AP Human Geography: Unit 5 Agriculture
AP Human Geography:Unit 5 AgricultureHANNAH SINCLAIRUHS2019-2020THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE, RUBENSTEIN, 11 TH ED.
Bellwork:Think of something you or a family memberhas grown.Maybe herbs, a garden, in your yard, or fora science project.What did you grow and describe theprocess.
Agenda:Notes: Origin of Agriculture
Objective:You will be able to summarize theagricultural revolution.
TUBI:Americans today consume17.3 billion quarts of poppedpopcorn each year! Theaverage American eats about68 quarts!
CHAPTER 10 AGRICULTURE
Origin of Agriculture
The BeginningAgriculture: deliberate modification ofEarth (through plants/animals) for food ormoneyCrop: any plant cultivated by people
InventionBefore agriculture - hunter/gather nomadsAgricultural Revolution: 8000 BC humanssettle and domesticate plants/animals Fertile Crescent: Egypt, Israel, Lebanon,Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran – FIRSTAGRICULTURAL HEARTH
Why?Environment: endof ice age!Culture: we preferto live in oneplace
Results: Increase in reliable food supply Increase in population Job specialization Solidify gender rolesExtensive Agriculture: dispersed, wide spreadranching and farming
Video: Crash Course Agricultural Revolutionhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v Yocja N5s1I
Cultivation HearthPlants SW Asia: lentils, olives, wheat
Cultivation HearthPlants SW Asia: lentil, olives, wheat E Asia: Rice, soybeans
Cultivation HearthPlants SW Asia: lentil, olives, wheat E Asia: Rice, soybeans Sub-Saharan Africa: sorghum,yams
Cultivation HearthPlants SW Asia: lentil, olives, wheat E Asia: Rice, soybeans Sub-Saharan Africa: sorghum, yams Latin America: squash, maize, potato
AnimalsIn chronological order: Dog, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle,horse, chicken, llama
Geographic ConnectionsHow does agriculture differ betweendeveloping and developed countries?
Subsistence vs. CommercialSubsistence Agriculture: food grown so thefarmer can eat (developing countries)Commercial Agriculture: food is grown tosell (developed countries)
Differences% Farmers in Labor Force Need farmers to feedpopulation MDC 5%, LDC 44%
Technology: MDC LOTS OF MACHINES LDC mostly hand toolsand animal power Transportation chemicals (fertilizer,pesticides, hybrid plants)
DiscussWhat are the differences betweensubsistence and commercial farming?Come up with an example for each.
Summary:Describe the agricultural revolution and itsimpact.Explain the different challenges toagriculture based on a country’sdevelopment.
New Day
Bellwork:What did you have for breakfast?What’s your favorite thing to have forbreakfast?How do you like your eggs cooked?
Agenda:Notes: Agricultural Distribution: LDC
Objective:You will be able to explain how thegeography of a country influences theagriculture.
TUBI:Like snowflakes, no two cows have exactlythe same pattern of spots.
Diet
Video: Eggs (BuzzFeed)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v jWhcXB5hYDE
What do people eat?Depends on: Level of development ( MDC’s eat morefood) Physical conditions of environment (nobananas in Siberia) Cultural preferences
2. Total ConsumptionDietary energy consumption: how muchfood you eatCereal Grains: grass that has grain we eat(Wheat, Rice, Maize)Protein: MDC Meat, LDC cereal
Nutrition and HungerFood security: physicaland economic access tosafe and nutritious food atall times
Food desertAn urban areawithout accessto food that isaffordable,fresh, ANDhealthy
DiscussAs one of the most developed country inthe world, why do we still have foodinsecurity?What should we do to address this?WHO should address this?
Energy NeedsThe UN says we need 1,800 kcal a dayMost people in the world get this!!!! Andmore!!! 870 million areundernourished
DiscussIn which countries or regions will we findmost of our undernourished populations?
Agriculture Distribution - LDC
Geographic ConnectionsName some countries that you think wouldhave pastoral nomadism!
Agricultural Regions (Developing)Pastoral Nomadism: subsistenceagricultural based on herding dry lands of SW Asia, N. Africa, CentralAsia, E. Asia Animal Husbandry: raising ofdomesticated animals, such as cattle,horses, sheep, and goats
Pastoral NomadismAnimals Type and number depends onlocal cultural and physicalcharacteristics Camel, sheep, goats, horse Milk, leather, trading animalproducts
PastoralismMovement Strong sense of territory Transhumance: seasonal migration oflivestock between mountains andpastures
DiscussWhat sort of problems do you thinkpastoral nomads might face?
The Future of Pastoral Nomadismdeclining because of modern technologyGovernment forcing nomads to settle b/cthey want to use the pastures for otherstuffLoss of folk culture
Geographic ConnectionsThink about the map you analyzedyesterday.Name some countries that you think wouldhave shifting cultivation!
Shifting CultivationShifting Cultivation: farmers clear land, use it,and when soil is depleted, move on Tropical Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, SEAsia Slash and Burn Agriculture: slash vegetationand burn the debris Swidden: land cleared by slash and burn
Video: Slash and Burnhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v zDOq7QZXTdI
DiscussWhat are some ways governments andinternational NGO’s can work together toreduce slash and burn agriculture?
Geographic ConnectionsName some countries that you think wouldhave intensive subsistence agriculture!
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture:Intensive Subsistence Agriculture: farmershave to work part of the land INTENSIVELYto get anything large population concentrations in E. Asiaand S. Asia Wet rice: plant rice on dry land, move toflooded areas as seedling
Crop rotation: growdifferent crops indifferent fields fromyear to year toprotect the soil
Geographic ConnectionsName some countries that you think wouldhave plantations!
Plantation:Plantation: commercial farm focused on 1 or 2crops tropical and sub-tropical regions of LatinAmerica, sub-Saharan Africa, S. Asia, SE Asia Luxury Crops: High-priced, relatively rarecrops which are inessential to humansurvival. cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, tobacco,cocoa, tea
Summary:Choose an LDC and identify a type ofagriculture within it.Explain how the geography of the countryinfluences the agriculture.Describe how the agriculture influences theways its citizens live.
What People planet/
New Day
BellworkWhat are the four types of agriculture indeveloping countries?
Agenda:Notes: Agricultural Distribution: MDC
Objective:You will be able to summarize theagriculture of developed countries.
TUBI:2 Billion pigs in the world
Agriculture Distribution (2)
Agricultural Regions (Developed)Agribusiness: system ofcommercial farming indeveloped countries Declining revenue/risingcosts Lots of machines andmigrant workers
What is this cartoon saying aboutagribusiness?
Agribusiness: Cash crop: crops grownfor money (usuallyassociated with tropicalfruit) Specialty crop: cropswhich are produced,usually in developingcountries, for export.
Mixed crop and livestock:Mixed crop and livestock: US, centralEurope Integration of animals and crops (Cropsgrown to feed animals)
Commercial gardeningCommercial gardening: growplants for people’s gardens USA and Australia Very efficient, large scaleoperations Fruit and nursery plants
DairyingDairying: raising animals for dairy productslike milk, butter, and cheese near population centers in US, Canada,Europe Milkshed: ring surrounding a city fromwhich milk can be supplied withoutspoiling
DiscussWhat are some challenges that dairyfarmers might face?
ChallengesLabor intensive (constant attention)Feeding cows during winter is superexpensive
Grain Grain: growing of grain to be sold as foodfor animals and to be manufactured(flour) USA, Canada, E. Europe World’s leading export crop
Mediterranean AgricultureMediterranean Agriculture: commercialagriculture, mostly horticulture and luxurycrops Around the Mediterranean Sea, US , SouthAfrica, Chile VERY PRODUCTIVE Sea winds brings moisture, mild winters , hotsummers
Mediterranean Agriculture Crops: olives, grapes, figs,citrus Problems: droughts!
Horticulture: the art or practice of gardencultivation and management.
Ranching:Ranching: commercial grazing of livestock overan extensive area N. America, SE Latin America, Central Asia,Sub-Saharan Africa, S. Pacific Over land too dry to cultivate First: Open ranges, then: Semi-nomadic,Finally: Ranches
Video: Your Life – Your Agriculture
Summary:Choose an MDC and identify a type ofagriculture within it.Explain how the geography of the countryinfluences the agriculture.Describe how the agriculture influences theways its citizens live.
Video: John Oliver – Tobaccohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v 6UsHHOCH4q8
New Day
BellworkWhat is a crop or type of agriculture we dohere in AZ?What challenges might they face?
Agenda:Notes: Challenges to Agriculture
Objective:You will be able to summarize thechallenges in agriculture today.
TUBICows can walk up a flight ofstairs, but once there, theycan’t walk back down. Theirknees just don’t bend theright way.
Challenges to Agriculture
Developing CountriesThe Challenges: Farmers have to feed a growingpopulation Farmers pressured to grow crops to exportinstead of eat
Growing PopulationBoserup Thesis: Population increases requiresmore labor and technology , forcing the switchto intensive agriculture New farming methods Less time to fallow: land that is left unsownfor a time to restore its fertility as part of acrop rotation
Types of Fallow Forest Fallow – used 2 yrs, ignored 20 Bush Fallow – used 8 yrs, ignored 10 Short Fallow – used 2 yrs, ignored 2 Annual Cropping – Every year (crop rotation) Multi-cropping – fields used multiple times ayear
International TradeTo increase production, subsistencefarmers need to importtechnology/chemicalsTo import that they need moneyTo get money they grow crops to export
DiscussWhen more land is used for growing exportcrops, then you have less to grow food.But you can’t grow enough food withoutthe imported techWhat do you do?
Drug CropsMost lucrative export crops are drugs Cocaine: Colombia, Peru, Bolivia Heroin: Afghanistan, Myanmar, Laos Marijuana: Mexico
DiscussHow do we discourage the production ofdrugs if it is the only source of income in adeveloping country?
Developed CountriesOverproduction of food Because commercial farms can supply somuch food, demand is low and prices arelow
Von Thünen ModelAKA: Theory of Rural Land UseFarmers have to consider: cost of land cost of transportation Farmers closer to markets choose cropsthat cost more to transport
4 Rings Surround a City1st ring: Perishable products like dairy andhorticulture2nd ring: Forestry for wood, because of itsweight3rd ring: Various crops (cereal grains)4th ring: Extensive animal grazing
DiscussOther than geography, what could changethe shape of the rings in the Von Thünenmodel?
Environmental ChallengesDesertification: formally productive landbecomes arid, unproductive, and barren
ErosionErosion: The loss of the fertile top layer ofsoil Major problem in areas with fragile soils,steep slope, or heavy seasonal rain Plants prevent erosion by holding soil withtheir roots
Salinization: Buildup of salts in soil occurs when arid soils are irrigated
Summary:Identify two world regions and explainagricultural challenges they face.Define the Von Thunen model.
Video: Ted Talkhttps://www.ted.com/talks/jill farrant how we can make crops survive without water
New Day
BellworkIf you live in Vietnam, what kind ofagriculture will you be doing?What challenges will you have?
Agenda:Notes: Feeding the World
Objective:You will be able to summarize the differentways to feed the world.
TUBI:One Puffer Fish contains enough poison tokill 30 people.
Feeding the World
Export More Food!Major importers: Russia, Germany, UK,Africa, SW Asia, E. Asia, Central AsiaMajor Exporters: USA, Canada, SouthAmerica, Australia, India, Indonesia
More Agricultural LandJust turn more landinto ation
More Fish!!Capture wild fishAquaculture: cultivation of seafood incontrolled conditionsWe eat a LOT of fish, but we havedangerously overfished the seas
Grow More FoodSecond Agricultural Revolution: agricultureexpands because of the IndustrialRevolutionGreen Revolution: invention/diffusion ofhigher yield seeds and use of fertilizers
Grow More FoodBiotechnology: genetically engineeredcrops in agriculture & DNA manipulation inlivestock in order to increase production.
Growing More FoodGenetically Modified Organisms (GMO):alter foods to have favorable traits Domestication: To adapt or tame so as tobe cultivated by and beneficial to human
Anti - GMOHealth concerns: eating too many GMO’sreduce the effectiveness of antibioticsExport problems: MDC’s don’t like them, sothere’s no marketDependence on Corporations: don’t want tohave to buy the same seeds from USA forever
DiscussWhat do you think of genetically modifiedfoods? A way to feed or doom the futuregenerations?
SummaryExplain the main source of food for twomajor world regions.Describe challenges to those feeding thoseregions.
New Day
BellworkWhat are some of the ways we increasefood production?
Agenda:QuizPractice FRQ
Agenda:You will be able to identify and explain thedecline in dairy farms.
TUBISomeone bet Dr. Suesshe couldn’t write a bookwith only 50 words. Sohe wrote Green Eggsand Ham.
QuizWrite clearly!Done? No Tech, no Naps Do Something!
Practice FRQWrite MORE!You can’t get the points if you don’t put wordson paper.Use MULTIPLE examplesMore of your time should be spent writingthan planningYou should use every minute available
Practice FRQ45 minutesPlan and WriteYou can work with those around you and useyour notesDone? Staple prompt to back and turn in
ScoreReturn to ownerOwner, score your ownWrite 2 suggestions of what you can dobetter
New Day
BellworkWhat are things you can do that will helpthe environment?
Agenda:Notes: Sustainable Agriculture andAgribusiness
Objective:You will be able to address the paradox ofagribusiness and sustainability in writing.
TUBIWhen Woodrow Wilson was President, theFirst Lady had sheep graze on the WhiteHouse lawn to keep it neat and welltrimmed.
Sustainable Agriculture andAgribusiness
Sustainable Agriculture:Sustainable Agriculture: practices thatpreserve and enhance the environment
Sensitive Land ManagementRidge Tillage: plantcrops on ridge tops. Lowers the cost ofproduction less soil erosion
Sensitive Land ManagementLess irrigation: the watering of land tomake it ready for agriculture.Less double cropping: harvesting twice ayear from the same field.
Limited ChemicalsBest way to prevent weeds and insects: alittle chemicals, mechanical weeding, ridgetillageOrganic Agriculture: relies on localecological processes, no pesticides
Limited ChemicalsPesticides: a substanceused for destroyinginsects or otherorganisms harmful tocrops
Integrated Crop and LivestockGrow food to feed your animals!!Let your animals wander around the farm!
DiscussObviously, sustainable agriculture is thebest option.What are some ways governments canencourage/ pressure transnationalcorporations to use it?
AgribusinessCAFO CAFO ConcentratedAnimal Feeding Operation Feedlots: area wherelivestock is fed andfattened up
AgribusinessVertical Integration: when several steps inproduction and distribution of a product iscontrolled by a single company to set up amonopoly
Vertical Integration in Grain-based BeefProductionFinancing Banks LoansIndustrial inputs: seeds, sprays, fertilizerCalf productionGrain farmingTruckingFeedlotsTruckingProcessing and ManufacturingRestaurantsMarkets
DiscussWhich parts are what we typically think ofas “farming”?
Why intensive commercial agriculture?More efficient production of foodRising population/wealth created needRural - urban migrationCorporations make more money
4. So what?Disappearance of family farmsMoney invested in research (GMO)Corporate control of agriculture: Monsanto Protected under law and get subsidies Subsidy: money from the gov to a companyor industry No oversight, HUGE monopoly
BacklashCooperativesFarmers Markets!(more popular)Local foods movement“Fair Trade” movement
Videos: The Meatrix, Hog Production,Secrets to Food Marketing, Back to the Start,Food Inc.
DiscussWhat are your reactions to those videos?How did the manipulate you?Which ones were most effective? Why?What do you think about agribusinessnow?
DiscussLike any industry agribusiness isn’t perfect.However, the use of CAFO’s and GMO’sfeed millions of people every day.As we look towards the future, what shouldwe do?
Summary:Define sustainable agriculture and explaintwo of its practices.Describe challenges to sustainableagriculture. Use specific geographic andagricultural examples.
New Day
BellworkIf you lived in Nigeria, what kind ofagriculture would you be doing?What would be some challenges
Agenda:4 Level Map Analysis
Objective:You will be able to write multiple choicequestions with a partner about agriculture.
TUBIPresident John Quincy Adams had a petalligator.
COMPLETESENTENCESBULLETPOINTS4 Level Map Analysis1. What do you see? Do you comprehend the map?2. Where do you see things? (patterns, unique things)3. Why there?4. So what? Connect this to what we know about geography.Summarize what the map is saying. Why is this mapimportant?
Lots of Ted Talks on Agriculturehttps://www.ted.com/topics/agriculture
AP Human Geography: Unit 5 Agriculture HANNAH SINCLAIR UHS 2019-2020 THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE, RUBENSTEIN, 11TH ED. Bellwork: Think of something you or a family member has grown. . have shifting cultivation! Shifting Cultivation Shifting Cultivation: farmers clear land, use it,
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