Dairy Module 4: Feed And Nutrition - Clemson University
DairyModule 4: Feed and NutritionMark Cathcart, Tina Horn, and Alana West
ObjectivesIn this module, you will learn the distinctive characteristics of a ruminantanimal, the parts and functions of their digestive system, and their dietaryneeds.You will also learn about some ingredients used in a dairy cow’ feed ration.
Learning Objectives: Cloverbud (ages 5-8) should: Know what a ruminant is Be able to name 2 ruminant animals Be able to distinguish the difference between a forage and a concentrate Junior (ages 9-13) should: Be able to name the parts of the rumen Be able to identify 3 ruminant animals Know the difference between a forage and a concentrate and identifyexamples of each Senior (ages 14-18) should: Be able to name the parts of the rumen and their function Know what determines the dietary needs of a dairy cow at differentstages of her life Know the nutrients needed by a dairy cow
Nutrition Overview Ruminants Parts of the ruminant stomach and their function Feed/Rations Forages Concentrates Commodity Feeds Supplemental Feeds Vitamins and Minerals Total Mixed Rations
The RuminantWhy can a dairy cow eat grass, but other farm animals andhumans cannot?Cows are RUMINANTS (mammals that can digest cellulose fromplants and chew their cud).Ruminants have a different type of digestive system; rather thana small stomach like people, cows have a very large, four-partstomach.Other ruminants include: sheep, goats, bison, buffalo, deer,antelopes, giraffes, and camels.
The Ruminant StomachThese fourspecializedcompartments arepopulated by billionsof bacteria andprotozoathat enable cows todigest foods wecould never eat!Each of these compartments is responsible for helping todigest feed such as hay, silage, and grass.
RumenThe rumen is the largest stomachcompartment, with a capacity of 40-50gallons or 300 lbs. of feed!Known as the fermentation vat, therumen stores food and allows forfermentation of the feed.Bacteria, fungi, and protozoa are types of microorganisms that live inthe rumen and digest feed.This compartment makes up 25% of the newborn calf’s stomachcapacity and 80% of the mature cow’s stomach capacity.
ReticulumIt is also known as the honeycomb.The closest stomach compartmentto the heart.Cows do not chew their food thoroughly. Therefore, foreign materials suchas nails, stones, etc. can collect here. Sometimes this can causes adisorder known as traumatic gastritis or“hardware disease”.Farmers often give their cows magnets to prevent the sharp metals frompuncturing the heart.
OmasumThe omasum is also called manyplies.The main function of the omasumis the dehydration of partiallydigested feed.AbomasumThe abomasum is the enzyme and acidsecreting portion of the ruminantstomach.The abomasum is also called the truestomach,and is much like a human’s stomach.Wondering how toremember thecompartments in thecorrect order? Hint: the arebackwards alphabetically.
Now that we know she is a ruminant,how do we feed a dairy cow?What we feed a dairy cow is calleda ration. Rations are most oftenput together by a nutritionist.This is what a dairy cow needs inher diet (ration).ProteinEnergyFiberVitaminsMineralsWater
A Balanced DietIn order to properly calculate a dairy animal’s ration, manyquestions must be answered. What is her ?Cow Milk production level Breed Stage of lactation Body condition Current production(pounds, fat %, andprotein %)Calf Age Body condition Average daily gain(ADG) you wantHeifer Age Breed Body condition ADG Is she pregnant? Ifyes, how close is sheto calving?
What is used to meet those nutritional needs?ForagesConcentrates
ForagesForages are the vegetative portion ofplants in a fresh, dried, or ensiled state.Because a dairy cow is a ruminant,she can utilized forages to meet mostof her nutritional needs.Forages are the foundation of a dairyc
Know what a ruminant is Be able to name 2 ruminant animals Be able to distinguish the difference between a forage and a concentrate Junior (ages 9-13) should: Be able to name the parts of the rumen Be able to identify 3 ruminant animals Know the difference between a forage and a concentrate and identify examples of each
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