PROCEDURE- 13 CONTROL OF EXPOSURES TO IONIZING AND NON .
VISTA Technologies, Inc.Radiation Safety ProgramPROCEDURE- 13CONTROL OF EXPOSURES TOIONIZING AND NON-IONIZING RADIATIONTECHNOLOGIES1019 Central Parkway North, Suite 115San Antonio, Texas 78232210-494-4282
TABLE OF CONTENTS1.IPERSO NAL M O NITO RING AND DO SIM ETRY .1.1. Proper Location for W earing Dosim eter Devices .21.2. Official Exposure Determ ination .31.3. Lost or Damaged Thermoluminescent Dosimeters or Pocket Ionization Chambers .32.PERSO NAL EXPOSURE INVESTIG ATIO NS .33.INTERN AL EXPO SURE CONTRO L .43.1. Radioactive Contamination Control .43.2. Evaluation of Internal Exposures .4.AIR M O NITO RING .5775.SWIPE SAM PLING .6.HIGH EFFICIENCY PARTICULATE AIR VENTILATION AND ENGINEERING CONTROLS FORAIRBORNE RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION .7Scope .76.2. Purpose .86.3. References .86.4. Precautions .86.5. Limitations .96.6. Responsibilities .106.7. Procedure .106.1.7.SPILL PRO CEDURES .147.1. Procedure for M inor Spills of Liquids and Solids .167.2. Procedure for M ajor Spills of Liquids and Solids .16List of TableTable I-I - Exposure and Dose Rate .2
List of AttachmentsAttachment NumberName of Attachment62Portable H.E.P.A. Ventilation Operating Log91Radioactive Spill Report92Radioactive Spill Contamination Survey FormProcedure 13 Attachments
ABBREVIATIONS AND AM137Ce-234Cesium-137Pa-Protactinium-23421 pb-21 Po-214po-218Po23 Radon-219 (Actinium Series)220pRn-222Rn-Radon-220 (Thorium Series)Radon-222 (Uranium l ThoriumUranium-23889Sr9 mg-ALARAALlANSIAPR--As low as reasonably achievableAnnual limit on intakeAmerican National Standards InstituteAir-purifying respiratorBqBq/m 3BZ-BecquerelBecquerels per cubic meter of airBreathing ZoneCC/-g)C1'(C I)t----MicroCurieMicroCuries per hourMicroCuries per milliliterMicrometerMicroRoentgen per hourMicrogram per milligramCoulombCoulombs per kilogramCommitted Dose EquivalentCommitted Effective Dose Equivalent
ADDEDIDOTdm2dpmdpm/cm2dpm/drm 2dpsDRDDU--Code of Federal RegulationsCurieCertified Industrial HygienistCubic feet per minuteClinical Laboratories Improvement ActContract Laboratory ProgramCentimeterCentimeters per secondCounts per minuteCardiopulmonary resuscitationCertified Safety Executive-Duplicate countDerived air concentrationDAC hoursDouble Contingency AnalysisDeep Dose EquivalentDe-ionized waterU.S. Department of TransportationSquare Decimeter; one square decimeter equals 100 square centimetersDisintegrations per minuteDisintegrations per minute per square centimeterDisintegrations per minute per square decimeterDisintegrations per secondDirect reading dosimeterDepleted uraniumEPAeV-U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyElectronvoltFEFIDLERFRFSPfl2-Feces sampleField instrument for detection of low energy radiationFilter ratioField Sampling Plan-Square foot'GAGeLiG-MGMC-H-GPD-Gamma rayGeneral areaGermanium - LithiumGeiger-MuellerMine Safety Appliances Company, full-facepiece, dual .combination filtercartridges for an APRGaseous Diffusion Plang1-lie-3-----hoursHelium Three (3)
HEPAHNO3HP-hr-HSHSPHWP---High efficiency particulate airNitric acidHealth PhysicsHourHot spot (radiation)Site-specific Health and Safety PlanHazardous Work PermitICRPIDIDLHIDWIPIVC-keVkg-LANLIpm-Los Alamos National LaboratoryLiters Per MinuteMCAMDAmeVm-Multi-channel analyzerMinimum detectable activityMillielectronvoltMeter-Squared MetersCubic MSHANaINCANCSNCRPNEANIST-----International Commission on Radiological ProtectionIdentificationImmediately dangerous to life or healthInvestigation derived wasteIonization potentialIndependent verification r, Vista Safety and Health Program1/1000 s per hourMilliremMillirems per hourMine Safety Appliances CompanyMaterial Safety Data SheetMine Safety and Health AdministrationSodium iodideNuclear Criticality AnalysisNuclear Criticality SafetyNational Council on Radiation Protection and MeasurementsNuclear Energy AgencyNational Institute of Science and Techmology
U-atNatural uraniumURU.S.Urine sampleUnited States-VISTAVSHPVRSP-WLWP---Vista Technologies, Inc.VISTA Safety and Health ProgramVISTA Radiation Safety ProgramWorking LevelWork Plan
PageCONTROL OF EXPOSURES TO IONIZING AND NON-IONIZING RADIATIONThe basic methods used to control exposure include personal monitoring; evaluation of theradiological conditions; posting areas; specifying proper precautions; health physics support;extracontrols for high radiation areas; updating personnel exposure records; and evaluating exposurerecords to determine where exposure reduction is warranted. One of the most important controlmeasures is the individual worker's knowledge, ability and willingness to minimize his or herradiation exposure.The following sections discuss personal monitoring and dosimetry, personal exposureinvestigations, internal exposure control, air monitoring, swipe sampling, a high efficiencyparticulate air ventilation system and engineering controls for airborne radioactive contamination.1. PERSONAL MONITORING AND DOSIMETRYThe Vista Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) and Vista On-Site Radiation Protection Officer (ORPO)are responsible for ensuring that Vista's personnel are appropriately monitored for exposuretoionizing radiation. Each individual working at Vista project work sites in a Controlled Area(CA)or in radiation areas will wear the dosimeter devices as specified by the Vista RSO, or basedonsite-specific ionizing radiation survey results.A CA is any area, designated by the Vista RSO, established to control personnel exposurestoradioactive materials and/or radioactive contamination within the area and to prevent the spreadofradioactive contamination out of the area. The Vista RSO will advise subcontractors of thepresence of radioactive materials and/or radioactive contamination that may be present at aVistaproject work site.Vista will specify the requirement. for work assignments involving potential exposure to radioactivematerials and/or radioactive contamination through the Health and Safety Plan (HSP) and/orissuance of a Radiation Work Permit (RWP). Personnel may be issued appropriate personalmonitoring devices consisting of one or more of the following types: ThermoluminescentDosimeters or any NVLAP approved dosimetry, which is read monthly or on a project-specificbasis, Pocket Ionization Chamber (PIC) which can be read real time, or a Self-Reading Dosimeter(SRD) which can be read at any time. The determination of the need for any NVLAP approveddosimetry or SRDs for a specific project will be made by the Vista RSO, based on site historyandpotential risk for exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing (neutron) radiation.Any NVLAP approved dosimetry measure the external ionizing radiation hazard posed topersonnel by Bparticle y ray and neutron radionuclide emitters. An NVLAP approved dosimeterwill be assigned to each person who is potentially exposed to ionizing radiation health andsafetyhazards when performing activities in CAs. When the facility issues an NVLAP approveddosimeter to Vista personnel, the facility is responsible for evaluating the dosimeter response,maintaining permanent records, and providing a copy of dosimeter results to the Vista RSO.Procedure - 13 Control of Radiation ExposuresNote: For the purposes of this document, Ionizing Radiation includes certain types of Non-Ionizing Radiation.01/12/991
Page2PIC's may be required on the advice of the Vista RSO for a particular Vista project work sitedepending on known site conditions, history of use, and the potential for the presence of radioactivematerials and/or radioactive contamination at a Vista project work site.Vista is obligated to evaluate the ionizing radiation exposure data to verify that exposures aremaintained at ALARA levels and will furnish a summary exposure report to each participatingVista employee yearly. Issued dosimetry should meet the requirements of the National VoluntaryLaboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP).At the discretion of the Vista RSO, both NVLAP and PICs may be required for certain potentialionizing radiation exposures at a Vista project work site. PICs may be used in conjunction withNVLAP approved dosimetry to provide real-time exposure results for controlling exposures toALARA levels. Field measurements with NVLAP approved dosimetry and PICs are used toestimate the dose accumulated over a period of time in the work area.Should unexpectedly high doses result from certain field activities, operations will shut downaccording to specific action levels and administrative control measures that will be implemented tolimit ionizing radiation exposures. Field measurements with PICs only should be performed whenthe potential exists for a radiation worker to exceed the following:Table 1.1-1 - Exposure and Dose RateEXPOSUREWhole BodySkinExtremitiesDOSE RATE2.5 mrem/hour (0.025 milliSievert/hour)10.0 mrem/hour (0.100 milliSievert/hour)20.0 mrem/hour (0.200 milliSievert/hour)Dose estimates will be recorded daily in a logbook for each person working in areas exceedingthese action levels. When field dose estimates based on ionizing radiation survey results indicatethat an individual has received 100 mrem (1 milliSievert), the individual's dosimetry equipmentwill be immediately processed. At a minimum, NVLAP approved dosimetry will be processed on amonthly basis and recorded in the individual's cumulative (quarter, year) dose history. Theseionizing radiation dose control procedures are designed to keep exposures at ALARA levels.The following sections discuss the proper location for wearing dosimeter devices, official exposuredetermination, and lost or damaged NVLAP approved dosimetry or PICs.1.1. Proper Location for Wearing Dosimeter DevicesUnless directed otherwise, dosimetry equipment will be worn on the front of the body adjacent toeach other between the neck and the waist, usually in the chest area. When circumstances are suchthat other parts of the body may receive significantly greater doses, the individual may be instructedto wear the dosimeters in a more representative place, or additional dosimeter devices may be.required.Procedure - 13 Control of Radiation ExposuresNote: For the purposes of this document, Ionizing Radiation includes certain types of Non-lonizing Radiation.01/12/99
Page 3Personnel should not allow their PICs to exceed 3/4 full scale regardless ofppscrtbedallowable exposure, without the readings being recorded and having the dos' Lersrecharged. The readings shall be immediately recorded and the PIC's recharr,if% fullscale is exceeded because the PIC may have exceeded its saturation regime d tliu recorda lesser reading than actually received. Readings greater than 3/4 full scale e usuallyinaccurate. Precautions should be taken to prevent the radioactive contamin ao .personal monitoring devices when entering and working in contaminated areas. Dosimeterswill be monitored for radioactive contamination prior to being removed from the controlledarea, if there is a reason to suspect that they may have become contaminated.1.1.Official Exposure DeterminationThe official and permanent record of the accumulated external dose received by a Vistaindividual is obtained from the monthly interpretation of the NVLAP approved dosimetry.1.2.Lost or Damaged NVLAP Approved DosimetryIndividuals should immediately notify the Vista ORPO if they lose or damage theirdosimetry. A thorough search will be made for any dosimeter reported lost. An individualwhose dosimetry has been lost or damaged and whose exposures are being investigated willbe excluded from work in locations where radioactive materials and/or radioactivecontamination may be present until cumulative doses have been determined by the VistaORSO, ORPO or RSO and a new NVLAP approved dosimetry or PIC has been issued.2. PERSONAL EXPOSURE INVESTIGATIONSIf a situation occurs involving the suspected or known exposure of personnel to ionizingradiation in excess of permissible limits specified in 10 CFR 20, the situation must bepromptly investigated and exposures evaluated. This may require special bioassays,ionizing radiation surveys, air samples, and/or NVLAP approved. dosimetry badge analyses.The Vista ORPO or management will investigate each occurrence and will determine thefollowing:"* Dose equivalents to the whole body from external irradiation greater than 100mrem (0.003 Sievert) in a calendar quarter;"* Bioassay results that exceed the levels specified in Vista's RSP Procedure 9,Section 2.7.3 "Work Restriction Action Level"; and" Other occurrences that warrant investigation in the judgment of the Vista OnSite Health and Safety Officer (OHSO) or Vista On-Site Radiation ProtectionOfficer (ORPO).The report of the personal exposure investigation to the Vista ORPO and/or managementwill include the following data:"* Description of the work task in progress;"* Methods and procedures of how the overexposure was determined and assessed;* Time and date of overexposure;Ptocedure - 13 Control of Radiation ExposuresNote: For purposes of this document, Ionizing Radiation includes certain types of Non-Ionizing Radiation.01/12/99
Page***Conditions under which the overexposure occurred;Names of personnel involved, together with previous exposure records; andRecommendations for corrective measures to prevent similar overexposure.3. INTERNAL EXPOSURE CONTROLThe preferred method of reducing exposure to airborne radioactivity is by use of engineeringcontrols, process controls, containment of sources of airborne radioactivity, ventilation andfiltration equipment, plus the control of surface radioactive contamination. When airborneconcentrations become a problem, eliminating or reducing the airborne radioactivity should beconsidered first. When such controls are not feasible or cannot be applied, the use of respiratoryprotection equipment may be appropriate. In general, the use of respirators is less desirable inproviding protection from inhalation than is the use of proper process control and ventilation.For work involving significant levels of radioactive contamination, or processes such as cutting orgrinding, containment enclosures and local filtered exhaust ventilation should be used to minimizeor control airborne radioactivity. When this is not feasible, respirators should be used.The following sections discuss radioactive contamination control and evaluation of internalexposures.3.1.Radioactive Contamination ControlThe primary concern in controlling radioactive contamination is to protect personnel frominhalation, ingestion, or absorption of radioactive materials and/or radioactive contamination intothe body and to prevent the spread of radioactive contamination to other areas. The basicradioactive contamination control methods used at Vista project work sites are summarized below:***********Delineating and posting contaminated areas;Control of work, traffic, and movement of materials and equipment into and out of acontrolled area;Proper selection, use and disposal of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE);Prohibition of eating, drinking, chewing, and smoking in areas where radioactivematerials and/or radioactive contamination exists;Use of NVLAP approved dosimetry and PICs;Radioactive contamination monitoring by means of smears, portable radiation surveyinstruments, and air samplers;Establishment of administrative limits for radioactive contamination, and maintenanceof contamination levels within these limits;Radioactive decontamination of personnel, areas, and equipment;Collection and proper disposal of radioactive solid, liquid, and airborne waste;Use of removable protective coatings of polyethylene sheeting, absorbent paper, andother temporary linings, on and around work areas;Use of temporary High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filtered ventilation inlocalized work areas;Procedure - 13 Control of Radiation ExposuresNote: For the purposes of this document, Ionizing Radiation includes certain types of Non-Ionizing Radiation.01/12/994
Page* Use of proper radioactive-water-collection equipment in localized-work area;* Proper wrapping and/or tagging of radioactive materials upon removal from areascontaminated with radioactive materials;* Minimization of exposure to known sources of radioactive materials and/or radioactivecontamination; and* Provision of proper shielding for y ray sources.Note:All Personal Protective Equipnent (PPE) clothing. such as, smocks, Anti-Cs, andunderclothing shall be cleaned in a laundry facility certified for radioactive contaminatedclothing. This laundry Facility could be an existing on-site facility, or it could be an off sitefacility. The laundry services could be subcontracted out to on-site facilities , and/or useother funding mechanisms. such as for, off-site facilities.""A cost-benefit analysis could be perfonned to determine the most cost-effective choicebetween laundering (either on-site or off-site) contaminated clothing, or simply buying PPE
ionizing radiation. Each individual working at Vista project work sites in a Controlled Area (CA) or in radiation areas will wear the dosimeter devices as specified by the Vista RSO, or based on site-specific ionizing radiation survey results. A CA is any area, designated by the Vista RSO, established to control personnel exposures to
currency and remaining maturity breakdowns, counterparties, and off-balance sheet exposures.5 The foreign currency exposures data initiative of the G-20 will encourage countries to provide such data, particularly for the external sector. III. PROGRESS MADE IN REPORTING DATA ON FOREIGN CURRENCY EXPOSURES
Price Variance Quantity Variance Budget Adjustment Variance 200 U- 300 F 400 u / Flexible Budget Variance 0 Overall Variable Cost Variance 400 U Losses 700 780 650 910 1,200 Exposures 1,200 Exposures l,OOO Exposures 1,400 Exposures @ .583/Exposure - @.650/Exposure 465O/Exposure @ .650/Exposure
It covers sample copy of mandatory procedures covering all the details of ISO 15378:2017. List of procedure 1. Procedure for Management review 2. Procedure for Document and Data Control 3. Procedure for Control of records 4. Procedure for Internal Audit 5. Procedure for Training 6. Procedure For Corrective And Preventive Action 7.
approximately 3-fold higher elagolix exposures and those with severe hepatic impairment had approximately 7-fold higher elagolix exposures. Because of these increased exposures and risk . remembers and then resume the regular dosing schedule. 150 mg once daily: take no more than 1 tab
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