LIGHTING DESIGN
LIGHTING DESIGN
MARYLAND STATE HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATIONOffice of Traffic and SafetyTraffic Engineering Design DivisionTraffic Control Devices Design ManualBase PlanLIGHTING DESIGNDATA COLLECTIONOffice data collection is the first step indesigning lighting.Collecting data, basemapping (obtaining or developing a base plan)and field review apply to any type of lighting.This is the time when the designer gathersinformation, collects existing data from outsidesources, visits the project site and looks atpotential design options.Office Data Collection and PreparationBefore preparing a design, the Designershould collect preliminary data and researchexisting records to develop the base plan andsubsequently proceed with a conceptualdesign.For example, the Designer canresearch MSHA files for as-built plans,highway design plans, right-of-way plats andutility plans.Although all of the as-builtinformation may not be available orcompletely accurate, the Designer should dothis research to gain information on the historyof the location. The designer could also checkwith the District for existing plans.The District office should initiate the DesignRequest (DR) for lighting design projects, andthus may have some background informationon the project.Again, although thisinformation is shown in the DR, the Designercan gain insight on the location, history,problems and recommendations by contactingthe preparer of the DR.Another element for collecting office data isany proposed work being done. If the projectis an insert job to a highway project, then theproposed geometrics and area improvementsshould be obtained. This may be acquiredthrough the MSHA lead division or a localauthority.July 2017The base plan is a key to the field work anddesign of lighting. It must be accurate andable to be used as a base for construction. Inorder to properly design the lighting, thedesigner needs a base plan showing existingtopography, roadway geometrics, utilities, etc.The base plan should be in electronic format.One place to start is with the TEDD Archives.Often there may be an existing electronic filewith this information that can then be fieldverified. The designer should verify withinTEDD that the obtained plan is the latestversion. For an insert job the electronic baseplan may be obtained from the lead division,usually Highway Division. Other options mayinclude a professional survey or extensivefield work to obtain all of the mappinginformation.Photometric Concept LayoutPreliminary photometric calculations shouldbe performed taking into account the existingconditions, base plan and design criteria asspecified in the DR.The photometriccalculations should be used to develop apreliminary concept layout with proposed polelocations and luminaire types. This conceptwill not typically be submitted to TEDD but willbe brought to the field PI for discussion andverification.Information to Collect in the FieldInitial Site VisitMost of the necessary information should beobtained during the initial site visit. This is thetime to collect new information, verify existinginformation and prepare for the proposedand/or modified lighting design.1. Collect existing information.include at a minimum: This shouldExisting lighting – If there is any existinglighting then the control equipment,1
MARYLAND STATE HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATIONOffice of Traffic and SafetyTraffic Engineering Design DivisionTraffic Control Devices Design Manualpole layout, pole types, luminaire typesand sizes, etc. should all be gathered tobe included with the plans. Determinewhat may be reused and what needs tobe replaced.NEMA identification decals are placedon the outside of the ballast housing ofeach roadway luminaire. The colorindicates the type of light source andthe number indicates the lamp wattage:oYellow High Pressure SodiumoRed Metal HalideoLight Blue Mercury Vapor,this lamp type is no longer usedin new installations due toenvironmental reasons.oGreen Light Emitting Diode(LED)oThe number multiplied by 10designates the wattage. Forexample, a black on yellow “25” 250 Watts HPS Road geometrics (including diverginglanes, converging lanes, interchanges,intersections, structures, lane widths,etc.) Drainageditches) Roadwayhorizontal Light level readings of existing lightingsystem and/or ambient levels to gaugeoffsite issues or future light trespassconcerns. Driveways and entranceselements(structuresandverticaland Utilities, overhead and underground Trees and vegetation Existing power service (location andsize) Existing manholes, junctioncable, and connector kitsboxes,2. Verify the proposed pole locations from theapproved photometric concept plan.Decide what areas will and will not be lit.Locate potential power feeds for service.Identify if there are any constraints to beconsidered for planning conduit andmanhole locations.3. Confirm existing circuitry where needed.4. Locate and measure the heights ofoverhead utilities, particularly at potentialconflict locations.This will allow formeeting the NESC requirements of utilityclearance and avoiding any conflictsbetween the proposed lighting and existingutilities. These measurements shall bedocumented.5. Transmission line should be reviewed . Always take photographs while in the field.This may save another trip to the site.Subsequent Site VisitsJuly 2017alignment,For most projects it will be necessary to do atleast one subsequent site visit. This shouldinclude the verification of all proposed work.Things may change frequently in the fieldwithout prior notice so it is important to verifythat the design is constructible and optimal forthe given location under current conditions.2
MARYLAND STATE HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATIONOffice of Traffic and SafetyTraffic Engineering Design DivisionTraffic Control Devices Design ManualField Data Collection Methods Photographs – Although photographs arenot necessarily a formal method ofcollecting data, a picture can say athousand words. Taking photographs willput the project site at arm's length onceback in the office. Photos can be used tocheck lighting equipment locations, signalconfigurations, signs, intersection layout,roadside features, potential conflicts, etc. Notes – Taking good field notes is keywhen at the site. There are many thingsthat a tape and wheel cannot measure.Taking notes to describe what is at the siteis an excellent method of data collection.For example it is necessary to know theutility pole number for a potential powerdrop service, taking note of this number isthe best way to communicate thisinformation with the utility company torequest location of a power source.The limits of the site review are usuallydetermined by the limits of roadway or signlighting. The methods used to collect fieldinformation may vary from a professionalsurvey to simple tape and wheel techniques.The method will also vary dependent of theinformation required. Some or the followingmethodologies are explained further. Professional Survey – A professionalsurvey is the hiring of an outside companyor MSHA survey forces to collect the fieldinformation and mapping. A professionaltopographically survey may be needed ona case-by-case basis. This is the mostaccurate, all-encompassing method tocollect field data, but is typically the mostexpensive. Tape and Wheel – The designer ordesignated person does a tape and wheelsurvey. This is the simple method ofvisiting the project site and using tapemeasures, wheels or other measuringdevices to collect critical information.Using this method information may becollected on lane widths, distance betweenexisting light poles, pole size, etc. All datacollected shall be documented. Utility Heights – Measuring overhead utilityheights is a critical element in the site visit,but it is also the most hazardous.Measuring the height of utilities iscommonly done using an overhead cablemeasuring rod made of fiberglass. Therod is then used to measure the height ofthe different overhead utilities from theground. DO NOT measure the primaryelectric lines with the rod due to hazardoushigh voltage. Further, do not attempt tomeasure any lines with the rod unless withsomeone who is trained and experienced.July 2017LIGHTING CONCEPTDeveloping a ConceptThe conceptual plan is developed before thefinal lighting plan is designed. It is the firstmilestone in which input is received from theparties involved including the designer, projectmanager, team leader and district traffic officeat a minimum.Prior to the conceptual plan being developed,the base mapping should have been obtainedand verified in the field. All field informationshould be shown on the base mappingincluding utilities, intersection geometrics,pavement markings, etc.The conceptual lighting design process can bebroken down into several steps as follows:1. Determine Function of Lighting2. Determine Classification of Roadway3
MARYLAND STATE HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATIONOffice of Traffic and SafetyTraffic Engineering Design DivisionTraffic Control Devices Design Manual4. Select Structurealso exist in some locations throughoutMaryland and is described below for specificsituations.5. Preliminary CalculationsPartial Interchange3. Select Luminaire and Light Source6. Define Design Criteria7. Develop a Preliminary LayoutThis is sometimes referred to as a post-it planfor lighting.The key is selecting thehardware, defining design criteria anddeveloping a preliminary layout. Each ofthese steps will be discussed further in depth.Partial interchange lighting involves lightingthe conflict point(s) of an interchange, i.e.merge-diverge areas of ramp connections,ramp splits/ramp merges, intersections andcritical roadway features such as sharpcurves, reverse curves etc., and when thefollowing is true: Generally works well for interchangesthat can be readily visualized bymotorists by viewing the criticaldecision points. Additional lights other than thoseminimally required shall be consideredper the MSHA Lighting Guideline or atthe discretion of the Administration.Function of LightingLighting for MSHA projects serves severaldifferent functions. At the beginning of theproject the function of the lighting should bedefined and agreed upon by all parties. Onany given project there may be more than onefunction and all of these should be identified.The most common application is roadwaylighting.Other lighting functions includepedestrian/bicyclist lighting, sign lighting, andparking lot lighting. These four functions havesimilar design methods, but vary with criteriaand function. Defining the function of thelighting allows the designer to determine thecriteria to use for design. For example,lighting a freeway will have different criteriathan parking lot lighting.Roadway LightingFull InterchangeFull interchange lighting is the lighting of allroadways and ramps within an interchangeand the following: Generally supplements continuouslighting along the mainline roadway. Also applied where substantial lightedcommercial or industrial developmentsare located in the immediate vicinity ofthe interchange and where thecrossroad is lit for at least ½ mile oneach side of the interchange.The purpose of roadway lighting is to promotesafety at night by providing illumination of thehighway, vehicles, pedestrians and roadsideobjects.MSHA doeslighting.Interchange LightingIntersection LightingIt is current MSHA policy that all new projectswhich require lighting implement partialinterchange lighting per the MSHA LightingGuidelines. Full interchange lighting doesIntersection lighting involves lighting only anintersection. It is Administration policy to lightall signalized or ICB controlled intersections.Other intersections may be lit after anJuly 2017notinstallfullinterchange4
MARYLAND STATE HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATIONOffice of Traffic and SafetyTraffic Engineering Design DivisionTraffic Control Devices Design Manualengineering study warrants it due to safetyconcerns, high crash history, complexgeometrics, etc.Continuous LightingContinuous lighting illuminates a straightstretch of roadway between interchangesand/or intersections.Per the MSHA Lighting Guidelines, continuousroadway lighting shall not be installed alongany state highway unless justified by anengineering study AND approved in advanceby the Director of the Office of Traffic andSafety.In general the Administration’s practice is notto light continuous sections of the highway.However, sections of highways may be litwhere combinations of sight distance,horizontal or vertical curvature, channelizationor other factors contributing to a confusing orunsatisfactory condition exists.Roundabout LightingIt is the Administration’s policy to light allroundabouts.See the MSHA LightingGuidelines for more information. Lighting aroundabout follows the same process aslighting a roadway.Tunnel LightingTunnel lighting shall be considered wherenormal daytime illumination of a roadwaysection is restricted such that the driver’svisibility is substantially diminished. Tunnellighting shall be designed in accordance withthe most recent version of the al Standard of Tunnel Lighting.Underpass LightingUnderpass lighting can be considered criticalduring the daytime or nighttime to mitigate“dark spots”. Underpass lighting during thedaytime is considered where sidewalks arepresent. For nighttime it can be consideredJuly 2017for pedestrian safety and to supplement fordark spots created by a structure’s obstructionof light emitted by the adjacent light pole(s).Underpass lighting shall be designed per theMSHA Lighting Guideline and when length toheight ratios of the structure exceed 10:1.Transition LightingTransition lighting gradually takes a driverfrom a high level of lighting to little or noroadway lighting. Generally, MSHA doesn’tuse transition lighting for nighttime use, butuses transition lighting as needed for daytimeuse when entering and exit tunnels orunderpasses.Pedestrian LightingThe Maryland Department of Transportation iscommitted to planning and constructingalternate forms of transportation i.e. walkingand bicycle paths. Sidewalks that are locatedadjacent to the lighted roadways often do nothave separate lighting provided for the safetyand comfortable use by pedestrians andbicyclists.The incidental house sidedistribution of roadside luminaires is the onlylighting afforded for the comfort of thepedestrian. Where a better quality of lightingfor pedestrians is desired, the illuminationdesign for the roadway can be modified tocorrect any deficiencies or supplementallighting can be provided.The MSHAPedestrian Lighting Policy as outlined in theMSHA Lighting Guidelines should be used forspecifics on criteria for eligibility, financialresponsibility and design standards.When specific lighting is provided forpedestrians, the quality of lighting provided isdependent on whether the lighting is installedfor illuminating the sidewalk or walkway, or ifthere is an additional requirement for specialpedestrian security.Lighting for securitypurposes has an additional requirement forproviding the specified vertical illumination 5’5
MARYLAND STATE HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATIONOffice of Traffic and SafetyTraffic Engineering Design DivisionTraffic Control Devices Design Manualabove the walkway to allow pedestrianidentification at a distance. By having the lights pointed in anupward direction, any light whichmisses the sign, tends to shine into thesky and not provide a severe glaresource for the drivers. Having the light point up tends toreduce the amount of light shining onadjacent properties and reduces thelight trespass; although control of thelight spilling upwards should still beconsidered to minimize sky glow.Pedestriancharacteristicsareusuallyclassified into three levels: high, medium andlow. High: This is high nighttime pedestrianvolume, over 100 pedestrians perhour, with expected crosswalks andsidewalks such as downtown retailareas, near theaters, stadiums, transitterminals, etc. Medium: This is a lower nighttimepedestrian volume, 11 to 100pedestrians per hour, such as nearoffice buildings, libraries, apartments,industry, etc. Low: This is a very low nighttimepedestrian volume, fewer than 10pedestrians per hour, such as ruralareas, low density residential areas,etc.Parking Lot LightingSign LightingRefer to the Sign Lighting Section of theMaryland MSHA Lighting Guidelines, 2017 forinformation regarding locations that requiresign lighting. When sign lighting is required,LED light sources shall be used.If a signing upgrade project is upgrading asign that has sign lighting because it is notType XI sheeting, the new sign should bemade of Type XI sheeting and sign lightingshould be eliminated where possible. Whensign lighting is required, individual luminairesand supports should be used.Sign lighting is usually accomplished bylighting the signs from the bottom for thefollowing reasons:July 2017Typically any given parking lot will be lit. ForMSHA the most common application will befor Park & Ride facilities. Lighting for aparking lot will utilize different criteria forilluminance, but the design process is thesame.Aesthetic LightingAesthetic lighting is lighting designed toenhance existing or proposed surroundingfeatures such as buildings, landscaping,structures, community signs etc.This isbecoming more common with streetscapeprojects. For a typical roadway, aestheticlighting will not be used.Classification of RoadwayThe roadway classification will help determinethe photometrics required for lighting as wellas assist in selecting the proper lighting.These are basically the same as any otherroadway classification for highway projects.The classifications are defined in the MSHALighting Guidelines.Luminaire and Light SourceThe luminaire is the housing unit for the lightsource, along with the distribution and powerelements such as reflectors, refractors,drivers, socket, wiring terminals, etc.Selecting a luminaire and light source is a keyelement in the illumination design of lighting.6
MARYLAND STATE HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATIONOffice of Traffic and SafetyTraffic Engineering Design DivisionTraffic Control Devices Design ManualThere are several variables within theluminairetobedetermined:shape,distribution, light source, ballast anddepreciation.DistributionRoadway luminaires are classified by the waythey transmit and distribute light. The use ofvarious types of reflectors and refractorspermits the lighting designer to produce anefficient and aesthetic design. Luminaireclassifications are defined in terms of verticallight distribution, lateral light distribution, andthe control of distribution above nadir, knownas cutoff.Vertical DistributionThe vertical distribution of light is divided intothree categories; short, medium and long.Vertical distributions are classified by thecandlepower along the transverse roadwaylines (TRL) measured in lengths of the polemounting height (MH). A shorter verticaldistribution will reduce glare, but will require atighter spacing to maintain uniformity. A longervertical distribution will increase glare, butincrease spacing. MSHA commonly uses amedium vertical distribution.Horizontal/Lateral DistributionThe lateral distribution of lighting is essentiallythe shape that the luminaire distributes on thepavement. There are five basic types ofhorizontal distribution, Type I through Type V.Types I and II have two subgroups for twoway and four-way distribution. Figure LT.1illustrates Types I-IV. MSHA typically usesType III distribution.Figure LT.1 - Horizontal DistributionControl of Distribution above NadirThe control of lighting distribution above nadiris known as cutoff. (The nadir is a referenceof point in the line of the pole.) Lighting 90 above nadir leads to “sky glow,” glare andoften an overflow of light where no light isneeded.Full CutoffA full cutoff luminaire allows no light above anangle 90 above nadir. For an angle 80 above nadir, the intensity can be no m
The most common application is roadway lighting. Other lighting functions include pedestrian/bicyclist lighting, sign lighting, and parking lot lighting. These four functions have similar design methods, but vary with criteria and function. Definingthe function of the lighting allows the designer to determine the criteria to use for design.
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