Olympic Games Olympic Games & Its Impacts On Society
Olympic GamesOlympic Games & Its impacts on Society
Olympic GamesTHE ANCIENT OLYMPIC GAMES1.INITIATION:a. Religious needb. Warfarec. 776 B.C. earliest recordd. Four largest Games in Greece Olgmic Pytno Isthmus Nemea
2. PHILOSOPHY: BEAUTY REVERENCE TO GODS PERSONAL & STATE HONOR3. EVENTS: 192.27 M SPRINT SHUTTLE RUN, MARATHON, RUNNING WITHWEAPON BOXING
DISCUS LONG JUMP JAVELIN WRESTLING WEIGHT LIFTING TUG OF WAR RELAY WITH TORCH CHARIOT RACING
4. CHARACTERISTICS: ONE-DAY EVENT TO 5-DAY EVENT RELIGIOUS NATIONALISM POLITICAL COMMERCIAL ARTISTIC & MUSICAL SOCIAL CULTURAL RACISM
SEXISM EMPHASIS ON BODY BEAUTY HEROISM PROFESSIONALISM5. DECLINE OF OLYMPIC GAMES: 394 A.D. ROMAN EMPIRE & CHRISTIANITY 426 A.D. OLYMPIC GAME SITE WAS RUINED BYROMAN EMPIRE
100 YEARS LATER BURIED BY EARTHQUAKE & FLOOD FROM 776 B.C. TO 393 A.D., 293 OLYMPIC GAMES HADBEEN HOSTED AND LASTED FOR 1170 YEARS.
Impacts of Olympics on Society: Politics Use of sport for political propaganda and opposition Political ambassadors of international goodwill National identity Social integration Economy Infra-structure Tourism Technology advancement Health promotion Olympism promotion
Olympic and politics1. The two Koreas: First, some good newsThe Korean Peninsula may technically still bein a state of war, but two gymnasts made alittle peace. North Korea's Hong Un Jong andSouth Korean rival Lee Eun-Ju posed for selfiestogether — a rare event that the IOC presidentcalled a "great gesture."
Olympic and politics8. Refugees: The ChampionsFor the first time ever, a refugee teamcompeted at an Olympic Games — arecognition of the record 60 million refugeesin the world today. The team included twoSyrian swimmers, an Ethiopian marathoner,two Congolese judokas and five SouthSudanese middle-distance runners.
Olympic and politicsOn the morning of Sept. 5, eight members ofthe Palestinian terrorist group BlackSeptember stormed the Olympic Village andtook hostage almost a quarter of the Israelidelegation. The terrorists had hoped to securethe release of 234 Palestinian politicalprisoners, but Golda Meir refused on principleto negotiate. West German authorities thenbotched a rescue attempt, resulting in thedeath of six Israeli coaches, five Israeliathletes, and one West German police officer.
Olympic and politicsMoscow 1980Munich showed how Games can be hijackedby individuals; Moscow and Los Angelesshowed how Games can be hijacked bygovernments. In January 1980, Jimmy Carterwarned that unless the Soviets withdrewtroops from Afghanistan, the U.S. wouldboycott the Moscow Games. Not surprisingly,Moscow refused, and the U.S. eventuallypersuaded 61 other governments to join theirboycott.
Olympic and politicsLos Angeles 1984Also not surprisingly, the Soviets turned thetables with a boycott of the 1984 Los AngelesGames, but only succeeded in persuading 14other countries to join them. Still, the damagehad been done. The Olympics are supposed totranscend politics, not to be used as politicalbargaining chips. If Munich was a failure ofpreparation, the U.S.- and Soviet-led boycottswere a failure of the Olympic spirit at thehighest levels.
Olympic and politicsBeijing 2008When Beijing was awarded the Olympics in 2001, it had a GDP of 1.3 trillion; by 2008, its GDPhad surged to 4.6 trillion. It made sense that a rising China would want to showcase its greatsuccess. It made less sense that a government with a history of human rights abuses wouldwillingly put itself under the international microscope.The early signs weren’t promising. For 21 countries and 85,000 miles, the Olympic torch relayturned into an obstacle course, beset by pro-Tibet and human rights protestors, as well as proChina counter-protestors. Thousands showed up to demonstrate in London, Paris, San Francisco,Seoul and New Delhi, and things often got violent. But by the time the Olympic flame reachedBeijing, politics had mainly fallen away as the world gathered to kick off the 29th SummerOlympic Games. To this day, the gold standard of opening ceremonies belongs to Beijing.The success of these Games validated China’s ascension to the global stage, and China has beenawarded the 2022 Winter Olympic Games. What better validation of success than that?
Olympic and politicsBrazil: Not in front of the guestsThe Olympic organizers weren't having it:Twice in one day, spectators were forced toleave their seats or were expelled fromstadiums for protesting Brazil's unpopularinterim president, Michel Temer. "Videos ofboth incidents circulated on social media andwere widely condemned." Temer was booedduring the Opening Ceremonies.
Olympic and politics4. U.S. and Russia: The Chilly WarThis dispute had some drawing parallels tothe Cold War rivalries of the past: First, Lilly Kingpointed out that Russia's Yulia Efimova had failedtwo blood tests.Then, King beat her in the 100-meterbreaststroke, "a feat she celebrated by slappingthe water in Efimova’s lane then adding a bit offinger-wagging." “It’s incredible — winning thegold medal and knowing I did it clean,” King said."I always thought the Cold War was long in thepast. Why start it again, by using sport?" Efimovashot back.
Olympic and politicsAustralia and China: Pool WarsAustralian swimmer Mack Horton referred to aChinese competitor, Sun Yang, as a "drugcheat" before the men's 400-meter freestylefinal — he noted that Sun had tested positivefor a banned substance in 2014. A Chinesenewspaper quickly fired back, saying Australiaexists " 'at the fringes of civilization' and evengetting in a jab about its infamous past as aBritish penal colony."
Olympic and politics2. U.S. politics: A message to TrumpBefore Ibtihaj Muhammad became the firstAmerican woman to win an Olympic medalwearing a hijab, she had some words forDonald Trump: "I think his words are verydangerous,” the fencer told CNN. “I’m AfricanAmerican. I don’t have another home to go to.My family was born here. I was born here. I’vegrown up in Jersey. All my family’s from Jersey.It’s like, well, where do we go?”
Olympic and politicsKuwait: Independent actionsThe International Olympic Committee hadbanned Kuwait from internationalcompetition, so Kuwaiti shooter FehaidAldeehani competed, and won a gold medal,as a member of the Independent OlympicAthletes team. Kuwaiti media reported thatwhen asked to carry the Olympic flag duringthe Opening Ceremonies, he refused: "I am amilitary man and I will only carry the Kuwaitflag.”
Olympic and national identityChinese Olympic delegation receives a warmwelcome in Hong KongHong Kong welcomed China’s Olympicmedallists with plenty of warmth and fanfareon Saturday as the visiting national squad,fresh from the Rio Games, launched their owncharm offensive in the city.The athletes’ visit had been awaited withenthusiasm. All 5,700 tickets on offer to thepublic for the events were snapped up within afew hours by hundreds of people on Monday.Scalpers had got in on the act, with some ofthe HK 20 admission tickets being sold onlinefor as much as HK 1,165.
Olympic and national identityChief Executive Leung Chun-ying told thedelegation that Hongkongers and the nationalathletes were “bonded by blood” and HongKong hoped to work with the mainland to develop sports in the city.Chief Secretary Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngorsaid Hongkongers would cheer for their ownathletes but also take pride in the nationalsquad’s victories.Security was tight at the five-star hotel in TsimSha Tsui where the athletes were staying andwhich has become a magnet for fans waitingfor a glimpse of their idols.
Olympic and Social integrationThe Games can play the role of stabiliserHosting the Olympics is a great chance tointegrate the population. It can even become astarting point for people of all social strata tofeel involved in something global and noble.That sense of unity can be directed towardsreaching national goals, such as education andhealthcare. In the case of Brazil, torn bypolitical scandals and turmoil, the Games canplay the role of stabiliser.
Olympic and economicsLondon Olympics & TourismContrary to popular belief, it’s not even clearthat the games increase tourism or newinvestments during the times immediatelysurrounding the games.Britain received about 5 percent fewer foreignvisitors during the month it hosted the 2012Summer Olympics than during the samemonth in 2011. Greece lost 70,000 jobs —mostly in the construction industry — in thethree months immediately after the 2004Summer Olympics in Athens.
Olympic and economicsRio’s Olympic win is Rio’s economic lossThe Olympics are a time for celebration, when nearlyhalf of the world’s population comes together to watchthe dedication and sacrifice required of elite athletes.It’s a time for appreciating the inspirational storiesabout what the games can accomplish for individualathletes and the global community. Unfortunately, theOlympics have also become as much about economicdevelopment as athletics. This is where the fairy taleends, because the games actually do little to lift up theeconomy of the host country.Hosting the Olympics seems like it would give afantastic boost to the local economy. Building massive,shiny new stadiums requires both labor and materials.Tourists from around the globe converge, spendingmoney on the local businesses and paying taxes.
Olympic and economicsOfficials hope to use the Tokyo 2020 Olympics toattract visitors and promote Japanese business andinnovation. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is playing hispart, popping up in Rio dressed as video gamecharacter Mario.The Bank of Japan estimates that the Olympics will liftthe country's economic growth by as much as 0.3percentage points per year through 2018.Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe appeared at theRio Olympics closing ceremony dressed as Nintendocharacter Mario.U.S. economists Robert Baade and Victor Mathesontake a different view. In a paper published in April, theacademics said studies of previous Games show"actual economic impacts that are either near-zero ora fraction of that predicted prior to the event."
Olympic and infrastructureAfter Olympics, Rio Is Altered if Not RebornThere have been cost overruns and complaintsabout spending billions on a mega-event whenteachers have gone unpaid. Critics say upscaleareas have been favored at the expense of slumdwellers. A pledge to clean up Rio de Janeiro’spolluted bay went unfulfilled, while the promiseof law and order now feels like a cruel taunt inthe face of rising crime.But the criticism aside, the 2016 SummerOlympics in Rio have profoundly altered this cityof six million, yielding a revitalized port; a newsubway line; and a flush of municipal projects,big and small, that had long been on the wish listof city planners.
Olympic and infrastructure“If we set aside our political passions, it’s plainto see that the Olympics have created anenormous legacy for Rio,” said Pedro Corrêado Lago, a historian, economist and formerpresident of Brazil’s national library. “Theseare improvements that might have otherwisetaken 20 or 30 years to realize.”To many, it has become an article of faith thatthe modern Olympics are a drain on publiccoffers, a sop to corporate interests and avanity project for glory-seeking leaders hopingto burnish their legacies and their nations’standing on the world stage.
Olympic and infrastructureBrazil is no different. Born seven years ago inthe heady days of an economic boom, theseGames were initially seen as a triumphalcapstone for a newly ascendant global power.Instead, as the country suffered through itsworst recession in decades, the Gamesbecame an emblem of government waste andpolitical hubris — and a target for protesterswho dogged the Olympic torch relay as itwended its way across the countryBut experts say the Games also served as apowerful catalyst for urban revitalization,spurring infrastructure projects, financed withtaxpayer money and private investment, thatwill enhance the lives of Rio’s residents.
Olympic and infrastructureNearly 100 miles of rapid bus lanes have slashedcommuting times for thousands of the working poor.Four new tunnels have been built, and a 17-mile lightrail system opened in June. A new subway line, thesystem’s first major expansion in decades, beganoperating four days before the opening ceremony.The city said it had sped up the construction of morethan 400 schools and health clinics in impoverishedneighborhoods, part of what the mayor called arevitalization spurred by the Olympics.Still, critics say the Games have delivered unevenbenefits, favoring upscale areas like Barra da Tijuca, thesite of the Olympic Village, while ignoring hundreds ofpoor communities where residents live in jerry-builthousing that lacks basic sanitation.
Olympic and infrastructure“The Olympics have led to displacement,gentrification and sweet deals for real estatedevelopers and construction companies,” saidTheresa Williamson, the executive director ofCatalytic Communities, an advocacy group forthe city’s favelas.But while acknowledging the dire state of Rio’spublic finances — the underfunded schools andhospitals, the unpaid government salaries andthe unmitigated misery of its hilltop favelas —some experts say the Olympics will providebenefits for years to come.“It’s undeniable that the infrastructure that hasbeen built for the Games will benefit thepopulation once the Olympics are over,” saidBarbara Mattos, an analyst at Moody’s, the creditrating agency.
Olympic and infrastructureEduardo Paes, Rio’s hard-charging mayor, whohas aspirations of higher office, is quick toswat away criticism of the Games, calling theevent a once-in-a-generation opportunity tolure investment to a city where fortunes havewaned in the nearly six decades since thenational capital moved from Rio to Brasília.“No one ever said the Olympics were going tosolve all of the city’s problems,” Mr. Paes saidin an interview. “But we used the Games as agood excuse to get a lot of things done, thingsthat have been the dream of mayors for 50years.”
Sport tourismBrazil hopes Olympics will pay future tourism dividendsThe head of the Brazilian tourism board is feeling a sense of reliefnow that Rio de Janeiro's turn as host of the 2016 SummerOlympics is over, but now he’s got to start strategizing on how totranslate the pop from the Games into a boost in future tourism.“It's like when you throw a party at your house and there is a sighof relief at the end” because worries about treating people welland making sure they had a good time are over, said ViniciusLummertz, chief of Embratur, the tourism board.But just a few days after Sunday's closing night extravaganza,“people in Rio were already saying we miss it. Being the center ofthe planet was a great sensation,” Lummertz said in a phoneinterview from the Olympic city.Playing on the world stage was a big part of what the Rio Olympicswere all about for Brazil, he said. Despite the country's politicalturmoil, economic downturn, security concerns, an ongoingcorruption scandal, worries about crime, Zika and water pollutionand even a fabricated tale by American swimmers about being thevictims of an armed robbery, Lummertz said Brazil's 16-dayOlympic party was a success.
Sport tourismAll of that turned out to be minor in the face of the success of theGames,” he said. He hopes the beautiful images of a city that sitsbetween the sea and the mountains that were beamed around theworld will be the “lasting impact” of the Rio Games.All told, Brazil hosted 434,000 foreign visitors who spent about 2billion reais ( 617.24 million) during the Games. Some 700,000Brazilians also were on hand in Rio to witness the first OlympicGames in South America. Americans were the top internationalvisitors, accounting for 17 percent of foreign travelers.Some visitors tacked extra days in Brazil after attending Olympicevents. Brazil’s Ministry of Tourism says there were 541,000international tourists in the country from July 1 to Aug. 15. That’san increase of 157,000 tourists over the same period in 2015 — ora nearly 41 percent jump.“We were surprised by the very favorable numbers,” Lummertzsaid. “What was reported before the Games about the risks ofmaking the Games in Brazil was left behind.”
Sport tourismNow the challenge is to keep the momentum andinterest in Rio and Brazil going, said Lummertz.Brazilian tourism officials see Barcelona, whichhas tripled its visitors since hosting the 1992Summer Games, as a model. South Florida’sexperience with Art Basel, which has put it onthe map as an artistic and cultural destination,also is an inspiration for Brazilian tourismofficials. They hope to promote the country’scultural diversity and new art spaces andmuseums in Rio.“The transformation of Rio is very significant forBrazil in general,” Lummertz said. “ We areplanning international media campaigns andpitching more international events, and we’ll alsobe promoting more investment. Brazil is openingup.”
Olympic and technology advancementBrave new world: Rio 2016 Games to showcasetechnological innovationsVolleyball and beach volleyballRio 2016 will be the first Olympic Games in whichvolleyball teams will be able to use video reviewsto challenge a referee's call. A second referee willuse television footage to verify any challengedpoints. Replays will be shown on the big screen inthe arena while the second referee reviews thechallenge, adding to the drama."The crowd will be waiting with bated breath,"says Cristiana Figueira, manager of volleyball atthe Rio 2016 organising committee. "We expect alot of booing and applause.”
Olympic and technology advancementSwimmingIt is not unknown for distance swimmers to lose trackof their lap count, even in elite competitions. At Rio2016, help will be at hand in the shape of digital lapcounters from Omega. The devices will be used in the800m and 1500m freestyle events.The digital lap counters sit at the bottom of each lane,near the turning point. They automatically update thelap count when a swimmer hits the touchpad on thewall.“It means that athletes can focus more on their ownperformance,” says Eduardo Gayotto, swimmingmanager at Rio 2016. “As soon as they turn they cansee how much they have swum."The system was used for the first time at the 2015world championship in Kazan and at the test event forRio 2016 in May.
Olympic and technology advancementCanoe sprint and rowingGPS technology will help fans follow the canoesprint and rowing events in Rio in more detailthan ever before and watch the races in real timeon big screens. Thanks to GPS devices attachedto every vessel, spectators will be able to see keydata such as speed and direction. The system wasused in the test event last year at Lagoa Rodrigode Freitas in southern Rio.“It totally changes the experience for theaudience," says Sebastián Cuattrin, rowingmanager at Rio 2016. "The big screen will make itpossible to see the different tactics used bydifferent teams, in particular when there is achange of speed."
Olympic and technology advancementArcheryIn this most traditional of events, an electronic scoringsystem is replacing the referee's judgement. While theclassic paper targets may look the same, in reality they arenow only the visible face of a high-technology sensorsystem that will transform the spectator experience of thesport."When the arrow hits the target, the system shows thescore on the big screen immediately," says Rio 2016archery manager Luiz Eduardo Almeida. "It is extremelyaccurate and much faster."The new system identifies the exact point of the arrow inthe target within an accuracy of 0.2mm, much moreprecise than the human eye is capable of. The score isdisplayed on the screen just one second after the arrowhits the target.To add to the tension, spectators in Rio will also be able tomonitor athletes' heart rates in real time.
Olympic and technology advancementShootingShooting has used electronic targets since Beijing2008. At Rio 2016, the scoring system has beenupgraded to incorporate laser technology,replacing the previous acoustic system.“We can calculate the score with millimetricprecision,” says Ericson Andreatta, the managerfor shooting at Rio 2016.Advanced technology is also helping to enhancesafety at the sport. Radio-frequencyidentification (RFID) tags will be attached to allguns used at Rio 2016 so that organisers knowwhere every weapon is at any given time.
Olympic and technology advancementWeightliftingWeightlifting is one of the most dramatic ofOlympic sports, a simple but compelling test ofthe limits of human strength. Adding to thespectator experience at Rio 2016 will be acamera dolly that will follow a competitor'severy movement on the platform."We will be able to capture full movements.Normally you need to take it from the side orfrom the front. We've got all angles covered,”says Eduardo Villanova, manager of technicaloperations for weightlifting at Rio 2016.
Olympic and technology advancementVirtual RealityVirtual reality is arriving in the mainstream andthe Olympic Games are no exception. For thefirst time, Olympic Broadcasting Services (OBS)will be broadcasting high-definition images of theopening and closing ceremony in virtual reality,as well as one event per day.In the run-up to the Games, Samsung hasreleased a 360-degree virtual reality film,Vanuatu Dreams, which can be experiencedusing the Korean company's VR glasses. Thethree-minute film follows two beach volleyballplayers from the Pacific island of Vanuatu, MillerPata and Linline Matauatu, in their bid forqualification for Rio 2016.
Olympic and technology advancementWearablesPayment company Visa, in partnership with Brazilianbank Bradesco, has launched an innovative braceletthat visitors to Rio 2016 can use like a contactlesspayment card to pay for goods and services. Thebracelet uses Near Field Communications (NFC)technology to enable transactions. All 4,000 point-ofsale terminals at Olympic venues will be equipped towork with NFC.As well as the new bracelet, Visa is also introducinganother NFC device at Rio, a payment ring backed by aVisa account. The ring will be given to all of the 45athletes sponsored by the company at the Games. Itdoes not require use of a battery or recharging and isalso water resistant to a depth of 50 metres, so Visasponsored Olympic champion Missy Franklin can gofrom the pool to payment all with the tap of her ring.
Olympics & health promotionSPORT AND ACTIVE SOCIETY PROGRAMMESThe IOC has long recognised that it has a significantadvocacy role to play in the promotion of sport andphysical activity at all levels around the world. Thisadvocacy role has been reflected in the OlympicAgenda 2020 – the strategic road map for the future ofthe Olympic Movement - and is part of the "Olympismin action" programmes along with the Olympic Day,Olympic Values and Education, Women in Sport orPeace through Sports programmes for example.The IOC and its Sport and Active Society Commissionhave designed a useful toolkit for organisations acrossthe Olympic Movement that are managing Sport for Allprogrammes available under this section. It providesthem with the knowledge, understanding and toolsneeded to improve existing programmes worldwide, aswell as to create new ones.
Olympics & health promotionWill the Olympics leave a legacy of good health?The rather than improving the nation's health, leading Lord KreOlympic legacyhas promised to create a "healthier, happier, more active nation", so it's ironicthat I spent more time in the last fortnight sitting on my bum glued to the TVthan ever before. But not, perhaps, as ironic as the government's failure thusfar to capitalise on the current wave of enthusiasm for sport with a cohesivestrategy for promoting physical activity.A report just published by the House of Lords Science and TechnologyCommittee entitled "Sport and exercise science and medicine: building on theOlympic legacy to improve the nation's health" expresses surprise anddisappointment in "the apparent lack of joined-up thinking in governmentabout the Olympic health legacy"."While 'sport' belongs to the Department of Culture Media and Sport,'exercise or physical activity' is seen as being within the remit of theDepartment of Health,' says David Stalker, CEO of the Fitness IndustryAssociation (FIA). Hugh Robertson, the minister for sport, openly declared thathis interest was in increasing participation bs, the chairman of the committee,to state: "Government is failing to act in a consistent way to ensure that theOlympics help us tackle one of our greatest health threats – sedentarylifestyles."
Promote Olympism in SocietyOlympism abides by three essential values:excellence, friendship and respect.Olympism is a philosophy of life, exalting andcombining in a balanced whole the qualities ofbody, will and mind. Blending sport with cultureand education, Olympism seeks to create a wayof life based on the joy found in effort, theeducational value of good example and respectfor universal fundamental ethical principles.The goal of the Olympic Movement is tocontribute to building a peaceful and betterworld by educating youth through sportpracticed without discrimination of any kind andin the Olympic spirit, which requires mutualunderstanding with a spirit of friendship,solidarity and fair play.
Promote Olympism in SocietyWomen In SportGender equality is a top priority for theOlympic Movement. The two main aims are tomake access to sport in general and theOlympic Games easier for female athletes, andto increase the number of women in sportsadministration and management
Promote Olympism in SocietyEducation Through SportPierre de Coubertin, the founder of themodern Olympic Movement, believed thatsport contributed to the harmonious and wellbalanced development of the body,personality and mind. As such, interactionbetween sport, education and culture isencouraged by the IOC. The aim is to promoteOlympism and Olympic ideals throughout theworld and reinforce cooperation witheducational institutions and NOCs withprojects especially targeting young people.
Promote Olympism in SocietySocial Development Through SportTo help build a better world through sport, theIOC devises programmes that offer concreteanswers to social inequalities and poverty. TheIOC supports numerous projects incooperation with organisations specialising inhumanitarian aid and development, includingkey NGOs, the United Nations and OlympicMovement stakeholders.
Stronger, higher, but are people anyhappier?With economists challenging the financial justification for hosting the Olympics, politicians willrequire new arguments to sell the games to sceptical electorates. Perhaps they could rely onnew research published in a paper this month called The Olympic Games: Faster, higher,stronger — but does it make people happier?Over the past few years, behavioural scientists, psychologists and economists have increasinglydelved into happiness theory. One of the standards that researchers use is “subjectivewellbeing” (SWB), a measure of how people experience the quality of their lives that includesboth conscious thought and emotional reactions.
Stronger, higher, but are people anyhappier?A group of academics in the US, UK and France worked together to establish whether the SWBof London’s citizenry rose before, during and after the city held the 2012 summer games. To doso, they interviewed 26,000 people living in London, Berlin and Paris between 2011 and 2013.Stefan Szymanski, one of the researchers behind the study, says the results provide the firstrecorded evidence of an “Olympics effect” for host cities that does not appear on a balancesheet. He says there was “a measurable increase in happiness in London in 2012, compared withParis and Berlin.”But politicians may have to act fast to capitalise on this spike in local joy. The academics alsoconclude: “The effects do not last very long, however, and the games show no effect on SWB ayear later. The host with the most. But not for long.”
London Olympics & Tourism Contrary to popular belief, it’s not even clear that the games increase tourism or new investments during the times immediately surrounding the games. Britain received about 5 percent fewer foreign visitors during the month it hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics than during the same month in 2011. Greece lost 70,000 jobs —
Olympic Winter Games medals Olympic Winter Games posters Olympic Summer Games posters Olympic Summer Games mascots Olympic Winter Games mascots The sports pictograms of the Olympic Summer Games The sports pictograms of the Olympic Winter Games The IOC, the Olympic Movement and the Olympic Games The Olympic programme evolution Torches and torch .
Olympic Summer Games posters Olympic Summer Games mascots Olympic Winter Games mascots The IOC, the Olympic Movement and the Olympic Games The Olympic programme evolution The Olympic stadiums of the Summer Games The sports pictograms of the Olympic Summer Games The sports pictograms of the Olympic Winter Games .
Olympic Games and other Olympic Games marks, mascots, pictograms and posters, the wordmarks "Olympic", "Olympic Games" and "Olympiad", the Olympic motto "Citius, Altius, Fortius" and any English or other language translations of the same, and other Olympic-related terminology.
debut of women's boxing at the London 2012 Olympic Games to be a great success. The International Federation believes that the Olympic programme will benefit from including women's boxing in future Olympic Games. Lastly, the boxing competitions at the London Olympic Games received great support and participation from the public, television,
the Games of the VII Olympiad. - Since 1924, the Olympic flag has been raised solemnly during the Opening Ceremony of the Games in the Olympic stadium. - The Olympic flag for the Olympic Winter Games was given to the IOC by the mayor of Oslo in 1952. - After the World War II, the IOC persua
‒ The XI Olympic Winter Games Sapporo 1972: Official report, Sapporo: The Organizing Committee for the XIth Olympic Winter Games, 1973, pp. 342, 411. ‒ Miquel De Moragas Spà, "Pictograms in the history of the Olympic Games", Olympic Message, 1992, no. 34, p. 43.
The Games organised at Olympia led to the development of the Panhellenic Games. These included: - The Games at Olympia (Olympic Games): every four years - The Games at Delphi (Pythian Games), 582 B.C.: every four years (third year of each Olympiad) - The Games at the Isthmus of Corinth (Isthmian Games), from 580 B.C.:
Olympic Summer Games-specific content . Olympic Winter Games-specific content . Paralympic Games-specific content . numbers and statistics . previous Games examples. Evolving content Each edition of the Olympic Games brings innovation, responding to the context of the host cit
