Performance Trends In Individual Medley Events During
Zurich Open Repository andArchiveUniversity of ZurichMain LibraryStrickhofstrasse 39CH-8057 Zurichwww.zora.uzh.chYear: 2018Performance trends in individual medley events during FINA World MasterChampionships from 1986 to 2014Nikolaidis, Pantelis T ; Knechtle, BeatAbstract: BACKGROUND: Performance trends during the last decades in elite individual medley swimmers are known, but not for age groups swimmers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was toexamine participation and performance trends in age groups swimmers competing in FINA World Masters Championships (1986-2014) in individual 200m and 400m medley. METHODS: We included allswimmers (women, n 6,424; men, n 7,588) for each distance and age groups (25-29 to 95-99 years) inthe analysis to avoid a selection bias by limiting to a fixed sample (e.g. the ten fastest). Changes inparticipation and changes in sex difference across editions were analyzed using linear regression models.Changes in performance across editions were analyzed using a mixed-effects regression model with finisher as random variable to consider finishers who completed several races. Sex, distance and calendaryear were included as fixed variables. We also considered interaction effects between sex and distance.The men-to-women ratio was compared using a paired t-test. RESULTS: In 200m, the participation ofwomen increased from 35-39 to 75-79 years and of men from 35-39 to 85-89 years (p 0.05). In 400m,the participation of women increased from 50-54 to 75-79 years and of men from 60-64 to 85-89 years(p 0.05). From 25-29 to 90-94 years, women and men improved performance in both editions (p 0.05).Men were faster than women from 25-29 to 80-84 years (p 0.05), but not in 85-90 and 90-94 years. Sexand distance showed a significant interaction from 25-29 to 85-89 years (p 0.05), but not in 90-94 years.Women reduced the gap to men in 40-44 and 45-49 years in 200m, and 40-44 years in 400m (p 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the participation increased in older age groups ( 35 years), women andmen from 25-29 to 90-94 years improved, and men were faster than women from 25-29 to 80-84 years,but not from 85-89 to 90-94 years. These data suggest that master swimmers will continue to increaseparticipation and improve performance in individual medley. The findings of the present study mighthelp coaches and fitness trainers of medley swimmers to tailor their training programs considering theage of their swimmers.DOI: ed at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of ZurichZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-138559Journal ArticleAccepted VersionOriginally published at:Nikolaidis, Pantelis T; Knechtle, Beat (2018). Performance trends in individual medley events duringFINA World Master Championships from 1986 to 2014. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness,58(5):690-698.DOI: https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.06992-4
6992-JSM 2017 ediZioNi MiNerVa Medicaonline version at http://www.minervamedica.itThe Journal of Sports Medicine and physical fitness 2017 ?;57(?):000-000doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.17.06992-4ORIGINAL ARTICLEFperformance trends in individual medley events duringfiNa World Master championships from 1986 to 2014pantelis T. NiKolaidiS 1 *, Beat KNechTle2, 3AO1exercise physiology laboratory, Nikaia, Greece; 2St. Gallen health center, St. Gallen, Switzerland; 3institute of primary care,university of Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandIC*corresponding author: pantelis Nikolaidis, exercise physiology laboratory, Thermopylon 7, Nikaia 18450, Greece. e-mail: pademil@hotmail.comDaBSTracTMwimming can be performed in the four majorstrokes such as freestyle, backstroke, breaststrokeand butterfly. The combination of the four strokesin one single race is called individual medley.1 eachstroke has an equal part of the overall distance, i.e. aquarter of the overall distance is swum in each stroke.The strokes are swum in the order butterfly, backstroke,breaststroke and freestyle.1 usually, individual medleyis held over 200 m and 400 m. The speed in individual medley is determined by kinematic parameters andVol. 57 - No. ?EMRVAOINSEPRBacKGrouNd: performance trends during the last decades in elite individual medley swimmers are known, but not for age groups swimmers.Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine participation and performance trends in age groups swimmers competing in fiNa WorldMasters championships (1986-2014) in individual 200-m and 400-m medley.MeThodS: We included all swimmers (6424 women, 7588 men) for each distance and age groups (25-29 to 95-99 years) in the analysis toavoid a selection bias by limiting to a fixed sample (e.g. the ten fastest). changes in participation and changes in sex difference across editionswere analyzed using linear regression models. changes in performance across editions were analyzed using a mixed-effects regression modelwith finisher as random variable to consider finishers who completed several races. Sex, distance and calendar year were included as fixed variables. We also considered interaction effects between sex and distance. The men-to-women ratio was compared using a paired t-test.reSulTS: in 200 m, the participation of women increased from 35-39 to 75-79 years and of men from 35-39 to 85-89 years (p 0.05). in 400 m,the participation of women increased from 50-54 to 75-79 years and of men from 60-64 to 85-89 years (p 0.05). from 25-29 to 90-94 years,women and men improved performance in both editions (p 0.05). Men were faster than women from 25-29 to 80-84 years (p 0.05), but not in85-90 and 90-94 years. Sex and distance showed a significant interaction from 25-29 to 85-89 years (p 0.05), but not in 90-94 years. Womenreduced the gap to men in 40-44 and 45-49 years in 200 m, and 40-44 years in 400 m (p 0.05).coNcluSioNS: in summary, the participation increased in older age groups ( 35 years), women and men from 25-29 to 90-94 years improved, and men were faster than women from 25-29 to 80-84 years, but not from 85-89 to 90-94 years. These data suggest that master swimmerswill continue to increase participation and improve performance in individual medley. The findings of the present study might help coaches andfitness trainers of medley swimmers to tailor their training programs considering the age of their swimmers.(Cite this article as: Nikolaidis pT, Knechtle B. performance trends in individual medley events during fiNa World Master championships from1986 to 2014.Key words: athletes - Swimming - athletic performance - Sex characteristics - aging.technical skills.2 The performance in the individualmedley in both 200-m and 400-m events is influencedby the course length of the swimming pool with faster times being observed in the 25-m than in the 50-mcourse length.3improvements in swimming performance in the fourmajor strokes have been well documented for eliteswimmers competing at world class level (e.g. Worldchampionships, olympic Games).4-6 for elite individual medley swimmers, the changes in performanceThe JourNal of SporTS MediciNe aNd phySical fiTNeSS1
NiKolaidiSperforMaNceS TreNdS iN iNdiVidual MedleyMINThis study was approved by the institutional reviewBoard of St. Gallen, Switzerland, with waiver of therequirement for informed consent given that the studyinvolved the analysis of publicly available data.all data were obtained from the official and free accessible fiNa website.1 fiNa defines master swimmers as those equal or older than 25 years and recordsall competitors in 5-years age groups from 25-29 yearsto 105-109 years. all swimmers (6424 women, 7588men) competing in all age groups in the fiNa WorldMasters championships in 200-m and 400-m individualmedley between 1986 and 2014 (Table i) were analyzedfor trends in participation, performance and sex difference in performance. figure 1 summarizes the 420062008201020122014TokyoBrisbanerio de chchristchurchriccioneSan OOEMaterials and methodTable I.— FINA World Master Championships from 1986 to 2014.Bfigure 1.—overall and by sex participation for 200-m (a) and 400-mmedley (B) in fiNa World Master championships by calendar year.RVAPRacross years,7 the age of the best performance 4, 8, 9 andthe pacing strategy 10 have already been investigated.The fiNa holds apart from World championships forelite swimmers since 1986 biannually the World Masters championships for all disciplines and distances inpool and open-water swimming.1 in master swimmers,it is known that swimming performance decreases withincreasing age,11, 12 but few data exist for changes inperformance across years.12 Mainly freestyle swimminghas been investigated in age group swimmers. however, little is known for age group freestyle swimmersfor distances from 100m to 800m or longer.13 akkari etal.13 recently investigated changes in swimming performance in master swimmers competing in 100-m freestyle between 1975 and 2013.however, trends in participation, performance and sexdifference in performance of age group individual medley swimmers, are not known. Such knowledge wouldhelp coaches and trainers working with swimmers whocompete in medley developing sex- and age-tailoredtraining programs. Therefore, the aim of the presentstudy was to investigate trends in changes of participation and performance in master swimmers competing inthe fiNa World Masters championships held between1986 and 2014 in 200m and 400m individual medley.We hypothesized that participation would increase andperformance would improve in these age group swimmers as it has been shown for age group competing inother sports disciplines such as marathon 14-16 and ultramarathon running.17of overall, women and men finishers for both 200-m and400-m individual medley for each edition. for all rankedcompetitors, mean race time was calculated for all agegroups for each year. The men-to-women ratio was calculated by dividing the number of men competitors bythe number of women competitors for age groups andeditions. Sex difference was calculated using the formula 100 [(race time in women) – (race time in men) /(race time in men)].Statistical analysisTo avoid a selection bias by limiting to a fixed sample(e.g. the ten fastest), we included all swimmers for eachdistance and age groups in the analysis. changes in participation and changes in sex difference across editionswere analyzed using linear regression models. changesin performance across editions were analyzed using amixed-effects regression model with participant identi-The JourNal of SporTS MediciNe aNd phySical fiTNeSS? 2017
NiKolaidiSAICDERVAINBMain women in age groups 35-39 to 75-79 years and in menin age groups 35-39 to 85-89 years. in 400m, participation increased in women in age groups 50-54 to 75-79years. in men, participation increased in age groups 6064 to 85-89 years. figure 3 shows the men-to-womenratio for 200-m and 400-m individual medley across editions. The men-to-women ratio remained unchanged in200 m (r2 0.05, p 0.44) and 400 m (r2 0.04, p 0.49).in 200 m and 400 m, more men than women competed(p 0.05). figure 4 presented the men-to-women ratioby age groups.EPRBetween 1986 and 2014, a total of 14,012 swimmers were analyzed. in 200-m individual medley, 3975women and 4682 men were classified between 1986 and2014. in 400-m individual medley, 2449 women and2906 men were recorded from 1988 to 2014. figure 2presents the trend in participation for women and menfor 200 m and 400 m. in 200 m, participation increasedfigure 3.—The men-to-women ratio across editions for 200 m and400 m.MParticipation trendsOResultsOfication (i.e. name of the swimmer) as random variableto consider swimmers who completed several races inseveral editions. Sex, distance and calendar year wereincluded as fixed variables and race time was the dependent variable. We also considered interaction effects between sex and distance. a two-way analysis ofvariance examined the effect of sex and calendar yearon race time for each race distance. The magnitude ofthese effects was examined using eta squared (η2) evaluated as following: small (0.010 η2 0.059), moderate(0.059 η2 0.138) and large (η2 0.138).18 The mento-women ratio was compared using a paired t-test.Statistical analyses were performed using iBM SpSSStatistics (v. 22, iBM SpSS, chicago, il, uSa) andGraphpad prism (v. 6.01, Graphpad Software, la Jolla,ca, uSa). Significance was accepted at p 0.05 (twosided for t-tests). data in the text and tables are given asmean standard deviation.FperforMaNceS TreNdS iN iNdiVidual Medleycdfigure 2.—a-d) participation of women and men by age group for200 m and 400 m.Vol. 57 - No. ?figure 4.—Men-to-women ratio by age group for 200 m and 400 m.The JourNal of SporTS MediciNe aNd phySical fiTNeSS3
NiKolaidiSperforMaNceS TreNdS iN iNdiVidual MedleyTable II.— Race times (min:sec) for women in age groups 25-29 to 90-94 years for 200 m and 400 m between 1986 and 485-8990-943:08 0:263:20 0:273:38 0:263:42 0:233:52 0:292:56 0:163:04 0:243:26 0:253:31 0:263:41 0:274:12 0:364:22 0:464:15 0:294:32 0:215:19 1:027:24 2:256:553:03 0:183:09 0:233:05 0:203:17 0:223:35 0:313:57 0:394:37 0:413:56 0:254:59 1:215:41 1:235:21 0:497:262:50 0:142:51 0:152:58 0:423:26 0:423:27 0:273:39 0:244:03 0:304:36 1:024:07 0:295:27 1:475:33 0:576:38 1:263:00 0:203:08 0:213:08 0:233:44 0:323:33 0:293:51 0:303:58 0:284:16 0:494:19 0:405:57 1:066:19 2:265:05 0:1110:592:55 0:172:56 0:183:04 0:183:22 0:263:26 0:273:38 0:323:54 0:284:17 0:394:43 0:384:33 0:425:50 1:115:47 0:582:48 0:082:47 0:092:53 0:123:03 0:213:11 0:183:19 0:213:38 0:183:57 0:174:31 0:324:45 0:485:51 1:006:02 0:326:38 0:496:51 0:427:37 0:547:33 0:448:38 1:218:42 1:029:37 1:259:52 1:1712:48 2:3215:36 4:2713:45 0:045:50 0:116:32 0:477:08 0:507:13 0:367:38 0:598:49 1:219:48 1:148:39 1:099:13 1:0511:58 3:0612:45 0:2016:085:52 0:196:02 0:566:30 0:417:10 0:527:07 0:587:51 0:528:03 0:469:36 1:339:07 1:1311:47 3:0512:12 1:3511:576:04 0:306:09 0:486:27 0:427:29 1:017:38 1:048:13 0:588:33 1:128:55 1:149:13 1:0411:31 2:4320:2914:00 0:0523:546:01 0:316:03 0:296:28 0:386:55 0:327:00 0:327:28 0:307:57 0:398:24 0:449:26 0:358:47 1:0210:42 1:205:55 0:215:57 0:206:13 0:246:37 0:386:49 0:487:03 0:347:41 0:448:22 0:539:42 0:3710:20 1:5712:44 2:54ICDE4:02 0:234:16 0:365:14 0:605:33 1:19A1990F1988M400 m1986O200 mage groupOdistance400 m41990199219942:40 0:262:42 0:232:54 0:222:57 0:223:02 0:243:22 0:313:27 0:263:31 0:213:43 0:194:08 0:354:37 0:574:202:32 0:052:37 0:152:44 0:132:50 0:232:52 0:143:14 0:223:34 0:353:29 0:164:35 0:414:19 0:364:25 0:196:412:30 0:112:30 0:102:40 0:192:46 0:172:55 0:283:01 0:203:16 0:213:24 0:183:40 0:244:26 0:444:25 0:385:032:39 0:182:44 0:212:50 0:182:49 0:223:06 0:263:11 0:273:14 0:193:32 0:383:54 0:444:18 0:204:30 0:445:05 1:065:075:27 0:305:45 0:456:20 0:506:24 0:466:40 0:587:17 1:317:26 0:487:42 1:008:42 1:488:30 0:5711:09 3:049:475:38 0:235:31 0:246:03 0:425:54 0:416:16 0:316:43 0:317:07 0:507:31 0:358:53 1:179:15 1:4810:29 1:405:19 0:345:20 0:205:37 0:335:56 0:446:34 1:026:40 0:447:04 0:397:27 0:417:58 0:548:53 1:489:18 1:2410:585:37 0:435:33 0:315:56 0:446:03 0:516:31 0:556:56 1:077:17 0:457:45 0:588:13 1:029:38 2:009:18 1:5213:23 2:29RVA2:37 0:112:49 0:212:54 0:202:56 0:173:20 0:383:20 0:223:42 0:453:49 0:324:20 0:554:25 0:256:03 90-94P200 mage groupMdistanceRTable III.— Race times (min:sec) for men in age groups 25-29 to 90-94 years for 200 m and 400 m between 1986 and 2014.The JourNal of SporTS MediciNe aNd phySical fiTNeSS19962:31 0:122:35 0:102:45 0:202:47 0:162:56 0:213:05 0:253:22 0:313:26 0:293:33 0:223:53 0:304:18 0:365:15 1:165:22 0:077:085:18 0:255:33 0:255:44 0:265:57 0:306:19 0:286:09 0:266:42 0:357:21 0:367:36 0:518:33 0:528:37 0:499:15 1:2319982:33 0:082:34 0:112:28 0:082:42 0:122:47 0:132:51 0:113:00 0:173:17 0:163:38 0:203:41 0:194:41 0:554:475:29 0:245:29 0:275:29 0:255:50 0:266:03 0:296:10 0:336:31 0:487:02 0:407:56 0:368:18 1:0010:57 2:3010:33? 2017
perforMaNceS TreNdS iN iNdiVidual MedleyNiKolaidiS20082010201220142:52 0:102:53 0:113:04 0:183:11 0:193:17 0:243:37 0:293:48 0:264:02 0:384:30 0:434:40 0:475:42 1:006:05 0:555:392:56 0:142:52 0:143:00 0:213:03 0:203:18 0:163:35 0:243:40 0:233:50 0:284:23 0:244:28 0:475:02 0:445:35 0:176:182:46 0:062:48 0:122:56 0:133:01 0:123:04 0:143:20 0:183:37 0:193:41 0:204:12 0:204:32 0:234:57 0:445:43 0:556:222:46 0:092:49 0:102:54 0:122:56 0:143:06 0:163:19 0:183:29 0:183:41 0:254:01 0:234:23 0:204:24 0:325:45 0:425:512:46 0:112:51 0:112:58 0:122:59 0:183:09 0:203:14 0:193:34 0:193:45 0:264:11 0:594:25 0:305:09 0:506:38 0:102:49 0:092:48 0:112:52 0:133:04 0:143:02 0:183:15 0:173:31 0:183:31 0:234:03 0:274:14 0:285:02 0:344:28 0:036:022:46 0:082:47 0:092:53 0:122:56 0:133:01 0:133:16 0:173:24 0:203:40 0:213:59 0:274:16 0:235:01 0:362:47 0:092:49 0:112:54 0:132:57 0:153:06 0:163:15 0:193:23 0:203:34 0:233:43 0:224:15 0:194:44 0:325:04 0:475:59 0:225:52 0:236:05 0:276:46 0:436:43 0:337:28 0:577:56 0:438:20 0:419:26 0:599:56 1:2612:37 2:1415:17 1:0320:015:44 0:095:51 0:276:05 0:406:20 0:346:59 0:387:24 0:467:45 0:468:30 0:599:12 1:009:22 1:188:52 0:3511:315:53 0:165:49 0:236:09 0:266:21 0:266:39 0:347:06 0:477:41 0:468:06 0:428:54 0:459:24 0:5611:32 2:5712:01 2:015:52 0:196:03 0:226:02 0:256:05 0:326:28 0:316:56 0:327:28 0:458:12 0:468:49 0:559:05 0:499:34 1:0713:08 2:005:44 0:135:55 0:236:15 0:276:04 0:316:38 0:397:00 0:447:44 0:488:01 0:578:51 0:4710:00 1:0912:06 2:2014:145:51 0:185:50 0:245:52 0:226:24 0:326:38 0:426:53 0:417:31 0:507:40 0:568:56 0:5910:03 1:2611:25 2:2016:3813:115:45 0:175:56 0:175:57 0:226:08 0:266:26 0:276:58 0:437:06 0:447:58 0:488:07 0:429:23 0:5910:02 2:1320062:33 0:082:35 0:102:37 0:112:42 0:132:49 0:142:58 0:143:04 0:163:17 0:183:34 0:253:57 0:224:25 0:534:36 0:445:18 0:116:495:29 0:215:27 0:245:35 0:295:51 0:316:02 0:256:21 0:406:38 0:357:15 0:377:28 0:378:24 0:389:19 1:369:54 1:0111:5213:522:31 0:092:36 0:122:38 0:132:44 0:152:49 0:133:00 0:213:10 0:223:24 0:243:31 0:283:54 0:284:00 0:234:126:152:26 0:072:31 0:072:35 0:082:37 0:102:42 0:122:47 0:112:56 0:113:05 0:143:23 0:163:44 0:173:53 0:214:27 0:265:44Vol. 57 - No. ?EINM5:21 0:235:31 0:285:28 0:215:43 0:346:03 0:276:20 0:386:43 0:427:07 0:517:31 0:417:59 0:479:02 1:2913:495:20 0:175:29 0:195:26 0:235:40 0:255:40 0:246:07 0:316:36 0:266:49 0:397:31 0:408:13 0:508:29 1:1410:34 0:4913:15DICA5:22EM20047:16 0:425:57 0:236:01 0:266:05 0:336:05 0:306:23 0:296:54 0:467:09 0:437:44 0:548:03 0:519:06 1:019:57 1:2810:15 1:1115:21 1:3720082010201220142:29 0:072:27 0:092:30 0:072:35 0:092:39 0:122:41 0:112:54 0:133:04 0:173:23 0:203:29 0:153:53 0:204:24 0:512:29 0:092:29 0:082:34 0:132:37 0:142:48 0:162:48 0:152:56 0:183:07 0:213:24 0:233:38 0:273:53 0:304:03 0:336:23 0:462:26 0:082:29 0:092:33 0:092:37 0:102:39 0:122:43 0:122:54 0:123:04 0:163:16 0:183:35 0:233:40 0:264:39 0:245:12 1:102:25 0:052:30 0:062:32 0:082:39 0:092:42 0:112:46 0:122:53 0:123:05 0:213:15 0:173:35 0:193:44 0:254:25 0:325:13 1:102:25 0:082:29 0:092:33 0:082:37 0:102:41 0:122:44 0:122:53 0:133:03 0:133:10 0:193:37 0:204:09 0:274:18 0:295:33 0:515:15 0:175:20 0:225:18 0:205:30 0:225:34 0:235:53 0:206:18 0:276:46 0:367:18 0:407:34 0:308:51 0:599:26 1:525:14 0:235:26 0:225:30 0:325:27 0:225:42 0:346:02 0:396:39 0:406:45 0:397:34 0:458:01 0:578:42 1:0910:085:22 0:165:23 0:215:29 0:255:34 0:225:42 0:265:49 0:296:19 0:286:45 0:297:02 0:288:12 0:507:43 0:359:51 0:448:345:15 0:175:23 0:175:26 0:205:30 0:205:39 0:255:52 0:216:18 0:256:42 0:387:17 0:417:48 0:448:37 0:5510:39 1:335:18 0:225:21 0:255:28 0:195:34 0:215:37 0:275:54 0:276:12 0:336:36 0:347:09 0:517:49 0:489:31 1:339:23 2:0111:47 2:50RVA2002P2000F2006O2004O2002R2000The JourNal of SporTS MediciNe aNd phySical fiTNeSS5
NiKolaidiSperforMaNceS TreNdS iN iNdiVidual MedleyTable IV.— Results of the mixed-effects regression analyses for performance in age groups.55-59 years60-64 years80-84 years85-89 years90-94 years6IN75-79 yearsM70-74 yearsEP65-69 yearsp 14.570.4912.811.89 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.00010.125 0.0001 0.0001 0.00010.633 0.00010.134AtICFdfD50-54 .1425.1346.0635.8765.4128.7235.1732.7840.15E45-49 yearsO40-44 .52420.0776.17RVA35-39 yearsO30-34 yearsconstant term [200 m][sex women][distance 400 m][sex women] [distance 400 m]constant term [200 m][sex women][distance 400 m][sex women] [distance 400 m]constant term [200 m][sex women][distance 400 m][sex women] [distance 400 m]constant term [200 m][sex women][distance 400 m][sex women] [distance 400 m]constant term [200 m][sex women][distance 400 m][sex women] [distance 400 m]constant term [200 m][sex women][distance 400 m][sex women] [distance 400 m]constant term [200 m][sex women][distance 400 m][sex women] [distance 400 m]constant term [200 m][sex women][distance 400 m][sex women] [distance 400 m]constant term [200 m][sex women][distance 400 m][sex women] [distance 400 m]constant term [200 m][sex women][distance 400 m][sex women] [distance 400 m]constant term [200 m][sex women][distance 400 m][sex women] [distance 400 m]constant term [200 m][sex women][distance 400 m][sex women] [distance 400 m]constant term [200 m][sex women][distance 400 m][sex women] [distance 400 m]constant term [200 m][sex women][distance 400 m][sex women] [distance 400 m]R25-29 yearsStandard errorMestimateThe JourNal of SporTS MediciNe aNd phySical fiTNeSS? 2017
perforMaNceS TreNdS iN iNdiVidual MedleyNiKolaidiSBfigure 5.—a, B) Sex differences in performance by age group and calendar years.Vol. 57 - No. ?AOMINThe aim of this study was to investigate trends inchanges in participation, performance and sex differ-aICParticipation increased in women and men in the olderage groupsDa first finding was that participation in individualmedley master swimmers increased in older age groups( 35 years in 200 m and 50 years in 400 m). Theyoungest age group in the fiNa World Masters championships is 25-29 years.1 it is very likely that swimmers in the younger age groups (i.e. younger than 30years) preferably compete in races held at world classlevel such as the World championships and the olympic Games.4, 19, 20 The fastest race times in elite swimmers are achieved at the age of 21-25 years.19The increase of participation in swimmers in olderage groups might be explained by the increase in life expectancy in recent decades.21-24 considering the Worldpopulation ageing report from 2013,25 the global shareof older people (aged 60 years or over) increased from9.2% in 1990 to 11.7% in 2013 and will continue togrow as a proportion of the world population, reaching21.1% by 2050. The older population is itself ageing.Globally, the share of older persons aged 80 years orover within the older population was 14% in 2013 andis projected to reach 19% in 2050. The older populationis predominantly women. Because women tend to livelonger than men, older women outnumber older men almost everywhere. in 2013, globally, there were 85 menper 100 women in the age group 60 years or over and 61men per 100 women in the age group 80 years or over.due to improvements in health, 80-year-old will havelevels of both physical and mental capacities similar tothat of many 20-year-olds.26RVADiscussionEPROfigure 5 presents the trend in sex difference acrossyears. in 200 m, women reduced the sex difference. in200m, there was a sex calendar year interaction of trivialmagnitude (p 0.025, η2 0.003) on race time, where alarger improvement in women was noticed. a main effectof sex on race time (p 0.001, η2 0.101) of medium magnitude was observed, where men were faster than women.also, a main effect of calendar year on race time (p 0.001,η2 0.064) of medium magnitude was shown, where racetime improved across years. in 400m, there was not anysex calendar year interaction on race time (p 0.101,η2 0.004). a main effect of sex on race time (p 0.001,η2 0.101) of medium magnitude was observed, wheremen were faster than women (p 0.001, η2 0.081). a maineffect of calendar year on race time (p 0.001, η2 0.037)of small magnitude was shown, where race time improvedacross years. in summary, the sex and the calendar yearhad larger effect on race time in 200 m than in 400 m.FSex differenceETables ii and iii summarize race times for women andmen for 200 m and 400 m and Table iV the results of themixed-effects regression analyses. for age groups 25-29to 90-94 years, women and men performance improvedacross years. for age groups 25-29 to 80-84 years, menwere faster than women. for age group 85-90 and 90-94years, however, women were not slower than men. Sexand distance showed a significant interaction in all agegroups from 25-29 to 85-89 years, but not for 90-94 years.ence in performance in individual medley master swimmers competing in the fiNa World Masters championships in 200m and 400m with the hypothesis thatparticipation would increase and performance wouldimprove across years. The most important findingswere: 1) the participation of swimmers older than 35years in 200 m and of swimmers older than 50 yearsin 400 m increased; 2) more men competed in 200 mand 400 m; 3) women and men improved performanceacross years in all age groups from 25-29 to 90-94years; 4) men were faster than women from 25-29 to80-84 years, but not from 85-89 to 90-94 years; and 5)women reduced the gap to men only in age groups from40-44 to 45-49 years.MPerformance trendsThe JourNal of SporTS MediciNe aNd phySical fiTNeSS7
NiKolaidiSperforMaNceS TreNdS iN iNdiVidual MedleyMore men competed in 200 m and 400 manother important finding was that women were ableto reduce the gap to men only in the age groups 40-44 to45-49 years. This trend should not be attributed to anyage-related physiological mechanism. The sex differences were decreased mostly in those age groups, whichshowed the largest differences in the first championships. Thus, the different trend of the age groups 40-44and 45-49 years from the others might be interpreted bytheir baseline values.AICDEMLimitations and strengths of the studya limitation of this study was that the individualmedley, despite being a combination of all swimmingstrokes, has certain physiological differences than theother strokes separately.37 Thus, caution is needed togeneralize the finding of this study to the other strokes.on the other side, the present study is one of the fewever carried out on individual medley, and its findingsmight enhance the understanding of both sports scientists and swimming practitioners about major performance characteristics of this event.RVAMINEPWomen were not slower compared to men in age groups85-89 to 90-94 yearsconsidering the variation of sex differences by agegroup, men were faster than women in age groups 2529 to 80-84 years, but not in age groups 85-89 to 90-94years. The most likely explanation might be the very lownumber of women and men competitors older than 85years. another explanation might be anthropometric dif-8FWith regards to performance trends, women and menimproved performance in all age groups and for all distances. This confirms previous findings for age groupmarathon runners 16 and age group swimmers.13, 31however, this is the first study to show that octogenarians and nonagenarians improved performance in individual medley swimming. in the study of akkari etal.13 investigating age groups swimmers and lepersand cattagni 16 investigating age group marathoners,the oldest swimmers considered were competing in agegroup 75-79 years. a very recent study investigatingmarathoners older than 75 years competing between2004 and 2011 showed, however, that participation forwomen and men runners remained unchanged and thefastest women and men became slower across years.14a potential explanation that these elderly swimmersimproved performance could be their training. it has beenshown that training distance in older master swimmeraged 52-82 years may be an important factor for maintaining muscle mass and function in the aging process.32a study investigating french master swimmers showedpositive health outcomes regarding different aspects suchas weight management, respiratory function, and vitalitydue to their race
the fiNa World Masters championships held between 1986 and 2014 in 200m and 400m individual medley. We hypothesized that participation would increase and performance would improve in these age group swim-mers as it has been shown for age group competing in other sports discipl
2 INTRODUCTION This document provides directions for use for the Medley PCA Module. Read all instructions, for both the Medley PCA Module and the Medley PCU before using the Medley System. The Medley PCA Module uses non-dedicated standard or pre-filled, single-use, disposable syringes (with luer-lock
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I04634 373 MEDLEY: I DON'T KNOW WHERE I'M GOING BUT I'M ON MY WAY* Carolyn Johnson I04641 373 MEDLEY: YW - I DON'T KNOW WHERE I'M GOING BUT I'M ON MY WAY* Carolyn Johnson I04750 377 Medley CHRISTMAS WASSAILING* Carolyn Johnson I00419 59TH STREET BRIDGE SONG
Trends in Care Delivery and Community Health State Public Health Leadership Webinar Deloitte Consulting LLP June 20, 2013. . Current state of Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) and trends. Current state of Patient-Centered Medical Homes (PCMHs) and trends. Introduction.File Size: 2MBPage Count: 38Explore further2020 Healthcare Trends and How to Preparewww.healthcatalyst.comFive Health Care Trends For 2020 Health Affairswww.healthaffairs.orgTop 10 Emerging Trends in Health Care for 2021: The New .trustees.aha.orgRecommended to you b
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IELTS Academic Writing Task 2 Activity – teacher’s notes Description An activity to introduce Academic Writing task 2, involving task analysis, idea generation, essay planning and language activation. Students are then asked to write an essay and to analyse two sample scripts. Time required: 130 minutes (90–100 minutes for procedure 1-12. Follow up text analysis another 30–40 mins .
