A Historical Timeline Of Afghanistan PBS NewsHour
10/11/2016A Historical Timeline of Afghanistan PBS NewsHourA Historical Timeline of AfghanistanBY ADMIN May 4, 2011 at 12:00 PM EDTSoviet soldiers in AfghanistanThe land that is now Afghanistan has a long history of domination by foreign conquerors and strifeamong internally warring factions. At the gateway between Asia and Europe, this land was conqueredby Darius I of Babylonia circa 500 B.C., and Alexander the Great of Macedonia in 329 B.C., amongothers.Mahmud of Ghazni, an 11th century conqueror who created an empire from Iran to India, isconsidered the greatest of Afghanistan’s a-jan-june11-timeline-afghanistan/1/9
10/11/2016A Historical Timeline of Afghanistan PBS NewsHourGenghis Khan took over the territory in the 13th century, but it wasn’t until the 1700s that the areawas united as a single country. By 1870, a er the area had been invaded by various Arab conquerors,Islam had taken root.During the 19th century, Britain, looking to protect its Indian empire from Russia, attempted to annexAfghanistan, resulting in a series of British-Afghan Wars (1838-42, 1878-80, 1919-21).1921The British, beleaguered in the wake of World War I, are defeated in the Third British-Afghan War(1919-21), and Afghanistan becomes an independent nation. Concerned that Afghanistan has fallenbehind the rest of the world, Amir Amanullah Khan begins a rigorous campaign of socioeconomicreform.1926Amanullah declares Afghanistan a monarchy, rather than an emirate, andproclaims himself king. He launches a series of modernization plans and attemptsto limit the power of the Loya Jirga, the National Council. Critics, frustrated byAmanullah’s policies, take up arms in 1928 and by 1929, the king abdicates andAfghanscirca1920sleaves the country.1933Zahir Shah becomes king. The new king brings a semblance of stability to the country and he rules forthe next 40 years.1934The United States formally recognizes Afghanistan.1947Britain withdraws from India, creating the predominantly Hindu but secular state of India and theIslamic state of Pakistan. The nation of Pakistan includes a long, largely uncontrollable, border dates/asia-jan-june11-timeline-afghanistan/2/9
10/11/2016A Historical Timeline of Afghanistan PBS NewsHourThe pro-Soviet Gen. Mohammed Daoud Khan, cousin of the king, becomes prime minister and looksto the communist nation for economic and military assistance. He also introduces a number of socialreforms including allowing women a more public presence.1956Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev agrees to help Afghanistan, and the two countries become closeallies.1957As part of Daoud’s reforms, women are allowed to attend university and enter theAfghanwomenworkforce.1965The Afghan Communist Party secretly forms. The group’s principal leaders are Babrak Karmal andNur Mohammad Taraki.1973Khan overthrows the last king, Mohammed Zahir Shah, in a military coup. Khan’s regime, thePeople’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan, comes to power. Khan abolishes the monarchy and nameshimself president. The Republic of Afghanistan is established with firm ties to the USSR.1975-1977Khan proposes a new constitution that grants women rights and works to modernize the largelycommunist state. He also cracks down on opponents, forcing many suspected of not supportingKhan out of the government.1978Khan is killed in a communist coup. Nur Mohammad Taraki, one of the founding members of theAfghan Communist Party, takes control of the country as president, and Babrak Karmal is nameddeputy prime minister. They proclaim independence from Soviet influence, and declare their policiesto be based on Islamic principles, Afghan nationalism and socioeconomic justice. Taraki signs afriendship treaty with the Soviet Union. But a rivalry between Taraki and Hafizullah Amin, anotherinfluential communist leader, leads to fighting between the two -june11-timeline-afghanistan/3/9
10/11/2016A Historical Timeline of Afghanistan PBS NewsHourAt the same time, conservative Islamic and ethnic leaders who objected to social changes introducedby Khan begin an armed revolt in the countryside. In June, the guerrilla movement Mujahadeen iscreated to battle the Soviet-backed government.1979American Ambassador Adolph Dubs is killed. The United States cuts o assistance to Afghanistan. Apower struggle between Taraki and Deputy Prime Minister Hafizullah Amin begins. Taraki is killed onSept. 14 in a confrontation with Amin supporters.The USSR invades Afghanistan on Dec. 24 to bolster the faltering communist regime. On Dec. 27,Amin and many of his followers are executed. Deputy Prime Minister Babrak Karmal becomes primeminister. Widespread opposition to Karmal and the Soviets spawns violent public demonstrations.By early 1980, the Mujahadeen rebels have united against Soviet invaders and the USSR-backedAfghan Army.1982Some 2.8 million Afghans have fled from the war to Pakistan, and another 1.5 million have fled toIran. Afghan guerrillas gain control of rural areas, and Soviet troops hold urban areas.1984Although he claims to have traveled to Afghanistan immediately a er the Soviet invasion, SaudiIslamist Osama bin Laden makes his first documented trip to Afghanistan to aid anti-Soviet fighters.The United Nations investigates reported human rights violations in Afghanistan.1986The Mujahadeen are receiving arms from the United States, Britain and China via Pakistan.1988In September, Osama bin Laden and 15 other Islamists form the group al-Qaida, or“the base”, to continue their jihad, or holy war, against the Soviets and other whothey say oppose their goal of a pure nation governed by Islam. With their belief thatOsama binLadenthe Soviet’s faltering war in Afghanistan was directly attributable to their jan-june11-timeline-afghanistan/4/9
10/11/2016A Historical Timeline of Afghanistan PBS NewsHourthey claim victory in their first battle, but also begin to shi their focus to America, saying theremaining superpower is the main obstacle to the establishment of a state based on Islam.1989The U.S., Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Soviet Union sign peace accords in Geneva guaranteeingAfghan independence and the withdrawal of 100,000 Soviet troops. Following Soviet withdrawal, theMujahadeen continue their resistance against the Soviet-backed regime of communist president Dr.Mohammad Najibullah, who had been elected president of the puppet Soviet state in 1986. Afghanguerrillas name Sibhatullah Mojadidi as head of their exiled government.1992The Mujahadeen and other rebel groups, with the aid of turncoat government troops, storm thecapital, Kabul, and oust Najibullah from power. Ahmad Shah Masood, legendary guerrilla leader,leads the troops into the capital. The United Nations o ers protection to Najibullah. The Mujahadeen,a group already beginning to fracture as warlords fight over the future of Afghanistan, form a largelyIslamic state with professor Burhannudin Rabbani as president.1995Newly formed Islamic militia, the Taliban, rises to power on promises of peace.Most Afghans, exhausted by years of drought, famine and war, approve of theTaliban for upholding traditional Islamic values. The Taliban outlaw cultivation ofAfghanwomenpoppies for the opium trade, crack down on crime, and curtail the education andemployment of women. Women are required to be fully veiled and are not allowed outside alone.Islamic law is enforced via public executions and amputations. The United States refuses to recognizethe authority of the Taliban.1995-1999Continuing drought devastates farmers and makes many rural areas uninhabitable. More than 1million Afghans flee to neighboring Pakistan, where they languish in squalid refugee camps.1997The Taliban publicly executes a-jan-june11-timeline-afghanistan/5/9
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10/11/2016 A Historical Timeline of Afghanistan PBS NewsHour . Soviet soldiers in Afghanistan The land that is now Afghanistan has a long history of domination by foreign conquerors and strife among internally warring factions. At the gateway between Asia and Europe, this land was conquered . the S
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This chapter will explore that gap and more. In Part 1 we examine the historical origins of mod-ern constitutional theory and its reflection in the Constitution of Afghanistan. Part 2 looks at the functions that constitutions serve, both gen - erally and in Afghanistan specifically. In Parts 3 and 4, we review Afghanistan’s constitutional
Ein Jugendlicher, der aus Afghanistan geflohen ist und in Baden-Württemberg in einer Gastfamilie lebt, erklärt angesichts der Abschiebebedrohung: „Ich habe viel Angst! Wenn ich keine Probleme gehabt hätte in Afghanistan, wäre ich niemals nach Europa, nach Deutschland geflüchtet. Ich habe in Afghanistan keine Chance – gar nix!
and, for general information on the position of women in Afghanistan, the country information and guidance on Afghanistan: women fearing gender-based harm/violence). 2.3.6 The Upper Tribunal in the country guidance case AK (Article 15(c)) Afghanistan CG [2012] UKUT 00163(IAC) (18 May 2012) held that there was
AfghAnistAn Order Of BAttle This document describes the composition and placement of U.S. and other Western combat forces in Afghanistan down to battalion level. It includes the following categories of units: maneuver (i.e. infantry, armor, and cavalry) units, which in most cases are responsible for particular districts or provinces;
Buzkashi is an ancient game playedBuzkashi is an ancient game played using horses in Afghanistan. Buzkashi. History of Veterinary Medicine in Af h iAfghanistan In Afghanistan itIn Afghanistan it has been traditiona
Archaeological excavation is the primary means in which we gather information. It is critical that it is carried out carefully and in a logical manner. The flow chart below has been provided to show the steps required for fully excavating and recording a feature. 3 Identify feature Clean area to find the extent of the feature Consider if pre-excavation photos and plan are required Select .
