Tutorial - SOFiSTiK
Tutorial3D Multi-Storey Office BuildingSSD/SOFiPLUS(-X)Version 2010 SOFiSTiK AG 2011
This manual is protected by copyright laws. No part of it may be translated, copied orreproduced, in any form or by any means, without written permission from SOFiSTiKAG.SOFiSTiK reserves the right to modify or to release new editions of this manual.The manual and the program have been thoroughly checked for errors. However,SOFiSTiK does not claim that either one is completely error free. Errors and omissionsare corrected as soon as they are detected.The user of the program is solely responsible for the applications. We strongly encouragethe user to test the correctness of all calculations at least by random sampling.
Tutorial - 3D multi-storey office buildingContents1Preface. 11.1Tutorial Aim. 11.2Tutorial Scope . 11.3Program Versions . 11.4Legend for this Tutorial . 22Description of the Project . 33Why Use a 3D Model? . 94From the Structural System to the FEA Model .114.1Preliminary considerations .114.1.1Considerations regarding the system .114.1.2Considerations about loads and actions .114.1.3Considerations regarding groups .134.2Modelling the details .144.2.1Connection walls/ columns – slabs .154.2.2Horizontal details.174.2.3Modelling wall pillars .184.3Meshing .194.3.1General hints for system generation .194.3.2Hints for meshing with SOFIMSHC .195Workflow in SSD .216Tutorial Example - 3D Multi-Storey Office Building .226.1Create a new SSD project .226.2Define materials and cross sections .236.3Graphical input of system and loads with SOFiPLUS(-X) .246.3.1Input of the initial floor in 2D .246.3.23D Modelling .366.3.2.1Creating Vertical structural elements .376.3.2.2Creating upper floors .396.3.2.3Creating ground floor vertical elements .426.3.2.4“Modelling” ground floor .436.3.2.5“Modelling” support points .436.3.2.6Ground floor - supports .456.3.2.7Check system before creation of hinges .466.3.2.8Create hinges .466.3.2.9Defining load transfer T-beams in first floor slab .49Contentsi
Tutorial - 3D multi-storey office building6.3.2.10Complete roof over staircase .516.3.2.11Adjust beams in staircase for wind load transfer .536.3.2.12Create named selection sets .556.3.36.47Additional loads (free loads) .566.3.3.1Define actions .566.3.3.2Define load cases for wind and snow.576.3.3.3Cladding loads .576.3.3.4Wind loads.59Export/ Checks .61Index of Figures .62
Tutorial - 3D multi-storey office building1Preface1.1Tutorial AimThis tutorial is an introduction to 3D modelling using a multi-storey building as an example. Itwill guide you through the whole process of building the modell. Focussing on the generalapproach of handling a 3D model using the SOFiSTiK software, this example shows you theanalysis according to EC 1 and 2.Our graphical user interface, the SOFiSTiK Structural Desktop (SSD) will be used as acommand center. It allows you to control pre-processing, processing and post-processingtasks for the entire SOFiSTiK Software suite. For the system and load generation we will useSOFiPLUS(-X).The shown example of a multi-storey office building deals only with the above-groundconstruction. The modelling of basements or foundations will not be covered here. Please beaware that rigid support conditions will be used to simplify the model. This should bemodified for each individual project.1.2Tutorial ScopeThis tutorial cannot discuss all of the program parameters, nor act as a substitute for theprogram module handbooks. Prerequistes for use of this tutorial include a general knowledgeof the basic program features. These are described in the tutorial SSD / SOFiPLUS (Version2010) - An Introduction (04.09.2009), which can be downloaded from the SOFiSTiK websiteInfoportal.Further information about SOFiPLUS modelling and the SSD can be found in the SOFiSTiKwebsiteInfoportalSOFiPLUS2010 (28.07.2011)&SOFiSTiKStructuralDesktop(SSD) (13.07.2011) SOFinar series.1.3Program Versions SOFiSTiK 2010 SOFiPLUS-X 2010 or SOFiPLUS 18.1 with AutoCAD 2010 or higher.Preface1
Tutorial - 3D multi-storey office building1.4Legend for this TutorialSOFiPLUS(-X): Commands that can be called from the command line begin with an underscore (i.e.audit). All other commands are marked with bold letters and the word „command‟ (i.e.command structural line). These commands are available via the toolbox, thesidebar or main dropdown menu (command line is also possible, but you need toknow the correct syntax). If you wish to use the menu, the menu path is indicated using „ ‟ for each menu step(i.e. file save).Preface2
Tutorial - 3D multi-storey office building2Description of the ProjectFigure 1: Overview of the buildingThis tutorial will explain how to build the multi-storey office building model shown in figure 1.The main structure comprises a number of shear walls, columns, beams and slabs, alongwith a shear core (e.g. stair/lift core).The shear walls and shear core provide the overall stability for the building. Columns, beamsand walls are used to transfer vertical loads to the ground level. A cladding transfers the windloads to the floor slabs. This is assumed as a single element from the bottom to the top of thebuilding and thus acts similar to a continuous beam. It also exerts a vertical load on all floorslabs.The building has an overall width of 12.0m, a length of 34.6m and a height of 19.5m. Theconcrete walls are of concrete grade C30/37 and reinforcement steel is grade S500B. Theslabs (with T-beams) and all other cross section are assigned a concrete material of gradeC20/25 and reinforcement steel of grade S500B.The analysis will be done according to Eurocode 2.Description of the Project3
Tutorial - 3D multi-storey office buildingFigure 2: Building Floor Plan and Section 1-1 (not to scale)Description of the Project4
Tutorial - 3D multi-storey office buildingThe data given here is example of wind loading according to Eurocode 1 (EN 1991-1). Thevalues are for use as an example only and may not conform with the latest code revision.The following loads shall be considered:Load TypeLoad ValueSelf weight of the structureCalculated by the softwareCladding0.50 kN/mSuperimposed dead load (internal partition walls)1.20 kN/m²Live/imposed load (offices, halls )2.50 kN/m²Live/imposed load on stairways (floor slab only; 4.00 kN/m²staircases not modelled, staircase loads ignored)0.75 kN/m²WindSee table belowroofwallsSnowWind in Global Y direction (on the long side)areacpeq [kN/m²]we .900H-0.70.750.525I00.750.000wallsh bh broofwallsWind in Global X direction (on the gable side)**areacpeq [kN/m²] we 5-0.150with change of sign/ direction as required** Because height width, wind load area must be dividedover height according to the design codeDescription of the Project5
Tutorial - 3D multi-storey office buildingFigure 3: Wind Loading in Global Y Direction (shown in WinGraf as filled area and vector)Description of the Project6
Tutorial - 3D multi-storey office buildingFigure 4: Overview of Wind Load Areas in Global X Direction (not to scale)Description of the Project7
Tutorial - 3D multi-storey office buildingFigure 5: Overview of Load Areas for Wind in Global Y Direction (not to scale)This is an example only of how wind loading according to EC 1 may be applied inthis example. A fundamental knowledge of the relevant design codes is required.Description of the Project8
Tutorial - 3D multi-storey office building3Why Use a 3D Model?Before starting with the project, we will first discuss the characteristics of 2D versus 3Dmodelling.2D Modelling3D ModellingWorkflow for the structureSplits construction intostructural members;analyse each memberseparatelyOne large, complex modelInput/handlingEasy for each member, butoften results in many single,independent filesComplex, but only one file forthe whole structureLevel of abstractionHighLowModelling of detailsGood for modelling details,bad for coherenceModelling of details notrecommended,good for showing coherenceTime for system generationRelatively littleRather moreChanges/updates during the By hand for each member;Only once for the entireworking processdanger of omitting something; modelcan involveva lot of workComplexity of modelLowHigh, danger of “black box”effectEase of verification (e.g. byhand)Relatively simpleRather more difficultQuality of the resultsIndependent of the type of modelling, although moredependent on the quality of the modellingGlobal behaviour of thestructureDifficult to predict, impreciseMore precise, e.g.redistribution of forces can beshownAbility to model and showdependenciesPoorGoodAnalysis of local stabilityEasyDifficultDynamic analysis (i.e.earthquake)Difficult/impossibleSimpleTime for analysisRelatively low for singlecomponentsRather more; the entiresystem must be analysedRecommended type whenfocus is on:Localised design (details)Global design (mainstructural elements)Why Use a 3D Model?9
Tutorial - 3D multi-storey office buildingThe table above illustrates that each method has its own strengths and weaknesses.Depending on the task at hand, 2D and 3D models can be used either in a complementarymanner or entirely separately. It is the reponsibility of the engineer to decide which methodsare most suitable for their project. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages,and each project has different requirements, therefore the engineer should make an informeddecision taking these into account.This tutorial will outline the suggested workflow for the creation of a 3-D model of thedescribed multi-storey building, although it could also be modelled in 2-D.Why Use a 3D Model?10
Tutorial - 3D multi-storey office building4From the Structural System to the FEA Model4.1 Preliminary considerationsTo preclude (as far as possible) problems during the analysis/design of a 3D structure, werecommend to start out by planning the structural system before starting to work with thesoftware. As discussed in the last chapter, it will not be possible to make a design completein all its details using a 3D model.4.1.1 Considerations regarding the systemYour first task should be to make a list of all the design checks you need to perform.Based on this list you can then decide which components of the structure you should modeland how far these can be simplified. (Note: Model as simple as possible, but as exact asnecessary.)Next you should check if any of the components can be merged to a single structuralelement (e.g. use of a single cross section for columns of similar dimensions).Performing a preliminary design of the main structural members (e.g. on a simple beammodel) may save you time during the design process and will provide a reference to checkyour results against. It may also help if you are not sure how to model the details. You willget a feel for the influence of the structural member on the main structure and if it is worth tomodel it in detail or if it is sufficient to use a coarser model.4.1.2 Considerations about loads and actionsMake a list of all actions and loads (see chapter 2 Description of the Project).Form a concept for the load case numbering. SOFiSTiK recommends using load casenumbers smaller than 1000 for single load cases, since numbers larger than 1000 are usedby default for loadcase combinations. It is useful to divide the load cases into number groupsaccording to their actions. For the analysis of this building the following load case conceptwill be used:From the Structural System to the FEA Model11
Tutorial - 3D multi-storey office buildingLoad case(s)1 – 99ContentDead loads1Automatically determined self weight2Dead load in offices/halls etc3Dead load cladding100 – 199Live loads on slabs/ roof101 – 113Live/imposed loads200 – 299Wind loads (with direction)201Wind –Y202Wind Y203Wind X; roof 204Wind X; roof -205Wind –X; roof -206Wind –X; roof 300 – 399300SnowSnow on roofKeep your system flexible and easy to modify. Don‟t use consecutive load casenumbers only; if you leave some numbers free between sections you will be ableto add extra load cases without disrupting the loading concept.The following table shows the default loadcase combination numbering used by default bythe software.Number rangeLoad case combinations by default1100 – 1200 (default)SLS – permanent1400 – 1500 (default)SLS – permanent (here: nodal displacements)2100 – 2200 (default)ULSIn some cases the program uses the same loadcase number to save the resultsof different superpositions. Nevertheless, the description only shows the name oflast superposition that has been saved with this load case number.If this isn‟t suitable for your purposes, simply rename the combination.From the Structural System to the FEA Model12
Tutorial - 3D multi-storey office buildingYou may need to give thought to how your loads will be applied. For example, in this case,we will need to apply wind loading, however there are very few „walls‟ defined to which theycould be applied to. So that the wind load can be applied to each elevation in its entirety,load distribution areas (LAR) will be used. These enable the user to apply free loads to anypart of the structure, while the program calculates how these loads are distributed onto eithera frame structure or slab edges within the range of the LAR.Because the LARs can only be defined to apply load onto elements in a maximum of threegroups, we need to consider how to apply the LAR efficiently.One option would be to apply a LAR to the wall area for each individual storey, distibuting theload onto the slabs in two groups.Another option would be to apply a LAR to the entire building elevation, and define „dummy‟beam elements in a single group around each slab perimeter to which the loads would bedistributed. This is how we will proceed in this case.4.1.3 Considerations regarding groupsYou may ask, “What is the group concept and why should I use groups in mymodel?”The group concept is a classification system used by the software to keep yourmodel clear and functional. You can group parts of your structure by similarities,perhaps one group per construction stage, or one group per cross section.If you define your groups in a distinct way you‟ll be able to work in a fast andeffective manner. This will allow you to, for example, (de)select groups ofstructural elements with a minimum of input, apply loads efficiently,analyse/design only particular elements or to set up graphical post-processingtasks with ease.There is no universal concept for the definition of groups because it depends on the problemthat has to be solved. In one case it may make sense to define all walls in one group and allslabs in another, while in another case it might be more effective to group the elements byfloor level.Using SOFiPLUS-(X), the group-divisor number is the same for all groups. Usingthe default setting of 10000 (ten thousand) you can define up to a maximum of999 groups.Generally speaking, the group number multiplied by the group-divisor shouldequal less than 10000000 (ten million).From the Structural System to the FEA Model13
Tutorial - 3D multi-storey office buildingThe group divisor defined the maximum number of (finite) elements allowed inone group (quads, beams, springs, etc).The element number of the finite elements consists of the group number (1st part)and the element number (2nd part). For example, if the group divisor is set to10000, the finite element number is 345 and the group number is 23, the elementnumber will be 230345).The following table shows how the elements in this example are classified into groups:ComponentFormula for group numberSlabs/roofLevel number x 100e.g. 1st floor group number 1 x 100 100ColumnsCross section number Level number x 100(assuming not more than 50e.g. column with cross section 1 on ground floor:different cross sections)group number 1 0 x 100 1exception: all dummy beams are in group 49BeamsSame group number as the respective slab numberi.e. T-beam in slab of 1st floor: group number 100Walls50 level number x 100 i.e.(assuming not more than 50Wall at 3rd floor:different walls on each floor)group number 50 3 x 100 3504.2Modelling the detailsAlthou
SOFiSTiK AG 2011 Tutorial 3D Multi-Storey Office Building SSD/SOFiPLUS(-X) Version 2010 . This manual is protected by copyright laws. No part of it may be translated, copied or reproduced, in any form or by any means, without written permission from SOFiSTiK AG.
reproduced, in any form or by any means, without written permission from SOFiSTiK AG. SOFiSTiK reserves the right to modify or to release new editions of this manual. The manual and the program have been thoroughly checked for errors. However, SOFiSTiK . This Tutorial provides you with a short overview and by means of simple examples a fast
SOFiSTiK AG 2010 Tutorial SSD / SOFiPLUS - A Quick Reference SSD Version 2010 SOFiPLUS(-X) Version 2010 . This manual is protected by copyright laws. No part of it may be translated, copied or reproduced, in any form or by any means, without written permission from SOFiSTiK AG.
SOFiSTiK AG 2008 Tutorial 3D multi-storey office building SSD SOFiPLUS(-X) This manual is protected by copyright laws. No part of it may be translated, copied or reproduced, in any form or by any means, without written permission from SOFiSTiK AG.
1—7 SOFiPLUS_Tutorial_IGH.docf 1. BASIC The core of the SOFiSTiK program is a very efficient data base (CDBASE). The Group of programs is able to solve different problems from structural analysis to interchange data through the data base. SOFiSTiK consists of a large number of modules which communicate with each other either
SOFiSTiK AG 2008 Quick Start Guide Prestressd Slabs . Example page 1 Prestressed Slab 1 Scope Slab prestressing provides an economical way to decrease the amount of required reinforcement (ULS) while allowing for larger spans with slender slabs and better
Casimir Katz, SOFiSTiK AG, Oberschleißheim ir. Henk Krüs, Cyclone Fluid Dynamics BV, Waalre Zusammenfassung: Der Einsatz von CFD im Bauwesen stellt nach wie vor eine Nischenanwendung dar. Die Gründe dafür werden beleuchtet und aufgezeigt, warum sich das jetzt ändern wird.
Tutorial Process The AVID tutorial process has been divided into three partsÑ before the tutorial, during the tutorial and after the tutorial. These three parts provide a framework for the 10 steps that need to take place to create effective, rigorous and collaborative tutorials. Read and note the key components of each step of the tutorial .
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