Chapter 1 Powerpoint - Weebly

5/21/14CHAPTER 1:FROM HUMAN PREHISTORYTO THE EARLY CIVILIZATIONSAP World HistoryPALEOLITHIC ERAOLD STONE AGE2.5 MILLION -12,000 YEARS AGO¡ The human species has existed for about 2.5 millionyears.¡ Hunting and Gathering: over 99% of human existencehas relied on this.¡ Paleolithic Era: time before people developedstationary civilizations and settled down to live in oneplace.¡ Hominids: members of the family of humans (includesHomo Sapiens Sapiens)WHAT IS A“HUNTER-GATHERER?”¡ People who were tied to the seasons of plants(for food) that occurred naturally.¡ People were tied to the migration of animals.¡ A hunter-gatherer migrated from place to placethroughout the year to gather food they couldfind and hunt animals they could find à “nomads”.1

5/21/14CHARACTERISTICS OFPALEOLITHIC AGE¡ Simple tool use (rocks and sticks)for hunting and warfare¡ Use of controlled fire for cooking¡ Population distribution all over theworld¡ Population growth§ Estimated to be at 1.5 millionhumans by 100,000 years ago¡ Emergence of speech§ Homo erectus (100,000 yearsago) began to transmit oralspeechWHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS WITHHUNTING AND GATHERING?¡ Population growth is small overall§ Gathering nuts and berries cannot support large populations§ Giving birth could be dangerous for women§ Nursing is a natural form of birth control§ Women had to care for infants, which took time away to doother chores¡ Labor-intensive and dangerous life style§ Had to roam widely for food§ Had to stalk and kill preyEMERGENCEOF ART¡ Example of cave art: Lascaux,France.¡ Estimated to be 16,000 years old.¡ Over 2,000 paintings in Lascauxcave: animals, human figures andabstract signs.¡ Why is it so significant thatprehistoric peoples begancreating art?2

5/21/14The Spread of Human Populations1.Where did the human species originate from?2.What are most “sites” of humans located by?MESOLITHIC AGE12,000 – 8,000 YEARS AGO§ Human ability tofashion stone toolsand other implementsimproved greatly§ Sharpen and shapestone§ Create log rafts, pots,baskets§ Domesticated moreanimals§ Population growthaccelerated§ Increase in conflict andwarNEOLITHIC REVOLUTIONTHE NEW STONE AGE§ 6000-4000 years ago§ The Neolithic Revolutionis the transition fromhunting and gathering toagricultural settlement.§ Major developments:§ Invention of agriculture§ Creation of cities§ Increased populationgrowth3

5/21/14INVENTION OF AGRICULTURE¡ Humans deliberately planned to harvest plants, grains andvegetables for later harvest.¡ People began domesticating (raising for food) animals (pigs,sheep, goats, cattle).¡ Metal tools were developed for planting and harvesting.¡ Development of agriculture moved humans toward moresophisticated social and cultural patterns.The Spread of Agriculture1. Where are the core areas of agriculture?2. Where did specialty agriculture originate from?WAS THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTIONREALLY A REVOLUTION?¡ No: agriculture was not a suddentransformation.§ Learning new agricultural methods wasdifficult and had to be developed.§ This revolution took over a thousand years.¡ Yes: this revolution brought aboutmonumental change to humans.4

5/21/14IRON AGE1900-1400 BCE¡ Iron became common after theBronze Age.¡ Hittites in Anatolia discovered andimproved iron smelting techniquesto make iron weapons and tools.¡ Led to advanced farming tools,made labor easier, and diminishedthe need for many farmers.¡ Iron was more effective thanbronze; significantly improvedweaponry.WHAT IS A CIVILIZATION?¡ A society distinguished by reliance on sedentaryagriculture, ability to produce food surpluses,existence of non-farming elites, and socialstratification.FOUR RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS¡ Mesopotamia¡ Nile¡ Indus River Valley¡ Yellow River Valley(Huang He)155

5/21/14WHERE DID FARMING INITIALLYDEVELOP?¡ As early as 10,000 BCE¡ In the “Fertile Crescent”between the Tigris andEuphrates rivers(Mesopotamia).¡ Agriculture will emergeindependently1,000-1,500 years later inChina.MESOPOTAMIA“LAND BETWEEN THE RIVERS”¡ Civilization thatdeveloped betweenthe Tigris andEuphrates rivers.¡ Developedindependently fromany othercivilizations.¡ Home to manygroups: Sumerians,Assyrians,Akkadians,BabyloniansEARLY ACHIEVEMENTS INMESOPOTAMIA1. Writing (cuneiform)2. Formal law codes (Hammurabi’s LawCode)3. City planning and irrigation4. Architecture (ziggurats)5. Institutions for trade6

5/21/14SUMERIANS(3500-2000 BCE)¡ Irrigated crops (barley, datesand sesame seeds)¡ Abundance of food led tosteady population growth¡ Built canals, dykes, levees,dams and drainage systems¡ Developed cuneiform¡ Invented the wheel¡ Developed ziggurats (temples)¡ Developed a trade system,including bartering¡ Could not unite lowerMesopotamiaWRITING IN MESOPOTAMIA¡ Cuneiform: “wedge shaped”¡ Used different pictures torepresent objects,geometric shapes torepresent sounds¡ Up to 2,000 symbols¡ Scribes - trained writers¡ The Epic of Gilgamesh is anepic poem originating fromthis period and is one of theearliest known literarywritings.BABYLONIANS1830-1500 BCE AND 650-500 BCE¡ Reunited Mesopotamia in1830 BCE¡ King Hammurabi§ Conquered Akkad andAssyria§ Established a law code§ Built new walls to protectthe city§ Improved irrigation¡ Economy based on wool,agriculture, and trade7

5/21/14HAMMURABI’S CODE¡ King Hammurabi of Babylondeveloped a law code in 1772BCE that was written in stoneand displayed in the citycenter.¡ With 282 laws total, the lawswere specific to social statusand gender of the offender.Also, punishments were to fitthe crime (eye for an eye).IRRIGATION IN MESOPOTAMIA¡ Construct irrigation canals tobring water from the Tigrisand Euphrates to crops.¡ Constructed levees, whichheld back flood waters fromthe rivers; the Tigris andEuphrates wereunpredictable and powerful.¡ Irrigation madeMesopotamian civilizationpossible.ARCHITECTURE IN MESOPOTAMIA¡ Ziggurats, or religioustemples, were developedin Mesopotamia. Theywere stepped to bringvisitors closer to theheavens.¡ Mesopotamians hadcomplex religiousbeliefs, which includedpolytheism.8

5/21/14RELIGION IN MESOPOTAMIA¡ Polytheistic religion withover 3,600 gods andgoddesses¡ Kings ruled by divine right¡ Each city-state had a god/goddess¡ Kings and priests acted onbehalf of the godsStatue from Tell-AsmarEGYPT3100-1200 BCE¡ Known as “gift of the Nile”because it is at the end ofthe Nile River’s flow fromLake Victoria (Uganda).¡ The Nile River flows north,to the Mediterranean Sea.¡ Therefore, “Upper Egypt”is in the south and “LowerEgypt” is in the north.THE NILE RIVER¡ Each September, the Nilefloods, which turns the NileValley into a marsh.¡ After the water retreats, soilis fertile and crops grow verywell.¡ Egyptian civilization dependedon the predictable flooding ofthe Nile.¡ The Nile also produced othernatural resources (reeds,copper, stone, clay)9

5/21/14HISTORY OF EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION¡ Political organization began assmall states ruled by local kings.¡ Breaks into Upper and Lowerkingdoms¡ Eventually, Egypt becomes alarge and unified political body.¡ Egyptian history is organizedinto 30 dynasties falling intothree longer periods:§ Old Kingdom§ Middle Kingdom§ New KingdomOLD KINGDOM2700-2200 BCE¡ King Menes, founder of thefirst Egyptian dynasty, unitedthe upper and lower Egyptiankingdoms in 3100 BCE¡ Old Kingdom includes 3 rd -6 thdynasties¡ “Pyramid age”¡ Egypt was ruled by a stronggovernment and pharaoh untilpriests and other officialsdemanded more powerThe Sphinx and the Great Pyramid atGiza were built during this periodMIDDLE KINGDOM2100-1800 BCE¡ Includes 11 th -12 th dynasties¡ Changes were made to thegovernment so that thepharaoh did not havecomplete power¡ Complex irrigation systemswere developed10

5/21/14THE NEW KINGDOM1570-1075 BCE¡ Includes 18 th , 19 th , and 20 thdynasties¡ The Egyptians conquer severalcivilizations: Nubians in the south andSyrians in the northeast.¡ Slavery was used among elite.¡ At the end of the New Kingdom, therewas a power-struggle betweengovernment officials. The empirewas divided into smaller states.§ Smaller states were weak andinvaders took over EgyptSOCIAL CLASSES IN EGYPT¡ 3 social classes§ King and high-rankingofficials§ Lower level officials,local leaders and priests,professionals, soldiers,artisans and well-offfarmers§ Peasants (the vastmajority of people)EGYPTIAN BELIEFS¡ Pharaohs (kings of Egypt) wereconsidered to be gods living onearth.¡ Egyptians were polytheistic.§ Amon- sky-god§ Ra- sun-god¡ The Book of the Deadexplained what happens afterEgyptians died and called formummification.§ Allowed for detailedknowledge of the humanbody11

5/21/14EGYPTIANWRITING¡ Two writing systems:§ Hieroglyphics§ Cursive script¡ Egyptians wrote on papyrus (made from reeds)and carved into stone.¡ Purposes: kept records, religious writing, secularwriting.EGYPTIAN ACHIEVEMENTS¡ INDUS RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS¡ Two large citiesemerged around 2,500BCE: Harappa andMohenjo Daro.¡ Harappan writing hasnever been deciphered;their civilization isn’twell known. Thus,archaeologicaldiscoveries are crucial.12

5/21/14HARAPPA AND MOHENJO-DARO¡ Evidence has suggested:§ Cities were part of a unified and organizedgovernment§ No social classes§ No remains of temples or palaces§ No evidence of a military§ Cities had fortifications, and people used bronzeknives, spears, and arrowheads.§ Cities traded with Mesopotamia, and Mesopotamianirrigation systems were adopted.§ Crops: wheat, barley, peas, melon, sesameHUANG HE RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATION(YELLOW RIVER)HUANG HE RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATION(YELLOW RIVER)¡ People settled on the Yellow River by 3,000BCE.¡ Had discovered pottery, wheels, farms andsilk, but had not discovered writing or howto use metals¡ Highly developed social classes: kings,nobles, commoners and slaves.¡ Developed in considerable isolation: developagriculture on their own¡ Organized state with irrigation¡ Skilled horseback riders; used bronze, iron13

5/21/14HUANG HE RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATION(YELLOW RIVER)¡ Used ideographic symbols:pictographic characters groupedtogether to create new concepts.¡ People lived in simple mudhouses.¡ The Shang Dynasty was the firstdocumented rule in China (Xiahad no written records).¡ Invasions caused a temporarydecline in civilization.MEDITERRANEAN CULTURES¡ Phoenicians:§ alphabet of 22 letters,which helped to createdthe Greek and Latinalphabets¡ Jews:§ settled near Mesopotamia§ first civilization to believein and sustain the idea ofmonotheism14

FOUR RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS ! Mesopotamia ! Nile ! Indus River Valley ! Yellow River Valley (Huang He) 5/21/14 6 !As early as 10,000 BCE !In the “Fertile Crescent” between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Mesopotamia). !Agriculture