Week 3: The World Of Microorganisms Fungi

Biochemistry, Microbiology and ImmunologyFriday, January 2, 2015Week 3: The world of microorganisms Fungi

Taxonomy:Kingdom Moneranaming and classifying living organisms3 Domains and 5 KingdomsDomain 3: EukaryaDomain 1: BacteriaBacteria4 µmProtists?100 µmKingdom PlantaeDomain 2: ArchaeaArchaea0.5 µmKingdom FungiKingdom Animalia2

Taxonomy:naming and classifying living organismsDomain BacteriaDomain ArchaeaDomain tista ?KingdomPlantaeMulticellularHeterotrophsAbsorb foodIngest foodKingdomFungiKingdomAnimalia3

Bacterianumerous and omnipresentHuman populationin the World:6 billion1 speciesBacterial populationin a handful of soil:60 billion10,000 species4

BacteriaSize Compared with Viruses and Eukaryonts5

Bacteria: Did you know?#1 threat: The handles ofalmost two-thirds ofshopping carts tested in a2007 University of Arizonastudy were contaminatedwith fecal bacteria.-The carts had even moreof these bacteria than theaverage public bathroomhas.1/2/20156

Kingdom: Monera orEubacteria There are 182 different types ofbacteria located on your skin. Sweat glands excretelysozyme, which lyse (breakopen) certain types of bacteria.1/2/20157

BacteriaLack of membranous rialchromosomeCell wallCapsule0.5 µmFlagellaA typicalrod-shapedbacteriumA thin section through thebacterium Bacilluscoagulans (TEM)8

BacteriaNutrition9

BacteriaReproductionCell wallBinary FissionE. coli cellChromosomereplication n continues.Replication finishes.The plasma membranegrows inward, andnew cell wall isdeposited.Two daughtercells result.10

Bacteria in the BiosphereDecomposersCO2 in atmospherePhotosynthesisCellularrespirationBurning offossil fuelsand woodHigher-levelPrimary consumersconsumersCarbon compoundsin waterDetritusDecomposition11

Decomposition Decomposition is the natural process ofdead animal or plant tissue being rotted orbroken down. This process is carried outby invertebrates, fungi and bacteria.

Bacteria in the BiosphereFood for Other Species0.1 mm5 mmEarthwormStentor, a unicellular To which Kingdoms do these organisms belong? Would you eat Bacteria?13

Bacteria in the BiosphereSymbiosis 1000 species of bacterialive in the human intestineshelping in : Food digestion Production of vitamins Protection againstpathogensProbiotics are dietary supplements of live microorganisms thought to be healthy for the host organism.Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that stimulate the growth or activity of bacteria in the digestivesystem which are beneficial to the health of the body. (fibers).14The term symbiosis (from the Greek: σύν syn "with"; and βίωσις biosis "living") commonly describes close andoften long-term interactions between different biological species.

Symbiosis or mutualism Mutualism is any relationship betweenindividuals of different species where bothindividuals benefit. Humans have a mutualistic relationshipwith microorganisms, primarily bacteria, intheir digestive tract. Bacteria makevitamins for human and help in digestionof food. In return they use the food inhuman digestive system.

Bacteria in the BiosphereFixing NitrogenN2 in atmosphereAssimilationNitrogen-fixingbacteria in rootnodules of legumes DecomposersAmmonificationNH3Nitrogen-fixingsoil iaNitrificationNO2–NH4 Nitrifyingbacteria17

Nitrogen fixing Earth's atmosphere is approximately 78-80% nitrogen,making it the largest pool of nitrogen. Nitrogen isessential for many biological processes; it is crucial forany life here on Earth. It is in all amino acids, isincorporated into proteins, and is present in the basesthat make up nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. Inplants, much of the nitrogen is used in chlorophyllmolecules, which are essential for photosynthesis andfurther growth. Bacteria convert atmospheric Nitrogen into the properchemical form of Nitrogen that is essential for the growthof plants.

Bacteria in the BiosphereReleasing Oxygen19

Bacteria in the BiosphereReleasing OxygenThe cyanobacterium Anabaena, a colonial prokaryote21

The Importance of BacteriaMany antibiotics areproduced by bacteria.1/2/201522

Bacteria in the BiospherePathogenic bacteriaAnthraxBacterial MeningitisBotulismBrucellosisCampylobacteriosisCat Scratch DiseaseCholeraDiphtheriaEpidemic irosisListeriosisLyme diseaseMelioidosisRheumatic FeverMRSA umoniaPsittacosisQ feverRocky MountainSpotted Fever (RMSF)SalmonellosisScarlet sTularemiaTyphoid FeverTyphusUrinary Tract Infections23

Bacteria in the BiospherePathogenic BacteriaListeriosis outbreak in Canada, 2008The 2008 Canadian listeriosis outbreakwas a widespread outbreak of listeriosis inCanada linked to a Maple Leaf Foods plant inToronto, Ontario. Twenty-two people died andthere were 57 total confirmed cases.25

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria “Ancient bacteria”a. Life's Extremists! -hydrothermal vent(680 degrees Fahrenheit)Archaea are found in the harshestenvironments on Earth1/2/201526

Characteristics ofBacteriaCommon bacteria shapes:a. Rod-shaped (bacillus)b. Round (coccus)c. Spiral-shaped (spirillum)1/2/201527

Coccus ShapedBacteria1/2/201528

Spirillium Shaped Bacteria29

Drug-ResistantBacteria1/2/201530

Let's Recap1. The distinctive characteristics of the Kingdom Monera are thesmall size, the lack of membranous organelles and the presenceof a cell wall with unique biochemical composition.2. The nutritional and metabolic diversity of Bacteria is appreciatedin the their different nutritional modes, different oxygenrequirements, and efficient reproduction modes.3. The major roles played by Bacteria in the Biosphere are:a) Decomposers:b) Food source:c) Symbiosis: make a beneficial relationship with other livingorganisms, e.g. bacteria in human large intestine help indigestion of food and making vitamins and in return theyobtain food from humand) Oxygen release:e) Nitrogen fixation:f) Pathogens:31

ProtistaA world in a drop of water

Distinguishing characteristics of ProtistsAre more diverse than all other eukaryotes and are no longer classified in asingle kingdom. Protists contain Cells with a nucleus and membranousorganellesLong flagellumEyespotLight detectorShort flagellumNucleusEuglena (LM)Contractile vacuole5 µmPlasma membraneChloroplast(Euglena: All have flagella)PellicleParamylon granule

Distinguishing characteristics of ProtistsMostly unicellular, except for algae and colonies50 µm20 µmVolvox,a colonial freshwater chlorophyteUlva, or sea lettuceCalperpa,an inter-tidal chlorophyteOr Green algaeOr Green algae

Distinguishing Characteristics of ProtistsAquatic HabitatCeratium tripos,a marine dinoflagellateTrichomonas vaginalis,a parasitic parabasalidSpirogyra, a freshwater green algaDictyostelium discoideum, a slime mold

ProtistsNutrition modesPlant-like protistsEuglenaMacrocystitisAmoebaAnimal-like protistsIngest foodAbsorb foodFungi-like protistsSlime mold

ProtistsThe AlgaeChlorophytaSpirogyraRhodophytaDelesseria sanguineaPhaeophytaLaminaria Green Algae Red Algae Brown Algae Fresh water, marine and terrestrial Mostly marine Almost exclusive marine Chlorophyll a & b Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll a & c Carotenoids Phycocyanins, Phycoerythrin Xantophylls, Fucoxanthins Both uni- and multicellular Multicellular Mainly multicellular

ProtistsEcological RolesFood source for other speciesCeratium tripos,a marine dinoflagellateOxygenreleaseSpirogyra, a freshwater green algaDecomposerPathogenTrichomonas vaginalis,a parasitic parabasalidDictyostelium discoideum, a slime mold

Pathogenic Protists

Let's Recap1. Protists are Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular organisms that live inaquatic environments and form cysts in response to adverseenvironmental conditions.2. Protists have diverse modes of nutrition: autotrophic(photosynthetic) and heterotrophic (ingestive and absortive).3. Euglena, Paramecium and Ameba are examples of unicellularprotists, while Volvox and some slime molds are examples ofcolonial protists.4. Algae are divided in three groups based on the type ofphotosynthetic pigments:a) Chlorophyta or green algaeb) Rhodophyta or red algaec) Phaeophyta or brown algae.

Let's Recap (cont.)5. The major roles played by Protists in the Biosphere are:a) Decomposers:b) Food source:c) Oxygen release:d) Pathogens:E.g.E.g.E.g.E.g.Slime moldsPlanktonic and soil protistsChlorophytaTrichomona

Kingdom Fungi42

Taxonomy:naming and classifying living organismsDomain BacteriaDomain ArchaeaDomain EukaryaUnicellular eMulticellular YeastsHeterotrophsAbsorb foodIngest foodKingdomFungiKingdomAnimalia43

Kingdom FungiComparison with Plants and AnimalsPlantaeAnimaliaMulticellular EukaryontsMulticellular EukaryontsMulticellular EukaryontsMostly immobileMostly immobileMobileHeterotrophic (no chlorophyll)Autotrophic (chlorophyll)Heterotrophic (no chlorophyll)Absorptive nutrition-Ingestive nutritionLack of motile spermSome have motile spermAll have motile spermCell walls made of chitinCell walls made of celluloseLack of cell wallsFungi44

Kingdom FungiStructureReproductive structureHyphaeSpore-producingstructures20 µmMycelium45

Fungi as decomposers Decomposers can consume almost any carbon-containing substrate.› Fungi and bacteria are primarily responsible forkeeping ecosystems stocked with theinorganic nutrients essential for plantgrowth.› Without these decomposers, carbon, nitrogen,and other elements would become tiedup in organic matter.› Plants and the animals that eat them could notexist because elements taken from thesoil would not be returned.46

Kingdom FungiNutritionNematodeHyphae25 µmSaprobes Absorb food fromdead organisms.ParasitesHyphae adapted for trapping and killing preyPlantcellwallFungal hypha Absorb food fromliving organisms.Plant cellHaustoriumHaustoriaPlant cellplasmamembrane47

Fungi in the BiosphereDecomposersCO2 in atmospherePhotosynthesisCellularrespirationBurning offossil fuelsand woodShelf fungiHigher-levelPrimary consumersconsumersCarbon compoundsin waterrhizopusDetritusDecomposition48

Fungi in the BiosphereSymbiosis: MycorrhizaeMantle(fungalsheath)Mantle(fungal sheath)Fungalhyphaebetweencorticalcellsa symbiotic association of the mycelium of a fungus with the roots of certainplants. Fungi provides the essential elements for plants from soil and inreturn takes the food from plants.49

Fungi in the BiosphereAscocarp of fungusSymbiosis: Lichensa symbiotic association ofthe mycelium of a fungus,with algaSorediaFungalhyphaeAlgallayerAlgal cell10 µmFungal hyphae50

Fungi in the BiospherePathogenic FungiFungal diseases in plantsCorn smut on cornTar spot fungus of sycamore leavesErgots on rye51

Fungi in the BiospherePathogenic FungiFungal diseases in animals(Mycosis)Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosisAspergillomaAspergillosisAthlete's footBasidiobolus cidioidomycosisCovered smut (barley)CryptococcosisCryptococcus orphic fungiEndothrixEntomopathogenic fungusEpizootic lymphangitisEsophageal candidiasisExothrixFungemiaHistoplasmosisJungle rotMassospora CicadinaMycosphaerella fragariaeMyringomycosisOnychomycosisOral candidiasisParacoccidioidomycosisPneumocystis pneumoniaRingwormSirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearumSporotrichosisTinea barbaeTinea capitisTinea corporisTinea crurisTinea facieiTinea manuumTinea nigraTinea versicolor52

Fungi and AnimalsCommon Evolutionary OriginFungiEarly animals(sponges)Loss of flagellaDevelopment of chitin cell wallsAncestral flagellated53

Let's Recap1. Fungi are Eukaryotic, vastly multicellular heterotrophic(absorptive) organisms that lack mobility and have cell wallsmade of chitin.2. The structure of Fungi includes an externally visible reproductivestage and a network of filaments (hyphae) forming thevegetative stage or mycelium.3. Fungi are divided in three major phyla: Zygomycota, Ascomycotaand Basidiomycota.4. The major roles played by Fungi in the Biosphere are:a) Decomposers: E.g. Common black mold (Rhizopus)b) Symbionts: E.g. Mycorrhyzae and Lichen [fungus alga]c) Pathogens for plants and animals: E.g. Candidad) Food for other species: E.g. mushrooms5. The current model of evolutionary origin of Fungi involves acommon heterotrophic flagellated ancestor with Animals.54

naming and classifying living organisms Bacteria 4 µm 100 µm 0.5 µm Protists? Kingdom Plantae Archaea Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia 3 Domains and 5 Kingdoms Domain 1: Bacteria Domain 2: Archaea Domain 3: Eukarya Kingdom Monera