The Art And Science Of Depiction Drawing Systems

The Art and Science of DepictionDrawing systemsFredo DurandMIT- Lab for Computer Science

Drawing systems2

Assignments for Monday 30. Solso Cognition and the Visual Arts– Chapter 8 & 9 Final project– Firm subjectDrawing systems3

Plan Drawing and projection– Linear perspective & the Renaissance– Drawing systemsCatalogue of “all” drawing systemsAdvantage/disadvantages– Distortion and constraints Denotation Tone & colorDrawing systems4

Issues Place of the spectatorIntrinsic/extrinsic (essential/accidental)Unified spaceShape representationError/distortion/choice Child development No cultural judgment!Drawing systems5

Context Importance of the notion of front/top/side Presence of lines and planes or not Orthogonals– Lines orthogonal to the picture plane– I.e. lines that converge in the center of the image incentral perspective Picture plane/curved pictureDrawing systems6

Efficient shape representation True shape3D layoutCanonical viewGeneral/accidental viewDrawing systems7

Generic vs. accidental viewpointDrawing systems8

Generic vs. accidental viewpoint Accidental alignmentof trash and seaPhotoPeter TurnerDrawing systemsSnapshot-Perspective-Speed, aperture-Filter-Lighting-Processing & Print-Make up-Retouching9

Generic vs. accidental viewpointDrawing systems10

Canonical view Rate viewsDrawing systems11

Canonical view Rate views Features mustbe salient General view Front view ¾ up viewDrawing systems12

Invariants y Property mapping Each system here assumes a unified space. Canbe mixed up thoughDrawing systems13

3D and 2D attributes Show a dice to children ( 6-7) They usually draw a rectangle The rectangle can stand for one faceDrawing systems14

3D and 2D attributes Show colored or numbered dice to children (6-7) The still draw a rectangle But different colors or many pointsDrawing systems15

3D and 2D attributes Show colored or numbered dice to children (6-7)The still draw a rectangleBut different colors or many pointsThe rectangle stands for the whole diceThe notion of 3D object with corners is translatedas a 2D object with cornersDrawing systems16

Evolution of children’s drawingsClass of drawing& average age Asked to draw a table7.49.711.913.614.313.7Child’s viewDrawing systems17

Primary/secondary geometry Primary geometry– Description in 3D object-space Secondary geometry– Description in 2D image-spaceDrawing systems18

Primary/secondary geometry Primary geometry– Description in 3D object-space Secondary geometry– Description in 2D image-space– Permits the description of more drawing systems– Often better corresponds to the drawing approachDrawing systems19

British standard classification PrimarygeometryDrawing systems20

Willats’s classification SecondarygeometryDrawing systems21

Classification of drawing systems Linear– Parallel– Linear perspective– Divergent perspective Non Linear–––––Quasi linearCurved projectionsTopologicalSplit views, fold-outMultiple viewpointsDrawing systems22

Classification of drawing systems Linear Non Linear– Parallel Orthogonal Fold-out oblique– Horizontal oblique– Vertical oblique Orthographic– Isometric– Others Non orthogonal– Oblique– Axonometric– Linear perspective One point Two points Three points– Quasi linear Naïve perspectiveExpressionist perspectiveImportance-drivenCell panorama– Curved projections Panorama Fish-eye– Topological– Split views, fold-out– Multiple viewpoints– Divergent perspectiveDrawing systems23

Linear projections Straight lines and alignments are preserved Can be expressed in primary geometry– Ray-image intersections– A matrix Parallel Linear perspective Divergent perspectiveDrawing systems24

Parallel projections No foreshortening Can represent true shape Some are poor shape representations Projection direction– Orthogonal to image plane or not– Along one principal direction or not “Stretching” or notDrawing systems25

Parallel projections Orthogonal Fold-out oblique– Horizontal oblique– Vertical oblique Non orthogonal– Oblique– Axonometric Orthographic– Isometric– OthersDrawing systems26

Orthogonal Direction– Perpendicular to image plane– Along one principal direction True shape for objects parallel to image planeDrawing systems27

Orthogonal Direction– Perpendicular to image plane– Along one principal direction True shape for objects parallel to image plane Typically engineeringDrawing systems28

Orthogonal Amphora, 6th century BCDrawing systems29

Orthogonal Bayeux Tapestry 1080Drawing systems30

Orthogonal TelephotoDrawing systems31

Orthogonal Child drawingDrawing systems32

Parallel projections Orthogonal Fold-out oblique– Horizontal oblique– Vertical oblique Non orthogonal– Oblique– Axonometric Orthographic– Isometric– OthersDrawing systems33

Fold-out oblique Horizontal oblique Vertical oblique Direction– 45º, parallel to one principal face (top or side)Drawing systems34

Fold-out oblique Horizontal oblique Vertical oblique Direction– 45º, parallel to one principal face (top or side) Can be stretched for fold-out– True shape for 2 directions Mainly interesting for secondary geometryDrawing systems35

Horizontal oblique Folk artDrawing systems36

Horizontal oblique IconsDrawing systems37

Horizontal oblique Child drawingDrawing systems38

Horizontal oblique Cézanne Still life with a commode, 1887Drawing systems39

Pushing the envelopeDrawing systems40

Vertical oblique Soriguerola, 13thDrawing systems41

Vertical oblique Soriguerola, 13thDrawing systems42

Vertical oblique Juan Gris,Breakfast,1914Drawing systems43

Vertical obliqueDrawing systems44

Vertical oblique Indian art, 1660Drawing systems45

Vertical oblique Claude Rogers, The Hornby Train, 1951-53Drawing systems46

Vertical oblique Andre Kerstesz,Tulipe MelancoliqueDrawing systems47

Pushing the envelopeDrawing systems48

Pushing the envelope Non-linear LocallylinearDrawing systems49

Parallel projections Orthogonal Fold-out oblique– Horizontal oblique– Vertical oblique Non orthogonal– Oblique– Axonometric Orthographic– Isometric– OthersDrawing systems50

Non orthogonal Direction– non orthogonal to picture plane Oblique– Picture plane parallel to front– True shape for front face Axonometric– True shape for top face– True distance for up direction– Direction 45º of the picture planeDrawing systems51

Oblique– Picture plane parallel to front– True shape for front face– Can use true distance for 3rd directionDrawing systems52

Oblique Henry Lapp, 19th centuryDrawing systems53

Oblique Lady Wenji’s Return to China, 12th centuryDrawing systems54

ObliqueDrawing systems55

Oblique Phoenix and Achilles,350-340 BCDrawing systems56

Axonometric Axonometric– True shape for top face– True distance for up direction– Direction 45º of the picture planeDrawing systems57

Axonometric Le Corbusier was a big fanDrawing systems58

Axonometric James Stirling, 1953Drawing systems59

Axonometric Juan Gris,Breakfast,1914Drawing systems60

Parallel projections Orthogonal Fold-out oblique– Horizontal oblique– Vertical oblique Non orthogonal– Oblique– Axonometric Orthographic– Isometric– OthersDrawing systems61

Orthographic Direction– Orthogonal to picture plane– Along no principal direction Isometric– Direction along the average of the principal directions– True distances along 3 directions Others– Generic orthographicDrawing systems62

IsometricDrawing systems63

Isometric Brooks-GreavesSt Paul's Cathedral1928Drawing systems64

Isometric vs. Axonometric Isometric––––No true shapeTrue distances in 3 directionsLittle distortionDirection average 2 principaldirections Axonometric– True shape for top face– True distance for up direction– Direction 45º from picture planeDrawing systems65

General Orthographic Seldom used!Drawing systems66

Mixed parallel system Persian miniature, 1494 Oblique vertical obliqueDrawing systems67

Classification of drawing systems Linear– Parallel– Linear perspective– Divergent perspective Non Linear–––––Quasi linearCurved projectionsTopologicalSplit views, fold-outMultiple viewpointsDrawing systems68

Linear perspective Foreshortening The spectator is “immersed” Potential distortions One point Two points Three pointsDrawing systems69

1-point perspective Central focus Preserves horizontalsand verticalsDrawing systems70

1-point perspective Central focus Preserves horizontalsand verticals Can mean that theoptical centeris not the centerof the image– View-cameraDrawing systems71

1-point perspective Jean Vredeman de Vries,1604Drawing systems72

1-point perspective Unknown artist Ideal city, 15thDrawing systems73

1-point Interior ofSt Bavo's churchat Haarlem,Pieter JanszSaenredam,1648Drawing systems74

1-point perspectiveThe Avenue Middelharnis, Meindert Obbema 1689Drawing systems75

1-point perspectiveWestern perspective in a Japanese pictureDrawing systems76

2-point perspectiveDrawing systems77

2-point perspective Objects stand out of the picture Preserves verticals Can mean that the optical centeris not the center of the image– Architecture lensDrawing systems78

Old assignment Before: 3-point perspectiveDrawing systems79

Old assignment After: 2-point perspectiveDrawing systems80

3-point perspectiveDrawing systems81

3-point perspective Dramatic 3D effect The generic case,nothing preserved seldom usedthrough art historyDrawing systems82

Perspective anomaly and expression Giorgio de Chirico,Mystery andMelancholy ofa Street,1914Drawing systems83

Perspective anomaly and expression Giorgio de ChiricoLes Muses Inquietantes1925Drawing systems84

Perspective distortion Wide angle projection Does not preserve subjective sizeDrawing systems85

Perspective distortion Wide angle projection Does not preserve subjective sizeDrawing systems86

Perspective distortion Wide angle projection Distorts shapeDrawing systems87

Perspective distortion Portrait: distortion with wide angleWide angleDrawing systemsStandardTelephoto88

Perspective distortion The sphere is projectedas an ellipse Symmetry is notpreserved Some perspectivemanuals claim that theprojection of a sphereis a circleDrawing systems89

Perspective distortion The sphere should be projected as an ellipse But a circle is usedDrawing systems90

Classification of drawing systems Linear– Parallel– Linear perspective– Divergent perspective Non Linear–––––Quasi linearCurved projectionsTopologicalSplit views, fold-outMultiple viewpointsDrawing systems91

Divergent perspective A.k.a. inverted perspective Subject of quarrel,hard to include in a theory IconsAsianCubismChildrenDrawing systems92

Divergent perspective: explanations Does not exist!Lack of skillRepresents more facesFear of idolatryPerceptual over-compensationPerceptual effect of field of view and sizeconstancyDrawing systems93

Divergent perspective The Four Gospels,Luke,1380, ByzantineDrawing systems94

Divergent perspective Mark,15th century,ByzantineDrawing systems95

Divergent perspective Andrei Rublev,The Holy Trinity,1408 1425Drawing systems96

Divergent perspective Hasadera Enji (Japanese)Drawing systems97

Divergent perspective Georges Braque, Still Life: The Table, 1928Drawing systems98

Divergent perspective David Hockney, ChairDrawing systems99

Divergent perspective Child drawing(Kenyan here)Drawing systems100

Evolution of children’s drawingsClass of drawing& average age Asked to draw a table7.49.711.913.614.313.7Child’s viewDrawing systems101

The rectangle can stand for one face. Drawing systems 15 . 1-point perspective Unknown artist Ideal city, 15th . Drawing systems 76 1-point perspective Western perspective in a Japanese picture. Drawing systems 77 2-point perspective. Drawing systems 78 2-point perspective