU.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Surveyphoto from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Willamette RiverModelsCE-QUAL-W2444 rivermiles Calibrated for 2001 and 2002 fortemperature TMDL. Used to assess effects of upstreamdams. Used to evaluate 2011 (cool/wet) and2015 (hot/dry) conditions and aid inevaluations of flow managementU.S. Department of the InteriormapU.S. Geological Surveyfrom USGS Used to help quantify a Thermal Mosaicof the river.
Flow Comparison, With and Without Dams23Simulated Flow, Willamette River at Salem100,000Lower flows in winter and springWith DamsNo DamsStreamflow (ft3/s)40,000Higher flows in late summer andearly ct2002See http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5153/
Temperature Comparison, With and Without DamsNorth Santiam River at Big Cliff DamWater Temperature ( C)2018Measured, with damsEstimated, without dams16Cooler insummerWarmerinautumn14121086420J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D20012002See http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5153/
Thermal Effect of Dams on River Network25Coast Fork Willamette and Willamette Rivers2002In spring and autumn, river experiences warmingDuring summer, river experiences cooling from damsLongTomRowMFRiver MileSantiamMcKenzieTemperature Change “WithDams”minus “No Dams”ImportantTributaryInputsClackamas-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.07dADM Temperature Change ( C)See http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5153/
Downstream Thermal Effect of Dams on FishFish Use Periods2002ReturnHoldingSpawningIncubation-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.07dADM Temperature Change ( C)26
TualatinSantiamCalapooiaMcKenzie2011Modeled 7-day Average of Daily Max TemperaturesPreliminary results; subject to revision27
Modeled 7-day Average of Daily Max TemperaturesTualatinSantiamCalapooiaMcKenzie2015In 2015, most of the Willamette Riverexceeded 18 deg. C from June to SeptPreliminary results; subject to revision28
Example of temperature blending: Detroit Dam, Oregon 29Lake warms gradually through summerWarm water floats on top of cold waterBlending outflows from different outlets can help mitigate temperature issuesSpillways(warm water)Upper ROsPower(cool water)Upstream side of Detroit DamImage from Corps of Engineers
Detroit Lake water levels for differentscenarios30In all years, lake level above spillway, but duration varies In dry year, water level drops below spillway August 1 In cool/wet years and normal year, below spillway early Septemberrule curveMonthSee http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151012
Detroit Modeled Temperatures, Without Blending31When releasing cool water from power penstock, temperatures are below target most of summer. Waterremaining in the fall is warm, resulting in releases that exceed targets for spawning and incubation.temperaturetargetIn all year types, temperature exceeds target duringsalmon spawning/incubation period 6 CBrown lines are desirabletemperature rangesrule curveSee http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151012
Blending Releases from Multiple Outlets to Manage32TemperatureAssumes at least 40% of released water from power penstockEven in hot, dry year, exceed target by 4 C(compared with 6-7 C with no blending)cold waterexhausted;lake wellmixedloss of spillway, power onlyPower spillway blendingpower, U.RO blendingbegins when lake above spillwaytemperature dropsSee http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151012
With Hypothetical Temperature Control Tower33Assumes: Multiple outlets to blend surface and bottom releases regardless of lake level Power constraint removed (releases routed to penstock from tower)Cold waterinaccessible totowerTemperature targets achieved, most of year,in all year typesSee http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151012
Summary of Temperature Management Temperature is a major influence on fish Monitoring needed for understanding effect of flow, operation,and other factors Modification of seasonal temperatures impacts multiple lifestages of anadromous fish Mitigation With blending from multiple existing outlets With temperature towers Accompanied with reduced power generation Models can inform real-time operations and design of newstructures.
Reservoir Operations for Fish Passage:Fall Creek Lake DrawdownsPhoto courtesy USGS WesternFisheries Research Center,Columbia River Research LaboratoryFall Creek Lake, photo courtesy USACEFall Creek Lake during 2016 drawdown,photo by M. Keith (USGS)
Fall Creek LakeFall Creek Lake during 2016 drawdown, photo by M. Keith (USGS)
Typical operationsLimited downstream fishpassageDuring drawdown, laketemporarily lowered tostreambedFish exit through regulatingoutlet at base of damReservoir sediment alsotransported throughreservoir and intodownstream reachIllustrations by M. Keith, USGS
High Resolution Mapping to TrackReservoir ErosionJanuary 2012November 2016DifferenceFlowUnpublished data subject to revision. Photo credit: M. Keith, USGS, ORWSC
Downstream sediment depositionfrom drawdown of Fall Creek LakeStudy in progress: modeling and analysesto identify flow management strategieswith potential to reduce sediment impactsPhoto credit: M. Keith, USGS
Dam Releases to Meet EcologicalObjectivesExamples of environmental flowobjectives:Inundate existing habitats Support spawning and incubation Optimize high or low flow rearingMaintain or create habitats Move sediment or create andmaintain side channelsMinimize and manage fishdiseaseWillamette River side channel, photo by J.Mangano, USGS
Flows to support SpringChinook rearing habitatLarge damsAlluvial reachesWillametteLow flows: Shallow barsN. SantiamS. SantiamModerate flows: Vegetated barsMcKenzieHigh flows: Side channels and floodplainsMFKWillametteCFKWillamettemap by USGSPhoto courtesy Freshwaters Illustrated
Flow Management to Inundate ExistingHabitats: Willamette Mission ReachProvisional stage and inundation extent determined for 12,000-40,000 ft3/s toinform flow management and reservoir allocation.125Cross section near Willamette Mission State ParkElevation (m) NAVD8812011540k cfs11020k cfs30k cfs15k cfs25k cfs12k cfsLess than 0.5m change in stagefor each 2,00cfs change in flow10510095Side channels activatedat 30,000 cfs908580050100150Cross-sectional distance (m)200250Provision results
Flow Management to Create andEnhance Habitats Strategic flows can be used to refresh gravel bars and scour side channels Effectiveness depends on constraints like sediment supply, physiography, bankerodibility and infrastructureMcKenzie River near SpringfieldDynamic zoneBedrockStable zoneUSACE revetment2011 NAIP image
Considerations for Flow Management Realistic flow targets, aligned with geomorphic, biological factorsReach-specific flow targets for meeting hydraulic/inundation objectivesReach-specific targets for habitat forming processesRole of river restoration, floodplain managers, agriculture and othersHydraulic targets for specific life stagesCourtesy Freshwaters IllustratedTargets for habitat formingprocessesPhoto by JoJo Mangano, USGS
Questions for Future ResearchHow can we optimize upgrades to benefit multiple purposes?How can we maximize benefits of dams, minimize ecological impacts and do thiscost-effectively?How can we better anticipate societal values and needs 50 years in future?What can we learn now to better plan for future?How can science community better support engineering community?
SummaryDams provide critical societal services, but have environmental impactsSmall portion of dams may be removed for safety, cost or other reasons. Science and engineering community can help managers better anticipate effectsof dam removal.Many strategies to minimize ecological costs of large dams Innovative science and engineering can address temperature issues, improvefish passage, develop environmental flowsLookout Point Dam, Photo courtesy USACE
ReferencesRose Wallick, rosewall@usgs.gov, 503-251-3219 Bartholow, J.M., 2000, The stream segment and stream network temperature models— A self-studycourse: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-112, 276 p.(Available at https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr99112.) Rounds, S.A., 2010, Thermal effects of dams in the Willamette River basin, Oregon: U.S. GeologicalSurvey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5153, 64 p.(Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5153/.) Schenk, L.N., and Bragg, H.M., 2014, Assessment of suspended-sediment transport, bedload, anddissolved oxygen during a short-term drawdown of Fall Creek Lake, Oregon, winter 2012–13: U.S.Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014–1114, 80 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141114. Geomorphic and Vegetation Processes of the Willamette River Floodplain, Current Understanding andUnanswered Questions: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1246/ USGS Environmental Flow Reports for Sustainable Rivers Program McKenzie Basin: http://or.water.usgs.gov/proj/McKenzie flows/ Santiam Basin: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1133 Major, J.J., O’Connor, J.E., Podolak, C.J., Keith, M.K., Grant, G.E., Spicer, K.R., Pittman, S., Bragg,H.M., Wallick, J.R., Tanner, D.Q., Rhode, A., and Wilcock, P.R., 2012, Geomorphic response of theSandy River, Oregon, to removal of Marmot Dam: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1792,64 p. and data tables. (Available at https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1792/.) Duda, J.J., Warrick, J.A., and Magirl, C.S., 2011, Elwha River dam removal--Rebirth of a river: U.S.Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3097, 4 p.
Extra slides
Examples of dam removal studies Conceptual Models to Generate Hypothesisand Inform Adaptive Management Case studies Marmot, Condit, Elwha, othersNotching of coffer dam during Marmot Dam removal,Sandy River 2007. Photo by Jon Major, USGS
Factors affecting in-reservoir and release temperatures Residence time Depth, volume, surface area Climate and meteorology Stratification (depth/timing) Outlet depth OperationsPower(425 m)Upper RO(407 m)Lower RO(384 m)The CE-QUAL-W2 model can simulate all of these factorsTemperature [ C]Elevation [m]Spillway(470 m)
Flow comparison: Klamath RiverExisting conditionWithout damsOptimal Adult Migration(15-19 C)Optimal Juvenile Growth(13-20 C)Dec 1Nov 1Oct 1Sep 1Aug 1Jul 1Jun 1May 1Apr 1Mar 1Feb 1Jan 1Minimized Adult Disease Risk(12-13 C)Source: PacifiCorp 2005; Klamath SD EIS, 2012
Dams in Oregon More than 1,100 dams in state dam inventory . 48 dams more than 100ft tall . 10 dams more than 300 ft tall . Cougar Dam is tallest – 519 ft
“Fact or Fiction” – Common Beliefs about Dams FaCt State dam safety programs have oversight of most dams in the U.S. State agencies regulate more than 80% of the nation’s dams. Most dams are privately owned. Dam owners are responsible for maintenance and upgrades. Private dam owner
3.2 Types of Concrete Gravity Dams 3.2.1 Conventional Concrete Dams (CC Dams) These are dams constructed with Mass concrete Mass Concrete is any volume of concrete with dimensions large enough to require that measures be taken to cope with generation of heat from hydration of the cement and attendant volume change to minimizing cracking.
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