PM Speciation Profiles For Gas- And Oil-Fired Stationary .
Combustion PMPM Speciation Profiles for Gas- and Oil-Fired Stationary Combustion—PM1101, PM1102, PM1103, PM1104 and PM1105Wenli Yang, PhD, PEAir Quality Planning and Science DivisionOctober 14, 20151IntroductionThere are a few speciation profiles characterizing the PM emitted from internal andexternal gas- and oil-fired combustion in the current CARB speciation profile database[1]. For example, PM120 is the profile for gaseous material combustion. It applies tocategories associated with natural gas, liquid petroleum gas and process gas combustionmostly for external boilers burning natural gas. The profile shows the emitted exhaustPM consists of 50% elemental carbon (EC), 20% sulfate and no organic carbon (OC).However, this profile is outdated and does not represent the composition of the relatedsource emissions. The goal of this work is to update the following combustion profiles: el Combustion—ResidualUtility Boilers—ResidualStationary Internal Combustion Engine—Distillate DieselStationary Internal Combustion Engine—GasolineStationary Internal Combustion Engine—DieselGaseous Material CombustionStationary Internal Combustion Engine—GasPetroleum Heaters—GasAll the above combustion profiles were created based on source tests and/or engineeringestimates according to a 1979 KVB study [2], in which traditional stationary sourcesampling methods were used. During the tests, the filterable PM was sampled as the hotstack exhausts passed through the filter at high temperatures; and the condensable PMwas collected when the filtered stack vapor was drawn through iced water impingers atlow temperatures. Because the PM samples were taken at very high and very lowtemperatures, the traditional sampling methods could not properly account for theprimary aerosol formation that happened in the ambient conditions after the exhaustsleave the stack [3]. Therefore, the speciation profiles resulted from traditional samplingmethods need to be updated.To better characterize the emissions from industrial combustion sources, a joint industryand government program began to use dilution sampling techniques to measure andanalyze PM samples from combustion systems beginning in 1998. This program was cofunded by the U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory(DOE/NETL), California Energy Commission (CEC), Gas Research Institute (GRI), NewYork State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) and the American1
Combustion PMPetroleum Institute (API). The dilution method uses clean air to dilute the hot stackexhaust plume immediately in a mixing chamber. Because it mimics the formation ofcondensable particles in the ambient conditions before actual sampling for mass andchemical composition, the dilution sampling system is supposed to provide morerepresentative measurements than the traditional methods [4]. Based on the test results ofthe multi-sponsor testing program, the following five PM speciation profiles weredeveloped for the CARB speciation database: 2PM1101:PM1102:PM1103:PM1104:PM1105:Gas-Fired BoilersGas-Fired Process HeatersGas-Fired Combined Cycle and Cogeneration PlantsOil-Fired Boilers (Residual)Backup Generator Diesel EnginesMethodologyDuring the five-year stationary combustion program, source tests were performed onboilers, process heaters, and power plant units at various fuel evaluation facilities by GEEnergy and Environmental Research Corporation (Irvine, CA) [5]. The test units andtheir characteristics are summarized in Table 1 for reference.Table 1. Characteristic sources tested during the program [3]SiteAlphaBravoCharlieDeltaEchoFoxtrotTest UnitRefinery processheaterCombined cyclebased cogenerationplantRefinery processheaterInstitutional boiler(dual fuel)Combined cyclebased cogenerationplantDiesel enginebackup generatorControl SystemFuelMaximum HeatInput Capacity(MMBtu/hour)Refinery fuel gasNone184.9Natural gasLow NOxcombustors; SCR;CO oxidation catalyst240 MW capacity,with duct burnersNatural gasSCR300None65Natural gasLow NOxcombustors; SCR;CO oxidation catalyst554 MW peakcapacity, with ductburnersLow sulfur dieselNone350 kWNatural gasNo. 6 fuel oilGolfRefinerycogeneration plantRefinery fuel gasWater injection,SCR, CO oxidationcatalyst48 MW capacity,with duct burnersARefinery boilerRefinery fuel gasNone6502
Combustion PMSiteTest UnitControl SystemFuelMaximum HeatInput Capacity(MMBtu/hour)BRefinery processheaterRefinery fuel gasNone114CSteam generatorNatural gasNone62.52.1Chemical Speciation ProfilesThe speciation profiles were created by normalizing the measured mass of individualspecies to the reconstructed PM2.5 mass (i.e., sum of the species adjusted for elementoxides and organic carbon speciation) rather than the measured PM2.5 total mass. Theweight percentage of individual species was calculated for each test run. Then theindividual profiles for each test run in the same category were combined to be thecomposite profile for this category. Overall five composite speciation profiles werederived from the testing data and adopted by U.S. EPA [5, 6]. However, the non-carbonorganic matter (NCOM) and the oxygen associated with geological elements, two of thebasic components of CARB PM speciation profiles, are not included in the five EPAprofiles. Hence, the following steps are carried out to estimate the mass percentages ofNCOM and species ‘Others’ based on the EPA profiles to form the new profiles that meetCARB’s needs:a. NCOM: based on the identified semi-volatile organic aerosol species, a factor of 1.08was used to convert OC to OM (organic matter) [5]. The hydrogen and heteroatomsin the OM (i.e. NCOM) are then calculated by subtracting OC from OM [6].b. ‘Others’: the species group named ‘Others’ is created to capture the mass of oxygenassociated with the five geological elements (i.e. Al, Si, Ca, Fe and Ti) using thefollowing formula:[Others ] 0.89 [ Al ] 1.14 [ Si ] 0.40 [Ca ] 0.43 [ Fe] 0.67 [Ti ]where [Al], [Si], [Ca], [Fe] and [Ti] are weight percentages of the five elements,respectively[7].c. Renormalizing: the weight percentages of all the species including NCOM and‘Others’ are added up as the ‘new’ total PM2.5 mass; and then this ‘new’ sum is usedas the denominator in calculating the renormalized speciation profile.3Results and DiscussionThe details of profiles PM1101 to PM1105 are provided in Table 2. For gas-fired sources(PM1101, PM1102 and PM1103), the profiles indicate that the majority of PM is OC;sulfate, EC and other species are minor components. On the contrary, sulfate is thedominant species of the PM2.5 emitted from residual oil-fired boiler (PM1104) and EC isthe major PM2.5 species for diesel engine exhausts (PM1105).3
Combustion PMPM1101: Gas-Fired Boilers (external combustion)The individual speciation profiles from all test runs on the boilers (Site A and Site Delta)/steam generators (Site C) were combined into this composite profile, which is dominatedby carbon, with an average of 52.84% OC, and 11.26% EC (Table 2). Compared to thecurrent profile PM120 (0% OC, 50% EC) that mainly used for gas-fired boilers, the newprofile contains much higher OC but much lower EC. The gaseous combustion testsindicated that substantially all of the particulate matter in the stack was smaller than 2.5μm; thus, the ratios of PM10/TPM (total PM) and PM2.5/TPM are both set as 1.0.PM1102: Gas-Fired Heaters (external combustion)The individual speciation profiles from all runs on the three gas-fired process heaters(Site Alpha, Site Charlie and Site B) were combined into this composite profile. OC isthe predominant species (55.10%), followed by sulfate (9.78%), EC (5.60%), and lesserfractions of other components (Table 2). Compared to the current profile PM125 (0%OC, 47% sulfate) for gas heaters, the new profile has much higher OC but much lesssulfate. The size fraction profile for PM1101 will be used for PM1102, i.e., PM10/TPM 1.0 and PM2.5/TPM 1.0, which indicates that all of the particles generated from gaseouscombustion are fine particles.PM1103: Combined Cycle / Cogeneration Plants (internal combustion)The individual speciation profiles from all test runs on the three units (Site Bravo, SiteEcho and Site Golf) were combined into this composite profile. Similar to the other gasfired combustion profiles (PM1101 and PM1102), OC is the dominant constituent(63.10%) followed by sulfate (12.06%) and other species (Table 2). Compared to thecurrent profiles PM123 for internal gas combustion and PM115 for internal gasolinecombustion (assumed the same as PM123 [1]), the new profile consists of much higherOC but lower sulfate and EC. Due to the lack of test data, the size fractions of PM1103are assumed the same as PM123, i.e. PM10/TPM 0.9940 and PM2.5/TPM 0.9920.PM1104: Oil-Fired Boilers (No. 6 Oil) (external combustion)The test results of the boiler unit that fired with No. 6 oil (Site Delta) were averaged toobtain the oil-fired boilers speciation profile. Unlike the gaseous combustion PM, the oilcombustion PM is dominated by sulfate (54.80%), which is due to the higher fuel sulfurand ash content compared to gas fuels (Table 2). There is 7.21% OC and 6.48% EC inthe PM2.5 mass. Compared to the current profiles PM111 and PM113 for residual oilexternal combustion, the new profile has higher sulfate and OC but lower EC content.The size fractions of PM111 are used for PM1104, in which PM10/TPM is 0.8700 andPM2.5/TPM is 0.7600.4
Combustion PMPM1105: Backup Generator Diesel Engine (internal combustion)The speciation profile is derived exclusively from test results performed on Site Foxtrot.Only EC and OC were detected during the tests. The profile for uncontrolled backupgenerator (BUG) diesel engines is dominated by EC (76.55%) and OC (21.62%) (Table2). Compared to the current profiles PM114 and PM116 for internal diesel combustion,the new profile has much higher EC but less sulfur content. The size fractions of the offroad diesel profiles are used for PM1105, i.e., PM10/TPM 0.9940 and PM2.5/TPM 0.9510.It has to be noticed that the chemical profiles discussed above are based on source testingfor fine PM exhausts. For the complete PM profile update, a homogeneous chemicalcomposition for the particles is assumed. That is, the chemical compositions of PM10 andTPM are assumed to be the same as that of PM2.5 (Table 2).Table 2. TPM, PM10 and PM2.5 speciation profiles for stationary combustionProfile No. & elNitrateOCPhosphorusSAROAD PM1101PM1103PM1102PM1104PM1105Gas-Fired CombinedBackupGas-FiredGas-FiredCycle & Cogeneration Oil-Fired Boilers Generator(No. 6 oil)Boilers Process HeatersPlantsDiesel 70.100.040.070.584.297.210.3476.651.8321.62
Combustion PMProfile No. & l4SAROAD PM1101PM1103PM1102PM1104PM1105Gas-Fired CombinedBackupGas-FiredGas-FiredCycle & Cogeneration Oil-Fired Boilers Generator(No. 6 oil)Boilers Process HeatersPlantsDiesel .00Estimated Impacts of the Profile Update on the Emission InventoryThe new profile PM1101 will replace the current profile PM120 for the categories of gasfired boilers; the new profile PM1102 will replace the current profile PM125 for thecategories of gas-fired heaters; the new profile PM1103 will replace the current profilesPM115 and PM123 for the categories of internal gaseous combustion; the new profilePM1104 will replace the current profiles PM111 and PM113 for the categories ofexternal residual oil combustion; and the new profile PM1105 will replace the currentprofiles PM114 and PM116 for the categories of internal diesel combustion. Themapping of the new profiles to their associated EICs/SCCs is available in Appendix 1.Using the new profiles to replace the currently-in-use combustion profiles, the changes inthe major PM modeling species, including OC, EC, sulfate and nitrate, for 2012 statewideemissions are estimated in Table 3. Given the annual average PM2.5 emissions from gasand oil-fired stationary combustion sources (see the categories in Appendix 1) of 19.50tons/day [8], OC emissions increase from zero to 11.23 tons/day, which is more than halfof the total PM2.5 mass. The emissions of nitrate increase more than five times while theemissions of EC and sulfate were both reduced about 70%.6
Combustion PMTable 3. Changes on emissions of PM2.5 species for stationary combustion (2012)5ChangeStatewideAnnual Ave.EmissionsUsing CurrentPM Profiles(tons/day)Using New C0.0011.23 66.4%Nitrate0.070.41 0.34 485.7%Version ControlThis section will be completed after management approval and after the CEIDARSFRACTION table and PMPROFILE table are updated. Version information fromCEIDARS FRACTION table will be copied here.References:1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.California Air Resources Board Main Speciation Profiles, 2015, California AirResources Board, Accessed: August 20, 2015.Taback, H.J., et al., "Fine Particle Emissions from Stationary and MiscellanceousSources in the South Coast Air Basin". 1979(KVB 5806-783).England, G.C., et al., "Dilution-Based Emissions Sampling from StationarySources: Part 2—Gas-Fired Combustors Compared with Other Fuel-FiredSystems". Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2007. 57(1): p.79-93.England, G.C., et al., "Dilution-Based Emissions Sampling from StationarySources: Part 1—Compact Sampler Methodology and Performance". Journal ofthe Air & Waste Management Association, 2007. 57(1): p. 65-78.England, G., O. Chang, and S. Wien, "Development of Fine Particulate EmissionFactors and Speciation Profiles for Oil- and Gas-Fired Combustion Systems, FinalReport". 2004: p. 132SPECIATE Version 4.4, 2014, US EPA, Accessed: July 31, 2015.Allen, P., "Developing PM Species Profiles for Emission Inventory", 2008.CEPAM, 2015, California Air Resources Board, Accessed: August 12, 2015.7
Combustion PMAppendix 1. EICs/SCCs to be Associated with Stationary Combustiona. PM1101— Gas-Fired BoilersEIC/SCCNAMES10100601EXTCOMB BOILERELECTRIC GENERATNNG 100MMBTU/HR EXTF10100602EXTCOMB BOILERELECTRIC GENERATNNG 100MMBTU/HR EXTF10100603EXTCOMB BOILERELECTRIC GENERATNNG 10MMBTU/HR10100604EXTCOMB BOILERELECTRIC GENERATNNGTAN FIRED BOILERS10100701EXTCOMB BOILERELECTRIC GENERATNPROCESS GAS 100MMBTU/HR10100702EXTCOMB BOILERELECTRIC GENERATNPROCESS GAS 100MMBTU/HR10100703DUMMY NAME 10-30EXTCOMB BOILER-ELECT PROCESS GAS81 10MMBTU/HR10101002EXTCOMB BOILERELECTRIC GENERATNPROPANE10101501EXTCOMB BOILERELECTRIC GENERATN10101502EXTCOMB BOILERELECTRIC GENERATN10200601EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALNG 100MMBTU/HR10200602EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALNG10-100MMBTU/HR10200603EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALNG 10MMBTU/HR10200604EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALNGCOGENERATION10200701EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALPROCESS GASPETROL REFINERY10200702EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALPROCESS GASREFINERY 10-100**10200703EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALPROCESS GASREFINERY 10 **10200704EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALPROCESS GASBLAST FURNACE10200707EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALPROCESS GASCOKE OVEN10200710EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALPROCESS GASCOGENERATION10200799EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALPROCESS GASOTHER/NOT CLASIFD10201001EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALLPGBUTANE10201002EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALLPGPROPANE10201003EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALLPG 10MMBTU/HR10201401EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALCO BOILERNG10201402EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALCO BOILERPROCESS GAS10201601EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALMETHANOLINDUSTRIAL BOILER10201701EXTCOMB BOILERINDUSTRIALGASOLINEINDUSTRIAL BOILER10299997DUMMY NAME 10-30OTHER/NOTEXTCOMB BOILER-INDUS81CLASIFD8LPGGEOTHERMPOWER PLNTSGEOTHERMPOWER PLNTS**OFF-GAS EJECTORSCOOLNG TOWEREXHAUST**SPECIFY IN REMARK
Combustion PMEIC/SCCNAMES10299999DUMMY NAME 10-30OTHER/NOTEXTCOMB BOILER-INDUS81CLASIFDSPECIFY IN REMARK10300601EXTCOMB BOILERCOMMERCL-INSTUTNLNG 100MMBTU/HR10300602EXTCOMB COMB BOILERCOMMERCL-INSTUTNLNG 10MMBTU/HR10300701EXTCOMB BOILERCOMMERCL-INSTUTNLPROCESS GASSEWAGE GAS10300702DUMMY NAME 10-30- EXTCOMB BOILER81COMMEPROCESS GASSEWAGE 10-10010300703EXTCOMB BOILERCOMMERCL-INSTUTNLPROCESS GASSEWAGE 10MMBTU/**10300799EXTCOMB BOILERCOMMERCL-INSTUTNLPROCESS GASOTHER/NOT CLASIFD10300811EXTCOMB BOILERCOMMERCL-INSTUTNLLANDFILL GAS BOILER10301001EXTCOMB BOILERCOMMERCL-INSTUTNLLPGBUTANE10301002EXTCOMB BOILERCOMMERCL-INSTUTNLLPGPROPANE10301003EXTCOMB BOILERCOMMERCL-INSTUTNLLPG 10MMBTU/HR10399901EXTCOMBCOMMERCL-INSTUTNLOTHER FUELSCOMMERICIAL BOILER10399997DUMMY NAME 10-30- EXTCOMB BOILER81COMMEOTHER/NOTCLASIFDSPECIFY IN REMARK10500106EXTCOMB BOILERSPACE HEATERINDUSTRIALNG10500110EXTCOMB BOILERSPACE 930688701DUMMY NAME 10-30EXTCOMB BOILER-SPACE INDUSTRIAL81COMMERCLEXTCOMB BOILERSPACE HEATERINSTUTNLCOMMERCLEXTCOMB BOILERSPACE HEATERINSTUTNLDUMMY NAME 10-30COMMERCLEXTCOMB UM INDUSTRYPROCESSESTIC CRACK1000501100000 ELECTRIC UTILITIESBOILERSNG1000501240000 ELECTRIC UTILITIESBOILERSPROPANE1000501300000 ELECTRIC UTILITIESBOILERSPROCESS GAS2000501100000 COGENERATIONBOILERSNG2000501300000 COGENERATIONBOILERSPROCESS ESS GASOIL & GAS PRODN(COMBUSTION)OIL & GAS PRODN3000501220000(COMBUSTION)OIL & GAS PRODN3000501240000(COMBUSTION)OIL & GAS SPECIFYNGLPGOTHER-SPECIFYFCCU START GORYUNSPECIFIED**
Combustion PMEIC/SCCNAMESPETROLEUM4000501100000 REFINING(COMBUSTION)PETROLEUM4000501220000 REFINING(COMBUSTION)PETROLEUM4000501240000 REFINING(COMBUSTION)PETROLEUM4000501300000 REFINING(COMBUSTION)PETROLEUM4000511000000 REFINING(COMBUSTION)PETROLEUM4000532200000 IALFOOD5200501100000 &AGRICULTURALPROCESSINGFOOD5200501220000 &AGRICULTURALPROCESSINGFOOD5200501240000 &AGRICULTURALPROCESSINGFOOD5200501300000 &AGRICULTURALPROCESSINGFOOD5200501440000 &AGRICULTURALPROCESSINGFOOD5200511000000 &AGRICULTURALPROCESSINGFOOD5200532200000 OPANESUB-CATEGORYUNSPECIFIEDBOILERSPROCESS ORY(UNSPECIFIED) PROCESS GASUNSPECIFIEDSUB-CATEGORYLANDFILL GASUNSPECIFIEDSUB-CATEGORYSEWAGE GASUNSPECIFIEDGASOLINESUB-CATEGORY(UNSPECIFIED) NESUB-CATEGORYUNSPECIFIEDBOILERSPROCESS GASSUB-CATEGORYUNSPECIFIEDBOILERSSEWAGE ORY(UNSPECIFIED) EGORYUNSPECIFIED
Combustion E&COMMERCIALFUELSUB-CATEGORY(UNSPECIFIED) ORYPROPANEUNSPECIFIEDSUB-CATEGORYPROCESS GASUNSPECIFIEDSUB-CATEGORYLANDFILL GASUNSPECIFIEDSUB-CATEGORYSEWAGE OILERSBOILERSBOILERS11
Combustion PMb. PM1102— Gas-Fired HeatersEIC/SCCNAMES30190003CHEMICAL MFG30190004CHEMICAL E30390003PRIMARY METALS30390004PRIMARY METALS30490003SECONDARY METALS30490004SECONDARY METALS30500206PETROLEUM INDRY30500209PETROLEUM INDRY30505020MINERAL PRODUCTS30505023MINERAL PRODUCTS30590003MINERAL PRODUCTS30600102PETROLEUM INDRY30600104PETROLEUM INDRY30600105PETROLEUM INDRY30600106PETROLEUM INDRY30600107PETROLEUM INDRY30600108PETROLEUM INDRY30600199PETROLEUM INDRY30790003WOOD TICS30990003FABRICATED METALS31000404OIL & GAS PRODN31000405OIL & GAS PRODN31000406OIL & GAS LEUMREFNGFUEL FIREDEQPMNTFUEL FIREDEQPMNTFUEL FIREDEQPMNTFUEL HEATERSPROCESSHEATERSPROCESSHEATERSNGPROCESS GASNGLPGNGPROCESS GASNGPROCESS GASNGLPGNGLP GASNGGAS FIRED**GAS FIREDNG-FIREDPROCESS GAS-FIREDLPG FIREDLANDFILL GAS-FIRENOT CLASSIFIEDNGNGLPGNGNGPROCESS GASPROPANE/BUTANE
Combustion PMEIC/SCCNAMES31390003ELECTRICAL EQPMNT39900701INDUSTRIAL PROCES39990003INDUSTRIAL PROCES39990004INDUSTRIAL PROCES40201001ORGANIC SOLVENT40201004ORGANIC SOLVENT1001001100000 ELECTRIC 500100110000050010012000005001001300000OIL & GAS PRODN(COMBUSTION)OIL & GAS PRODN(COMBUSTION)OIL & GAS PRODN(COMBUSTION)PETROLEUM REFINING(COMBUSTION)PETROLEUM REFINING(COMBUSTION)PETROLEUM REFINING(COMBUSTION)PETROLEUM URING&INDUSTRIALFOOD &AGRICULTURALPROCESSINGFOOD &AGRICULTURAL5201001200000PROCESSINGFOOD 201201100000FOOD &AGRICULTURALPROCESSING5201201200000FOOD &AGRICULTURALPROCESSING6001001000000 SERVICE &COMMERCIALFUEL FIREDEQPMNTMIS IND-FUELEQPTMIS IND-FUELEQPTMIS RSPROCESSHEATERSPROCESSHEATERSPROCESSHEATERSOVEN HEATERS(FORCE DRYINGSURFACECOATINGS)OVEN HEATERS(FORCE PROCESSHEATERSOVEN HEATERS(FORCE DRYINGSURFACECOATINGS)OVEN HEATERS(FORCE GPROCESS GASNGPROCESS GASOVEN HEATERNGOVEN HEATERLPGNGGASEOUS FUEL(UNSPECIFIED)NGPROCESS GASGASEOUS FUEL(UNSPECIFIED)NGLPGPROCESS GASNGLPGPROCESS ECIFIEDNGLPGPROCESS SUB-CATEGORYUNSPECIFIEDGASEOUS FUEL(UNSPECIFIED)SUB-CATEGORYUNSPECIFIED
Combustion PMEIC/SCCNAMESPROCESSHEATERSPROCESSSERVICE &COMMERCIALHEATERSPROCESSSERVICE &COMMERCIALHEATERSPROCESSSERVICE &COMMERCIALHEATERSOVEN HEATERS(FORCE DRYINGSERVICE &COMMERCIALSURFACECOATINGS)OVEN HEATERS(FORCE DRYINGSERVICE &COMMERCIALSURFACECOATINGS)PROCESSOTHER (FUEL COMBUSTION)HEATERSPROCESSOTHER (FUEL COMBUSTION)HEATERSPROCESSOTHER (FUEL COMBUSTION)HEATERS6001001100000 SERVICE 1200000990100130000014PROCESS GASLANDFILL GPROCESS UB-CATEGORYUNSPECIFIED
Combustion PMc. PM1103— Combined Cycle / Cogeneration NELECTRIC GENERATNNGTURBINE20100202INTERNLCOMBUSTIONELECTRIC ECTRIC TIONELECTRIC ECTRIC GENERATNNGTURBINE:EXHAUST20100401DUMMY NAME 10-30-81INTERNL COMBUSTION-E RESIDUAL OILTURBINE20100702INTERNLCOMBUSTIONELECTRIC GENERATNPROCESS GASRECIPROCATING20100707INTERNLCOMBUSTIONELECTRIC GENERATNPROCESS GASRECIP:EXHAUST20100801INTERNLCOMBUSTIONELECTRIC GENERATNLANDFILL GASTURBINE20100802INTERNLCOMBUSTIONELECTRIC GENERATNLANDFILL GASRECIPROCATING20100807INTERNLCOMBUSTIONELECTRIC GENERATNLANDFILL GASRECIP:EXHAUST20100809INTERNLCOMBUSTIONELECTRIC GENERATNLANDFILL RIC GENERATN20101010INTERNLCOMBUSTIONELECTRIC GENERATN20101020INTERNLCOMBUSTIONELECTRIC GENERATN20101021INTERNLCOMBUSTIONELECTRIC GENERATN20101030INTERNLCOMBUSTIONELECTRIC GENERATN20101031INTERNLCOMBUSTIONELECTRIC GENERATN20182599INTERNLCOMBUSTIONELECTRIC ANEOUSFLARES20199998DUMMY NAME 10-30-81OTHER/NOTINTERNL COMBUSTION-ECLASIFDSPECIFY IN CYCLE LEAN BURN20200253INTERNLCOMBUSTIONINDUSTRIALNG4-CYLE RICH BURN15STEAM TURBINEWELL DRILL STEAMEMSWELL PAD FUGIBLOWDNWELLPAD FUGIVENT/LKPIPELINE FUGIBLOWDNPIPELN FUGIVENT/LKSPECFY PNT OFGENRTNHEAVY BLOWBY
Combustion G4-CYCLE LEAN STRIAL20200701INTERNL COMBUSTIONINDUSTRIALPROCESS SS GASRECIPROCATINGENGINE20200705INTERNL COMBUSTIONINDUSTRIALREFINERY ERY LPROCESS GASTURBINE:EXHAUST20200801DUMMY NAME 10-30-81INTERNL COMBUSTION-IPROCESS GASTURBINE20200802DUMMY NAME 10-30-81INTERNL COMBUSTION-IPROCESS IGESTER LIC TRIALIC RIALIC STRIALIC USTRIALIC TRIALIC ENGINERECIP:EXHAUST20299901INTERNAL COMBUSTIONINDUSTRIALOTHER FUELSICE RECIPROCATING20299902INTERNAL COMBUSTIONINDUSTRIALOTHER FUELSINUSTRIALTURBINES20299997DUMMY NAME 10-30-81INTERNL COMBUSTION-I20299998DUMMY NAME 10-30-81INTERNL COMBUSTION-I16LARGE BOREENGINELARGE BOREENGINELARGE OTCLASIFDDUAL RBINECOGENERTNRECIP:CRNKCSEBLOWBYSPECIFY IN REMARKSPECIFY IN REMARK
Combustion L COMBUSTIONCOMMERCL - INSTITUTLDIGESTER GASTURBINE20300702INTERNL COMBUSTIONCOMMERCL - INSTITUTLDIGESTER INSTUTNLPROCESS INSTUTNLPROCESS GASTURBINE:EXHAUST20300801INTERNL COMBUSTIONCOMMERCL - INSTITUTLLANDFILL GASTURBINE20300802INTERNL COMBUSTIONCOMMERCL - INSTITUTLLANDFILL GASRECIPROCATING20301001INTERNLCOM
There are a few speciation profiles characterizing the PM emitted from internal and external gas- and oil-fired combustion in the current CARB speciation profile database [1]. For example, PM120 is the profile for gaseous material combustion. It applies to categories associated with natural gas, liquid petroleum gas and process gas combustion
3. evolution 11 3.1 the ideas 11 3.2 level of selection 13 3.3 more than genes? 13 4. speciation 14 4.1 species concepts 16 4.2 isolation of populations 17 4.3 types of speciation 18 4.3.1 allopatric speciation 18 4.3.2 sympatric speciation 19 4.4 phylogenetic relationship 20 5. insects as models in evolution 21 5.1 plant insect interactions 21 6.
single studies of speciation are unlikely to achieve this result, we suggest that a comprehen-sive understanding of the speciation process requires demonstrating (a) axes of differentiation, (b) speciation phenotypes (i.e., traits whose divergence contributes directly or indirectly to a de-
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SYMPATRIC SPECIATION IN CICHLID FISHES FROM NIGARAGUAN LAKES HOW CAN REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION DEVELOP IN THE ABSENSE OF BARRIERS TO GENE FLOW? Sympatric speciation in animals is a controversial mechanism. Host-race spe
Allopatric Speciation: Vicariance The Isthmus of Panama formed from 15 Mya to 3 Mya. Speciation in snapping shrimp across the Isthmus of Panama 7 morphospecies w/o repro Closest clades show “Final Break” at 3 Mya (‘) cryptic species Allopatric speciation is common in island archipelagoes via Dispersal & Colonization
A related process – parallel speciation – lends powerful support to any hypothesis of ecological speciation, because it demonstrates that a particular selective environment can repeat-edly generate the same phenotype during speciation. In parallel speciation, a single species invading several new places gives
these parameters in phylogenetic diversification models 17. If speciation rates are controlled by energy—perhaps owing to accelerated chemical reactions, life histories or mutation rates 18,19—then we should observe a footprint of rapid speciation in the distribution of recent speciation times for tropical taxa.
Adventure tourism consumption refers to tourists experiences of actually consuming adventure activities while on holiday, and the benefits gained from these experiences. Adventure is often all-consuming and challenging and this means it can prompt diverse and conflicting emotions, ranging from feelings of fear and risk to deep satisfaction and elation (Swarbrooke, Beard, Leckie & Pomfret, 2003 .
