Seven Important Building Design Features To Enhance School .
Seven Important Building Design Features to Enhance School SafetyDeveloped for the Indiana School Safety Specialist’s Academy – Indiana Department of EducationSeven ImportantBuilding DesignFeatures toEnhance SchoolSafety and SecurityBuilding Design, Renovation and Front Entry Conceptsto Enhance School Safety, Security, Climate, Cultureand Emergency PreparednessContributors:Michael Dorn, Dr. Randall Atlas, Tod Schneider, Chris Dorn,Phuong Nguyen, Steve Satterly, Chief Russell Bentley, Chief Rod Ellis,Corey Goble, Ulric Bellaire, Rachel Wilson and Morgan Billinger.Release Date: November 19th, 2014Prepared by Safe Havens Internationalfor the Indiana School Safety Specialist’s Academy,a division of the Indiana Department of EducationP.O. Box 27390Macon, GA. 31221-7390Phone: (478) 994-1417Fax: (404) 759-2790safehavensinternational.org 2014 Safe Havens International Inc.South Tower Suite 600115 W. Washington StreetIndianapolis, IN 46204Voice: (317) 232-6975www.doe.in.gov/safetyPage 1 of 20
Seven Important Building Design Features to Enhance School SafetyDeveloped for the Indiana School Safety Specialist’s Academy – Indiana Department of EducationIntroductionThere are many opportunities to enhance school safety, security, climate, culture andemergency preparedness through physical design features. This guide introduces somekey concepts that can reduce the risk of harm while also enhancing the ability ofbuilding occupants to avoid or reduce injury and death if a crisis does happen. SafeHavens International (SHI) produced this document at no cost for the Indiana SchoolSafety Specialist’s Academy (ISSSA). Our analysts drew from the experience we havegained through assisting in six statewide school security assessment projects and ourwork in assessing security for more than 6,000 K12 schools globally.We also relied on our extensive experience in working with architects and engineersto help design safer schools. The seven building design features highlighted in thisdocument were selected because they are among the most common features that aremissed in new school construction and renovation projects. While there are a numberof other important school safety design features, these are opportunities forimprovement that we observe with the most frequency in our assessment work andour security reviews for renovations and new school construction projects. Theseconcepts are part of a larger body of knowledge known as Crime Prevention ThroughEnvironmental Design (CPTED).This document is intended to provide general guidance on safer school design. It isnot designed to replace advice or evaluation by qualified school security experts,architects, engineers and other professionals. Schools should also consult with localand state public safety officials when seeking opportunities to enhance safety,security and emergency preparedness. The reader should keep in mind that securityhardware, systems, protocols and procedures are often easily compromised ifstudents and staff are not also properly trained, supervised and informed on usingthese features. Our experience in thousands of public and non-public schools hastaught us that effective security approaches are intensively reliant upon propersupport by school employees and students if we expect them to be reasonablyeffective.Finally, there are no school safety measures that are 100 percent reliable. Somesafety and security incidents can still occur in spite of any and all precautions.However, while no school can assure school safety, there are many opportunities tosignificantly enhance school safety, security, climate, culture and emergencypreparedness and thus reduce the opportunity for the risk of crime and accidentsthrough thoughtful planning and design.Feature 1: Positive Body Language as an Influence on School SafetyPositive school body language created through décor and culture should be consideredan inherent and important part of school security. Relevant and appropriate murals,student artwork, and color schemes help improve school climate and culture.Research shows that when students feel a connection to the building, they are less 2014 Safe Havens International Inc.Page 2 of 20
Seven Important Building Design Features to Enhance School SafetyDeveloped for the Indiana School Safety Specialist’s Academy – Indiana Department of Educationlikely to vandalize it and more likely to prevent or report vandalism. This is part of aCPTED concept known as territoriality. In some buildings, the history of the schoolitself can be used as one of the focal points of the design. In other cases, bright andresilient flooring can be an excellent way to connect students, staff and parents to aschool. New building construction and renovation projects are excellent opportunitiesto set a positive tone. This is also an excellent opportunity to create spaces thatstudents will appreciate, use and protect. The photos on this page demonstrate waysthat positive body language can be created through incorporation of artwork andinviting color schemes into the building design itself. Safe Havens International/Michael S. DornPhoto courtesy of Bibb County Public Schools,Macon, Georgia. Safe Havens International/Michael S. DornPhoto courtesy of the First Academy,Orlando, Florida.With these concepts in mind, we must always remember that schools are notcourthouses, airports, or corporate buildings. To enhance safety and security, aschool should visibly and distinctly give the appearance of a place of learning, evenafter safety and security measures are implemented. Concepts that work in othersettings might fail to improve security in schools or even reduce the level of security. Safe Havens International/Chris DornPhoto courtesy of Rocketship Education. 2014 Safe Havens International Inc.Page 3 of 20
Seven Important Building Design Features to Enhance School SafetyDeveloped for the Indiana School Safety Specialist’s Academy – Indiana Department of EducationThese three photos are examples of positive body language built into the design of a newlyconstructed school with an international curriculum. Photos courtesy of Norman PublicSchools, Norman, Oklahoma. Safe Havens International/Chris Dorn Safe Havens International/Chris Dorn Safe Havens International/Chris DornThe photo below demonstrates how even school bathrooms can be used to give positive bodylanguage to the facility and create positive territoriality. The use of murals in studentbathrooms and in stairwells can be particularly effective in creating a greater connectionbetween students and their schools since these areas are often drab and uninviting. Photocourtesy of Bibb County Public Schools, Macon, Georgia. Safe Havens International/Chris Dorn 2014 Safe Havens International Inc.Page 4 of 20
Seven Important Building Design Features to Enhance School SafetyDeveloped for the Indiana School Safety Specialist’s Academy – Indiana Department of Education Safe Havens International/Michael S. DornThis is an excellent example of how schools can communicate desired behaviors of studentsin an upbeat and positive manner. Photo courtesy of National Heritage Academy Schools.Feature 2: Natural SurveillanceResearch shows that natural surveillance has a very powerful deterrence effect oncrime because aggressors are afraid that people can see their activities. Naturalsurveillance primarily involves the ability of people to see each other and to be seenby others without technology. It can even exist where a person who is consideringcommitting a crime merely perceives that they are being watched. It can also meanthe ability for people to hear one another to prevent victimization.One example of the application of this concept is a restroom with a “lazy S” entrywaylike those that are commonly seen in airports and other public spaces. People alsooften feel safer in locations with optimal natural surveillance. In schools whereexisting bathrooms have doors, these can sometimes be propped open by practice oreven removed if this will still allow for an adequate level of privacy for students usingthe restroom. One other option is to replace a solid door with a door that features anair vent to allow better audio monitoring. These types of practices must also bereviewed to prevent fire and code violations. 2014 Safe Havens International Inc.Page 5 of 20
Seven Important Building Design Features to Enhance School SafetyDeveloped for the Indiana School Safety Specialist’s Academy – Indiana Department of Education Safe Havens International/Rachel WilsonThis student restroom isdesigned to give anappropriate level ofprivacy to studentswhile allowing staff toeasily supervise studentswhile they are in therestroom and when theywash their hands. Thelocation of the sink inthe hallway encourageshand washing and canalso reduce bullying thatsometimes takes placeat restroom sinks. Photocourtesy of Rock HillSchools, Rock Hill, SouthCarolina.Natural surveillance and line of sight should be enhanced and maximized asappropriate throughout the building. The thoughtful placement of windows in relationto student bicycle racks and visitor parking lots is another way to enhance visibility oncampus and reduce undesirable privacy and blind spots in critical areas. When utilizedin balance, this approach can actually reduce danger and make people feel saferwhile making those with inappropriate and unlawful intent less comfortable. Thesedesign features should be balanced with severe weather and lockdown concerns.There can also be unusual situations where increasing natural surveillance canincrease risk. For example, an independent school where children of celebrities orhigh-ranking government officials might require visual barriers for a playground due tothe risk of abduction or an attempt on the life of a high-profile child. Safe Havens International/Chris Dorn 2014 Safe Havens International Inc.This entryway is designed sothat staff members inside thebuilding can easily observevisitors. This type of naturalsurveillance also depends onstaff maintaining visibilitythrough windows and the properplacement of well-markedvisitor parking spaces to directthese vehicles to appropriateareas that can be monitoredfrom the front office or otheroccupied interior spaces withwindows facing parking lots.Page 6 of 20
Seven Important Building Design Features to Enhance School SafetyDeveloped for the Indiana School Safety Specialist’s Academy – Indiana Department of EducationLandscaping andtrees are anotherarea where naturalsurveillance iscommonly lost. Bycarefully choosingplants that willallow for naturalsurveillance withthe selectedbuilding design, lineof sight can bevastly improved. Inthis example, thetrees and shrubswould not pose aproblem if they areproperly maintainedand trimmed. Safe Havens International/Rachel WilsonFeature 3: Natural Access Control and Front Office Set-upNatural access control is another CPTED concept that can help staff members controla campus by creating boundaries between public and private space and directingpeople to appropriate areas. For example, fences, hedgerows, walls and othergeographic or building features can be used to define the edge of campus and guidevisitors to the main entrance of the school. Safe Havens International/Rachel Wilson 2014 Safe Havens International Inc.This is how oneRocketship charterschool campus hascreated a welldefined boundarybetween the parkinglot and the school.The use of brightpaint to match schoolcolors also maintainsthe sense that this isa place of learningand avoids creating aprison-likeappearance. Thisphoto appearscourtesy ofRocketship Education.Page 7 of 20
Seven Important Building Design Features to Enhance School SafetyDeveloped for the Indiana School Safety Specialist’s Academy – Indiana Department of EducationDesign features can also help protect front office areas. For example, campuses witha single point of entry for visitors can guide visitors to the front office where they canbe screened and given a visitor badge after signing in. Well-designed front entryvestibules can allow staff to control access remotely. These areas also typicallyrequire either natural surveillance or visibility through the use of cameras or mirrors,as well as a method for staff to speak to visitors, such as a window or an intercom callbox. Designs that enhance natural surveillance (such as glass office windows) and theuse of high countertops can all enhance the security of the front office suite. Safe Havens International/Michael S. DornThe visitor reception desk should be inviting but allow control of movement. In the abovephoto, staff can easily see visitors as they approach, and by locking the set of doors to theleft after student arrival, visitors can be naturally funneled through the main office wherethey can be screened. This entry could be further secured by adding a door with buzzeraccess in the doorway leading from the office into the school. Photo courtesy of South HavenMichigan Public Schools. Safe Havens International/Michael S. Dorn 2014 Safe Havens International Inc.Pleasant but clear signage can help letvisitors understand that they need to stopand sign in as they enter the school. Onetactic sometimes used by individuals withmalicious intent is to avoid the frontoffice area or attempt to bypass sign-inprocedures. Obvious signage combinedwith natural access control features is oneway to make it more difficult for a personto do so, and gives staff members moreauthority and confidence whenconfronting visitors who have not signedin. Photo courtesy of National HeritageAcademy Charter Schools.Page 8 of 20
Seven Important Building Design Features to Enhance School SafetyDeveloped for the Indiana School Safety Specialist’s Academy – Indiana Department of EducationApplying security films, protective laminates, or clear ballistic protective barriers onfront entry glass can slow down an aggressor who tries to shoot or smash his or herway into the school. However, school officials should be aware that aggressors maystill be able to force their way through these barriers with enough force, andtrespassers may also gain access through side doors or classroom windows that are notsimilarly treated. In addition, these protective measures are very expensive and havelimitations such as deteriorating protective capabilities as they age. Some of thesetypes of barriers are also typically fairly thick and are reliant upon how they aremounted into the window frame. These features can also create a false sense ofsecurity among staff who assume that anyone who is in the building has passedthrough the front office.School officials should also consider that if ballistic protection is not offered forsupportive walls and doors, an aggressor might be able to shoot through these areasto bypass the main entrance. Overall costs of this approach should be weighed againstfactors including the likelihood they will ever actually be needed, available budgetand whether or not greater safety needs have been addressed. For example, whilethere have been very few instances where aggressors have shot through windows inK12 schools, there have been many instances where school officials have haddifficulty warning students and staff who are outdoors because of poor or nonexistentexternal public address systems. This can be especially critical when tornadoes,hazardous materials or potentially dangerous people or animals are in the area.Feature 4: Traffic Safety EquipmentSchool-related traffic fatalities are a leading cause of death for K12 students. Designfeatures relating to traffic safety should be thoughtfully implemented, wellmaintained, visible and easily understandable to students, staff and visitors. Safe Havens International/Michael S. Dorn 2014 Safe Havens International Inc.Physical traffic safetyfeatures such as the safetylines, marked crosswalk andbrightly colored metalbollards shown in this photoshould be combined withpositive staff practices, suchas these school staff who areequipped with high visibilitysafety vests, high volumewhistles and portable radiosas they assist students inexiting vehicles duringmorning arrival. Photocourtesy of National HeritageAcademy Charter Schools.Page 9 of 20
Seven Important Building Design Features to Enhance School SafetyDeveloped for the Indiana School Safety Specialist’s Academy – Indiana Department of EducationThoughtful signage, bollards, roll stops, raised crossings, and other physical featurescan be used to make parking areas and access roads safer and easier to navigate. Forexample, schools serving large populations of students whose parents and guardiansspeak a foreign language should consider signage in those languages. In addition,signage can help staff members, students, and even visitors become what are knownas “capable guardians” – those who have the ability and the motivation to exert somelevel of protection over an area. One way of creating capable guardians out of visitorsand students is signage that provides a set of rules as well as a mechanism, such as aphone number or an emergency call box that would allow a person to reportinappropriate behavior or call for help. The key is to use signage, design features andcampus layout in an integrated fashion to direct users to appropriate areas. Paint,signage and other equipment should be well maintained and updated as needed. Safe Havens International/Chris DornPhoto courtesy of Leander Independent School District, Leander, Texas. Safe Havens International/Ulric Bellaire Safe Havens International/Ulric BellaireAppropriately placed and well-maintained gates, signage and traffic control features such asbollards and curbing can make it easier for staff to control parking areas and preventundesirable vehicular behavior. Parking lot features such as winding roadways can also helpto reduce speed and increase the time available where staff can observe vehicles and visitorsas they approach the building. 2014 Safe Havens International Inc.Page 10 of 20
Seven Important Building Design Features to Enhance School SafetyDeveloped for the Indiana School Safety Specialist’s Academy – Indiana Department of EducationDesigning school buildings and grounds in such a way that school bus drop-off andpick-up areas, parent car drop-off and pick-up areas, and staff parking areas arephysically separated can alleviate traffic issues. Optimally, school bus loading andparent/student drive areas should be on opposite sides of the building. Similarly, theroad providing school bus access to the school grounds should be separate from theroad providing parent and staff access. Any connections between the two areasshould be gated, to restrict access during heavy traffic periods. Clear signage andsupport with consistent enforcement is an important part of this strategy to preventvehicles other than buses from using these areas.According to a State Farm Insurance article titled Prevent Parking Lot Accidents, theirresearch found that 20 percent of all vehicular accidents happen in parking lots.Those that occur in school parking lots are often in areas in which school buses andpersonal automobiles intersect. A number of students have died after being struck byschool buses, including incidents in Indiana, Ohio and Georgia, just to name a few.One other way to make bus loading and unloading zones safer is to create clearbarriers between the sidewalk and the roadway. One way of doing this is to createfencing or gates that would make it more difficult for students to accidentally enterthe roadway. Painted curbs, signs, and consistent enforcement of these policies byschool staff are other important parts of this strategy. Safe Havens International/Chris DornThis fencing with periodic gaps (spaced one bus length apart) can be an effective way to helpprevent students from entering the roadway during bus loading when accompanied by driverand staff training. Photo courtesy of Leander Indep
Seven Important Building Design Features to Enhance School Safety Developed for the Indiana School Safety Specialist’s Academy – Indiana Department of Education Introduction There are many opportunities to enhance school safety, security, climate, culture and emergency preparedness through physical design features. This guide introduces some
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