Rod Machado’s Private Pilot Handbook
Rod Machado’s Private Pilot HandbookRod Machado’s Private Pilot HandbookWritten and illustrated byRod MachadoPublished by The Aviation Speakers Bureau Mark Rasmussen - Fotoliawww.actechbooks.com 1-970-726-5111i
iiCopyright InformationThird eEdition PublishedApril 15, 2020Please visit (and bookmark) ourweb site for any additional book updates:www.rodmachado.comPublished by: The Aviation Speakers Bureau,P.O. Box 6030, San Clemente, CA 92674-6030All rights reserved. The contents of this manual are protected by copyright throughout theworld under the Berne Union and the Universal Copyright Convention. No part of this ebook may betransmitted electronically or copied.No part of this publication may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever—electronic, photographic,photocopying, facsimile—or stored in a retrieval system without the prior written permission of theauthor: Rod Machado, care of: The Aviation Speakers Bureau. Printed and bound in the UnitedStates of America.Nothing in this text supersedes any operational documents or procedures issued by the FederalAviation Administration (FAA), the aircraft and avionics manufacturers, any aircraft’s Pilot OperatingHandbook (POH), flight schools or the operators of the aircraft. The opinions in this book are solelythose of the author and not the publisher.The author has made every effort in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of theinformation. However, the information is sold without warranty either expressed or implied. Neitherthe author nor the publisher will be liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly,indirectly, incidentally or consequentially by the information in this book.Don’t even think about using any performance chart in this book for performance computations inyour airplane. Go get a performance chart appropriate for your airplane and use it. Also, don’t eventhink about using this book for navigation. In other words, there are aeronautical chart excerpts inthis book, but none of them should in any way be used in lieu of current charts for any type of information. All of the charts, graphs and tables in this book are for training purposes only.Cover layout by Diane TitteringtonFront cover artwork by Sam LyonsAll material created, written and produced by Rod MachadoAll illustrations in this book designed and drawn by Rod Machado (QuarkXPress, Corel, Photoshop)Photographs (unless marked otherwise or in the public domain) by Rod MachadoCopyright 2019 by Rod MachadoNote: Each ebook is tracked to the person who purchased it. Please do not share ebookfiles with other people. I appreciate your respecting my intellectual property rights.
Table of viAbout the Author.viiPrevious Cover.viiiIntroduction.ix1Chapter One - Pages A1-10Airplane Components:Getting to KnowYour Airplane2Chapter Two - Pages B1-52Aerodynamics:The Wing is the Thing345678910Chapter Three - Pages C1-38Engines:Knowledge of EnginesIs PowerChapter Four - Pages D1-16Electrical Systems:Knowing What’s WattChapter Five - Pages E1-42Flight Instruments:Clocks, Tops and ToysChapter Six - Pages F1-52Federal Aviation Regulations:How FAR Can We Go?Chapter Seven - Pages G1-32Airport Operations:No Doctor NeededChapter Eight - Pages H1-22Radio Operations:Aviation Spoken HereChapter Nine - Pages I1-36Airspace: The Wild Blue,Green and Red YonderChapter Ten - Pages J1-16Aviation Maps:The Art of the Chart11Chapter Eleven - Pages K1-46Radio Navigation:The Frequency Flyer Program12Chapter Twelve - Pages L1-58Understanding Weather:Looking for Friendly Skies13Chapter Thirteen - Pages M1-40Weather Charts and Briefings:PIREPS, Progs and METARS14Chapter Fourteen - Pages N1-54Flight Planning:Getting There From Here15Chapter Fifteen - Pages O1-26Airplane Performance Charts:Know Before You Go16Chapter Sixteen - Pages P1-20Weight and Balance:Let’s Wait and Balance17Chapter Seventeen - Pages Q1-40Pilot Potpourri:Neat Aeronautical InformationEditors.R1, R2Aviation Speakers Bureau.R2Product eviations.R32www.actechbooks.com 1-970-726-5111
Page A1Chapter OneAirplaneComponents:Getting to Know Your AirplaneLet me take you on a short tour ofa few typical general aviation airplanes. (General aviation is the termoften used for “private” flying.) Iwant you to become familiar with thebasic parts of these airplanes, andthe common terminology you’re likely to encounter at the airport and inthe cockpit.Before starting the tour, let me saythat while almost everything I’llpoint out can be found on almostevery airplane you’re likely to fly,there are always exceptions. Be flexible (the wings are).Airplanes are like people (sort of).They come in all sizes, shapes, andcolors. But looks really can bedeceiving. Airplanes are more similarthan they are different (Figure 1).We’ll examine several varieties inthis chapter.Think of an airplane as a cigarwith two Hershey bars on the sides, apropeller beanie cap on the front, anda tail at the back and you’ll have thegeneral picture. The rest of this isjust details.thrust, which propels (as in propeller) the airplane forward. Atop theprop sits the spinner, a generallycone-shaped piece of metal whichdeflects air slightly, encouraging it toenter the engine cowling where ithelps cool the engine. Engines are bynature hotheads, and most airplaneAIRPLANES ARE MORE ALIKE THAN DIFFERENT.Fig. 1AIRPLANE PROPELLERSIn the BeginningLet’s begin at the beginning, withthe propeller. Most general aviationairplanes have propellers of someshape or form (Figure 2). When spunby the engine, the propeller producesFig. 2Airplanes have propellers of some shape or form, and some, such as the Adam A500onwww.actechbooks.comthe right, have a pusherand a puller propeller configuration.1-970-726-5111
Chapter 1 - Airplane Components: Getting to Know Your AirplaneA RETRACTABLE GEAR AIRPLANEA3Wing a DingWhile you’re crawling around down there, look up. Thelarge things casting a big shadow are the wings. Theseare generally considered important because they makethe airplane fly. We’ll talk a lot more about wings in thenext chapter; for now, it’s enough to know that thereshould be two of them (one on each side of the plane,preferably).Under each wing on most airplanes is a fuel tanksump drain (Figure 7). Water and gunk of various sortscan invade the fuel system, and it must be drainedbefore flight. (Water and gunk are put in the fuel byfuel fairies, trolls, and other things mere mortals can’tsee.) Using a fuel strainer (Figure 8), you drain a littlefuel from each sump or drain site and examine whatcomes out for the presence of anything that shouldn’tbe there.Fig. 6Retr acta ble gea r mea n less dra g(wh en retr acte d) andallows the airplane to attain higher speeds for a givenamount of power.Though it may do a good turn for you on the ground,once airborne the airplane’s nose gear extends fully andlocks in a centered position, something like an army private standing at attention during inspection. Step onthe rudder pedal in flight (top or bottom) and you willmove the rudder, at the rear of the plane. The nose gearknows it’s not needed now. The strut compresses onlanding, and the nose gear is once again free to turn,turn, turn.Some airplanes don’t have a rudder-controlled nosegear assembly (see, I told you there were exceptions).Instead, they have a castering (swiveling type) nose gearas shown in Figure 5. Applying either the right or leftmain gear brake (gently, please) sets the plane to pivotingabout one of its main wheels, turning it the way Nureyevwould turn a ballerina. Once airborne, aerodynamic pressure centers the castering nose gear.THE UNDER-WING FUEL TANK SUMP DRAINFig. 7Under the wing is a fuel tank sumpdrain. Since airplaneengines don’t seem to run very well on impurities, thesumps should be drained before every flight and afterevery fueling.FUEL CONTAMINATED WITH WATERThe other two feet on an airplane are the main gear.WaterThese are either fixed (“down and welded” in pilotspeak),or retractable. A fixed gear causes drag in flight, whichslows an airplane, but it’s simple, reliable, inexpensive tomaintain, and is always there when you need it. Aretractable gear plane (Figure 6) is more efficient becausethe gear is tucked up, reducing drag and allowing it to flyFuelfaster for a given amount of power. The pilot, however, isresponsible for remembering to put the gear back downagain before landing. Forget to put it down and the gearwill not be there when you need it. This is very hard onFig. 8the underside of the airplane, the runway, the passenClear plastic fuel strainers are common equipment in agers, and your pocketbook. Retractable gear also needpilot’s flight bag. These allow you tosample the fuel andmore maintenance. This can be expensive over the longlook for contaminants.haul.www.actechbooks.com 1-970-726-5111
Chapter 1 - Airplane Components: Getting to Know Your AirplaneA SUCTION-TYPE STALL WARNING DEVICEA5VENTED FUEL TANK CAPS & TANK TABSABFig. 13Fig. 12Aelocated on the wing’s leading edgA suction-type stall warning devicer.neaislt when a stalprovides an audible warning to the piloVen ted fuel cap s (po sitio n A) allow air toenter the tank and replace the fuelconsumedby the eng ine. A mar king tab (positio n B)inside the tank used to visually indicate thefuel level.FUEL TANK VENT LINEAN ELECTRIC STALL WARNING DEVICEFig. 14Fig. 12Bnides the pilot with a similar stall warAn electric stall warning device prover.buzzand activating a cockpiting by connecting two small metal tabsSome airplanes have tank vent lines whichalso allows airflow into the fuel tanks. A tankfilled to the brim may need to purge some ofits fuel through this line as the air inthe tankexpands.will sometimes see a marking tab, used to visually calibrate thetank’s fuel quantity. Some caps are vented—they have an openingfor air to enter and exit. If the tank were tightly sealed, as fuel wasused in flight a vacuum would form in the tank, and eventually fuelflow would be restricted or might even stop. Not good. Instead ofvented caps, some airplanes allow air into or out of the tank via tankvent lines (Figure 14).“Instead of our drab slogging forth and back to the fishingboats, there’s a reason to life! We can lift ourselves out ofignorance, we can find ourselves as creatures of excellenceand intelligence and skill. We can be free! We can learn tofly!”Richard Bach, JonathanLivingston Seagullwww.ACtechbooks.com 1-970-726-5111A Homosapien Stall Warning DeviceBob!Lower thenose, you’restalling!!
Chapter 1 - Airplane Components: Getting to Know Your AirplaneA9ENGINE ACCESSWe often check the engine’s oil quanatity just like we do in a car—withdipstick.Antenna Farm DeluxeAirplanes, like police cruisers, arevirtual antenna farms. Atop the tailyou will probably see two VOR antennas (Figure 22). VOR stands for veryhigh frequency omnidirectionalrange, a navigation system thatdepends on receiving signals fromground stations. A variety of otherantennas, usually mounted on top ofthe fuselage, permit communicationwith controllers on the ground andwith other aircraft. More on antennas later.On some airplanes, you pull on thequick drain lever for a fuel sample(watch your shoes!).Some airplanes have a different version of the fuel strainer located onthe side of the cowling.Checking the fuel is a simple procedure. You pull on the lever inFigure 27 which activates a quickdrain valve. Fuel drains onto theasphalt although you should try tocapture it in a sampling container.This makes it easier to detect thepresence of water. Some airplaneshave a different version of a fuelstrainer, as shown in Figure 28.These airplanes allow the sampling ofthe fuel strainer’s contents by a valvelocated on the outside of the cowling.Most small general aviation airplaneshave three drain valves (one for eachof the two fuel tanks, and one for thefuel strainer) while more complexcraft have five or more drains.Entering the cockpit (a.k.a. “thefront office”) you will see a wide(actually, bewildering) array ofinstrumentation as shown in Figure29. These instruments are oftenknown as analog flight instrumentsTHE TRADITIONAL INSTRUMENT PANELBack Up FrontLet’s get back to where webegan—the front of the airplane,where you will find (I hope) theengine cowling (Figure 23). Some airplanes have engine cowlings that canbe easily opened for inspection beforeeveryflight(Figure24).Unfortunately, many modern generalaviation airplanes have only a smallpop-open door (Figure 25) throughwhich you try to peer to see if everything under the hood is good. Theexperience is something like lookinginside a Coke can through the poptop in the dark. It’s through this doorthat you generally check for adequateengine oil (using a dipstick much likethat of a car, as shown in Figure 26),and drain a sample of fuel from thelowest engine point to check for contamination before taking to the air(Figure 27).Fig. 28Fig. 27Fig. reFig. 29No, it isn’t the Space Shuttle, even though it seems to have as many dials,switches, knobs and lights. Soon they’ll allbecome very familiar to you.www.ACtechbooks.com 1-970-726-5111
Rod Machado’s Private Pilot HandbookA10THE LATEST GLASS COCKPIT PANELMFD—Multi-function displaythat can show: engine and navigation instruments, weather,traffic information, etc.PFD—Primary Flight Displaycontaining all the flight instruments shown in 29.Fig. 30The primary flight display uses solid state technology to generate its flight instruments. These instruments are similar to those foundin the traditional analog-instrument equipped airplane. Nevertheless, the essential analog instruments (airspeed indicator, attitudeindicator, magnetic compass and altimeter) are still found in many glass cockpit airplanes. The multi-function display provides computer generated engine instruments, checklists, weather information as well as GPS-generated information in the form of a movingmap, terrain information, essential airspace information and much more.PRIMARY FLIGHT DISPLAY INSTRUMENTSNAV1 117.20NAV2 114.00112.70109.40WPTDIS NM DTK OVCVTRK 346OSlip-Skid indicator150202010104600125100104400103504300o125 eedindicator12INSETAttitudeindicatorEFig. 31OAT 0 C229.92 INN33WTASCOM1COM22045 0080120Turn 70109.4047001406because they are mechanical in nature. On the otherhand, glass cockpit technology is often found in thenewest technically advanced general aviation airplanecockpit as shown in Figure 30 and 31. (Read moreabout primary flight displays in Postflight Briefing#5-2 on page E36.) Each instrument or item has a specific name and serves an important purpose (thisincludes the plastic cup holders, if your airplane is soequipped). Before long you will become intimatelyfamiliar with each item. It may look overwhelming atfirst, but within a few hours of starting to fly you willbe right at home with all these tools of the trade. Thenyou can bring your friends out and dazzle them withyour knowledge. This is part of the thrill of aviation.Now that we’ve become somewhat familiar with theairplane and its components, it’s time to take a look atwhat makes an airplane fly. The science of aerodynamics is fundamental to the safe operation of any airplane.Since safe operation is really the only kind that makesa whole lot of sense when you’re talking about airplanes, let’s find out what’s keeping you up in the air.CDIHeading indicatorOBSXPDRXPDR 1200 ALTR UTC07:28:51IDENT TMR/REF NRST ALERTSThe newest primary flight displays(PFDs) provide the sameinstrumentation as analog instruments. The main difference is inhow these instruments are interpreted.www.ACtechbooks.com 1-970-726-5111
viii Rod Machado’s Private Pilot Handbook About the Artist Since childhood, Sam’s love of aviation has led him down the road to his pre-sent career as a world renowned avia-tion artist. Sam has flown aircraft from J-3 Cubs to F-15, 16 and 18’s, which gives him a unique
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Welcome to Rod Machado’s Private Pilot Workbook. This book is intended to be used in conjunction with Rod Machado’s Private Pilot Handbook. The questions are organized to follow the presentation of material, section for section, as found in the Handbook. Not only will this book prepare you for the Private Pilot Knowledge Exam,
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Rod Machado’s Private Pilot Handbook B18 HOW CENTRIFUGAL FORCE CAUSES YOU AND THE AIRPLANE TO FEEL HEAVIER IN A TURN MEFLI2 Centrifugal Force Resultant orce Gravity Resultant orce Centrifugal MEFLI2 Force Centrifugal Force Gravity During a sharp turn on a level road, you feel a newly generated force known as
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its original connecting rod before another connecting rod bearing cap is removed. 5. Remove the connecting rod bearing cap with the connecting rod bearing. 6. Inspect the connecting rod bearing for damage. If the connecting rod bearing is damaged, replace all main and connecting rod bearings. a. Acceptable bearing wear (1). b.
Rod Machado’s How to Fly an Airplane Handbook Published by The Aviation Speakers Bureau (800) 437-7080 Website: www.rodmachado.com eBook Version - 44.95 Rod Machado Flight Maneuvers And Stick and Rudder Skills A complete learn to fly handbook by one of aviation’s most knowledgeable and experienced flight instructors
analyses of published criminal justice statistics, including data about crime, the courts and prison systems in a number of countries. Secondly, there are reviews of a small selection of recent academic literature on criminal justice subjects, which we looked at in order to provide Committee Members with some insights into the directions being taken in current research. 3 In neither case was .
