IT IS TIME TO PREPARE FOR THE GLOBAL REGENTS

4. The Age of DiscoveryThe return of trade after the end of the Middle Ages resulted in an interest of goods from Africa.Europeans started exploring by water, rather than by land, leading to the exploration andeventual colonization of Africa and the “discovery” of America by the Europeans.In the early 1400s, Europeans began exploring the west coast of Africa in search of an all waterroute to Asia. These early explorations were led by the Portuguese. In 1488, Bartholomeu Diasrounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. In 1498, Vasco Da Gamaestablished an all water route to India. The success of these explorations led Spain to begin itsown voyages. In 1492, Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic Ocean and discovered theAmericas for Spain. These discoveries had a lasting impact on Europe, Asia, Africa and theAmericas. European nations competed for colonies across the globe. These colonies wereexploited for their raw materials, and used as new markets for European goods. Europeans hadlittle regard for most of the indigenous peoples of these areas, and as a result, there was greatloss of life and culture. Also, because of the need for a reliable labor source, slaves weretransported from Africa to the Americas in large numbers. The Age of Exploration is a turningpoint in history because it altered the way people lived across the world. The biggest aspect ofthis change deals with the exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas, and technology. This isknown as the Columbian Exchange, because it starts with Columbus. While many aspects of thisexchange had positive effects, such as the exchange of foods between Europe and America, therewere also negative effects, such as the exchange of diseases between Europe and America.Main Ideas-5. French RevolutionIn 1789, The French Revolution started. It has had political, social, and economic causesand several important effects. France had a king who had absolute control and mostpeople were denied basic rights or a say in their government. France had three socialclasses or estates. The Third Estate had very few rights and paid most of the taxes. Theking overspent and there was a food crisis. The Third Estate wanted change and tried totake control of the government. A group of radical leaders take over and a bloody period ofpersecution called the Reign of Terror leads to hundreds of thousands of deaths. The leaderswere replaced by Napoleon Bonaparte who ruled as a dictator until he was removed from power.There were several effects: 1) The French Revolution provided an example to other nations,especially Latin America. The democratic ideas of "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" were spreadacross Europe 3) The growing middle class began to remove kings and queens from power andto take over positions of government.Main Ideas-6. World War One(1914-1918) The causes of World War One were militarism (an arms race between Europeancountries), alliances (treaties of friendships), nationalism (love and pride for your country),imperialism (when countries take over other territories or countries for use of their naturalresources), and the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand. World War One was the firsttotal war, which included the involvement of the civilians. Most of World War I was a stalemate.Entrenched positions on both sides were only able to move a few miles in a battle that lasted thebetter part of a year. The conditions of trench warfare were brutal; trench-foot, disease, lice, andinadequate supplies made fighting difficult. Advances in technology also played a major role.The machine gun, the tank, the airplane, the submarine, and the use of poison gas drasticallychanged the face of modern war, and resulted in large numbers of casualties. The Allied Powers(France, Great Britain and the United States) were on the winning side of the War, and forced ahumiliated Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty was more about revenge, than itwas about making a lasting peace. Germany was forced to accept total responsibility for the startof the war. They also were forced to pay huge reparations, and give over vast amounts ofterritory. This led to the rise of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party as the dictator of Germany, and tothe start of World War II.Main Ideas-4

#1 Turning Points ChartYOUR NAME Teacher Band1.NeolithicRevolutionUse the information on the information sheet to fill in the chart.Where and when What were the causes of this What were some effects ofdid this turningturning point?this turning point?point happen?2.TheCrusades3.ProtestantReformation4.The Age ofDiscovery5.FrenchRevolution6.World WarOne1) In Europe, a long-term effect of the Crusades was1.the strengthening of the feudal system2. the adoption of Islamic religious practices3. an increased demand for goods from the East4. increased European isolation2) One result of the Neolithic Revolution was:1. An increase in the number of nomadic tribes2. A reliance on hunting and gathering for food3. The establishment of villagers and the rise of governments4. A decrease of villagers and the rise of governments3) What was a direct result of the Scientific Revolution inEurope?1. A gradual decline in the growth of cities2. An increase in the use of the divine right theory of government3. The rise of the manorial system4. The application of reason and experimentation to political thinking4) A major result of the Industrial Revolution was1. Concentration of workers in urban areas2. Increased desire of the wealthy class to share its power3. Formation of powerful craft guilds4. Control of agricultural production by government5) A major reason for the success of the Communist Revolutionin China was that the Communists:1. Stressed Buddhism in their military training2. Included important businessmen in their ranks3. Promised land and power to the peasant class4. Fought successfully against the United States during WWII6) The French bourgeoisie supported the French Revolutionmainly because they:1. Believed in the theory of divine right of kings2. Were not allowed to own property under the Old Regime3. Resented their lack of political power under the Old Regime4. Wanted a communist form of government7) What was an important result of the Neolithic Revolution?1. Food supplies became more reliable2. New sources of energy became available3. People became more nomadic4. Populations declined5

#1 Turning Points – EssayUse the information from the information sheet to answer the questions. Required length for eachanswer: One complete paragraph.6

#2 WORLD LEADERS INFORMATION SHEETThroughout history, many leaders have changed the society in which they lived.1. Queen ElizabethElizabeth I (1553-1603) was the first monarch (queen) of England who ruled from.She was the daughter of Henry VIII, the famous English king. Her mother, AnneBoleyn, was executed by Henry on charges of adultery. After the death of herfather, her younger brother Edward became the king of England. After his deatha few years later, Elizabeth’s cousin Mary became the queen and Elizabethsuffered during her short rule, with her life constantly in danger. Mary’s rule wasshort but bloody and unpopular and after her death, Elizabeth was welcomedinto the throne. During her rule, she worked hard to bring peace and stability toEngland. She improved England’s economy by allowing the English navy to raid Spanish shipsfor treasures, she built up England’s navy and quickly defeated the Spanish Armada. Thisbrought many years of peace and wealth to England and her rule became known as a GoldenAge. Elizabeth overcame the obstacle of being a female ruler.Main Ideas-2. Martin LutherMartin Luther (1483-1546) was a German monk and a central figure in the collapseof the Middle Ages in Europe. Luther exposed the corruption of the RomanCatholic Church and its spiritual and financial exploitation of the Europeanpeople. Luther was born into a peasant family and became a priest in the RomanCatholic Church. During this time, priests were selling indulgences (letters offorgiveness from sins) with the Pope’s permission. People bought indulgencesand were promised a ticket to heaven for their sins and for the sins of their deadfamily members. Luther publicly objected to the sale of indulgences and abuse of church power.He responded to this by nailing the 95 Theses, to the door of his church castle. Luther waswarned by Church officials to take back his opinions but he refused to take back his opinions untilsomeone in the Church proved him wrong using the writings of the Bible. Because of this, he wasdeclared to be a “heretic” by the Church. Luther taught that the Bible, not the Church was theultimate source of knowledge about the Christian religion and that the Bible should be translatedinto every language so that everyone, not just Church officials, could read it. These beliefsstarted a movement of religious improvement called the Protestant Reformation.Main Ideas-3. Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte was not only one of the greatest military commanders of all time, but he alsobecame the emperor of France, as well as many other European countries after the FrenchRevolution. Napoleon rose to fame during the French Revolution, where his military geniusearned him the rank of high military office. He was a respected commander, both by his troopsand then, the people of France. After coming back from his militarycampaigns, he became a member of a three-person team of French rulers.He quickly pushed out his co-rulers and became the Ruler-for-Life in 1802and then the Emperor in 1804. He waged military campaigns and attemptedto conquer nations such as Italy, Sweden, Germany and Spain. During thistime, in France, he instituted the Napoleonic Code. This was a set of lawsthat gave the people of France their first legal code – laws such as forbidding privileges based onbirth, allowing freedom of religion. Napoleon also made everybody (not just the Third Estate)pay taxes. However, despite the success of the Napoleonic Code, his military campaign againstFrance became a disaster – unprepared for the cold weather and large size of Russia, Napoleonsuffered a terrible defeat. He was driven out of power soon after this loss, but even today, heremains one of the most fascinating and disputed historical figures of modern European history.Main Ideas-7

4. Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin (1879-1953) was a totalitarian dictator who became the second leader of theSoviet Union. Every aspect of people's lives was controlled by the government. Russiabecame a command economy, where government officials made all economic decisions.Stalin forced peasants to give up ownership of their land and live on government-owned farmscalled collectives. On a collective farm, all animals and equipment were owned by thestate. The government controlled the prices paid to the farmers for their products, and forcedthem to fill quotas, or production goals. During the Great Purges, Stalin eliminated his opponents bysending them to do brutal physical labor in work camps (gulags), by assassinating them in large numbers,by putting them on public trials and using them as examples for the rest of the country. Stalin terrorizedlarge segments of the Soviet population, especially rich farmers. He also ordered a massive famine inUkraine, where around 5 million people died. It is believed that as many as 20 million people died ordisappeared because of Stalin’s actions. Russia successfully fought back against Germany’s armies duringWorld War II. Stalin also tried to spur industrial production, hoping to catch up to the United States as aworld superpower.Main Ideas-5. Mao ZedongMao Zedong (1893-1976) was inspired by the ideas of the Russian Revolution and succeededin bringing the revolution to the suffering peasants in China. As in Russia, the communistrevolution in China was not one of workers vs. owners, but one of imperial government vs.poor starving peasants who felt that government had abandoned them. After years of civilwar, China became a Communist nation in 1949. The newly communist China looked to the Soviet Unionfor leadership, but quickly turned in a different direction. Mao Zedong, the leader of the Communist Party,turned China from a farming, old-fashioned society into a modern industrial power. Mao undertook anumber of programs in order to achieve his goal. He created communes, a Chinese version of the Russiancollective, tried to renew Chinese culture. He also launched a series of agricultural and industrialproduction initiatives, and improved the social standing of women. He was well-known for the CulturalRevolution, which waged war on Western and democratic ideas in China. Foreign writings and influenceswere removed from China by his Red Guards, his army of student revolutionaries. Some of Mao's writingswere copied into the handbook, The Quotations of Chairman Mao (also known as the Little Red Book) andgiven to every Chinese citizen.Main Ideas6. Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) was a nationalist leader in India who called for ahimsa (nonviolence) and civil disobedience (not following laws because they are immoral) to gain India’sfreedom from the British empire. India had been controlled by the British Empire since the1700s. Over time, nationalistic feelings grew among the Indian population and a movement wasbegan to first rule themselves, and then achieve complete independence from the British. In 1885, Indiannationalists formed the Indian National Congress, of which Gandhi was the leader, to achieve these goals.Gandhi believed in using non-violent methods to peacefully protest the rule of the British. He organizedthe Salt March to protest the British Salt Tax, which made it illegal for workers to collect free salt from theseas and forcing them to buy salt they couldn’t afford. In 1947, India gained their independence fromGreat Britain, due in large part to the strong leadership of Mohandas Gandhi.7. Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela (1918- ) was elected South Africa’s first black president in 1994. SouthAmerica was ruled by European (British and Dutch) settlers for a long time. While, SouthAfrica gained independence from Great Britain in the beginning of the 20 th century, thecountry was still controlled by the white minority. Black South Africans lived under the policyof apartheid, which limited their rights severely. Under apartheid, black South Africanscould only live in certain areas and were required to use separate trains, beaches, restaurantsand schools and could not marry white South Africans. Nelson Mandela, a leader of theAfrican National Congress, protested this treatment of black South Africans. The African NationalCongress, a group formed in protest of this policy, was eventually outlawed due to their violent tactics.Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for over 30 years due to his involvement in anti-apartheiddemonstrations. Apartheid lasted until the early 1990s when white South African President, F. W. de Klerkended apartheid and released Nelson Mandela from his imprisonment. In 1994, Nelson Mandela waselected as South Africa's first black president. However, many human rights problems still exist in thiscountry, as white South Africans still control most of the economic wealth.Main Ideas-8

#2 Change / World Leaders ChartNAME Teacher: BandUse the information on the information sheet to fill in the chart.What country/time period?What did the ruleraccomplish (do)?What effects (good or bad) didthis ruler have on their NelsonMandela1) The French people supportedNapoleon Bonaparte because theyhoped he would1. adopt the ideas of the ProtestantReformation2. restore Louis XVI to power3. provide stability for the nation4. end British control of France4) A major effect of Josef Stalin’s policyof Collectivization on Soviet agriculturewas1. a widespread food shortage throughoutthe nation2. an increase in the export of agriculturalproducts3. a surplus of agricultural goods4. the immediate creation of many small2) Deng Xioaping’s economic reforms in private farmsChina differ from the previous economicpolicies of Mao Zedong in that Deng’s5) The goal of Mao Zedong’s policyreformsknown as the Great Leap Forward was1. discourage private ownership of1. develop foreign export industries inbusinessesChina’s coastal urban centers2. promote further collectivization2. eliminate state-owned industries in rural3. include elements of capitalismChina4. decrease trade with the United States3. modernize China’s economic system bydividing China into communes3) Mohandas Gandhi is best known for4. Introduce capitalism to the Chinese1. use of passive resistance to achieveeconomyIndian independence2. desire to establish and Islamic nations3. opposition to Hindus in political office4. encouragement of violence to end Britishrule6) Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theseswere a call for1. religious revolt against the Germanprinces2. reforms within the Roman CatholicChurch3. greater papal authority4. crusades to spread Christianity7) Writers of the Enlightenment wereprimarily interested in1. changing the relationship betweenpeople and their government2. supporting the divine right theory3. debating the role of the church in society4. promoting increased power for Europeanmonarchs8) A major cause of World War I was1. a decline in the policy of imperialism2. the existence of opposing alliances3. an increase in acts of aggression byEngland4. the spread of communism throughoutEurope9

#2 CHANGE / WORLD LEADERS10

#3GEOGRAPHY INFORMATION SHEETThroughout history, the geography of a particular region has affected its culture and history.1. River valleysRivers and river valleys have been very important in the development of civilization. A river isa moving body of water that usually has its source in an area of high ground. An example wouldbe the Ganges River flowing out of the Himalaya Mountains in India. Rivers often flow to alarger body of water such as a lake, ocean, or sea. The Nile River in Egypt flows into theMediterranean Sea. The end of a river is called its mouth, and with some rivers, such as theNile, deposits of silt build up creating what is called a Delta. A river's delta area is very importantto humans as the deposits of rich silt provide very fertile farmland.Over time, many rivers have carved out river valleys as they flow. Early civilizations formed inthese river valleys because they provided a water source, good farmland, and a source of trade.Civilizations such as Egypt on the Nile, Mesopotamian cultures on the Tigris and Euphrates,Early China on the Huang/Yellow and the Yangtze Rivers, and Early Indian civilization on theIndus all benefited from the river's resources. Many early civilizations developed irrigationsystems to further take advantage of the river. This adaptation allowed these civilizations togrow and flourish.Main Ideas-2. PlainsPlains are areas of level land, generally at a low elevation. Examples include the EurasianPlains and the Russian Steppes. Plains generally ha

Mar 13, 2020 · GLOBAL REGENTS REVIEW IT IS TIME TO PREPARE FOR THE GLOBAL REGENTS EXAM Here is a list simple things that will help you pass the Regents exam. 1. REVIEW PACKET Here you will find some materials that were organized by theme to help you prepare for the GLOBAL REGENTS exam. This packet