Metal Nickel Foam As An Efficient And Stable Electrode For .
Supporting InformationMetal Nickel Foam as an Efficient and StableElectrode for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction inAcidic Electrolyte under ReasonableOverpotentialsJia Lu§, Tanli Xiong§, Weijia Zhou §,*, Linjing Yang§, Zhenghua Tang§, Shaowei Chen§,＃,*§New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South ChinaUniversity of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510006, China＃Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 1156 High Street,Santa Cruz, California 95064, USACorresponding Author*Email: eszhouwj@scut.edu.cn (W.J.Z.); shaowei@ucsc.edu (S.W.C.)S-1
Experimental SectionMaterialsNi foam (Ni), titanium mesh (Ti), aluminum foil (Al), iron plate (Fe), and platinum foil (Pt)were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagents Beijing Co.Structural CharacterizationsScanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis was carried out with a FEI NOVA NanoSEM430 field-emission microscope. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) measurements wereperformed using a PHI X-tool instrument (Ulvac-Phi).Electrochemical MeasurementsElectrochemical measurements were performed with an electrochemical workstation (CHI760C, CH Instruments Inc.) in a 0.5 M H2SO4 aqueous solution. A saturated calomelelectrode (SCE, saturated KCl) and carbon cloth (1 2 cm2) were used as the reference andcounter electrode, respectively. The metal sheets (Ni, Fe, Al, and Ti) with geometric area of 1 1 cm2 were directly used as binder-free working electrodes. Polarization curves wereacquired by sweeping the potential from 0 to 0.5 V (vs. RHE) at a potential sweep rate of 5mV s 1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out with an amplitude of10 mV and frequency range from 100 kHz to 0.01 Hz. The main arc in each EIS spectrumwas fitted using a simplified Randles equivalent circuit, which consisted of a resistance (Rs)in series with a parallel arrangement of a charge-transfer resistance (Rct) and a constant phaseelement (CPE), and the fitting parameters were estimated through the application of theLevenberg-Marquardt minimization procedure. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to probethe electrochemical double layer capacitance at nonfaradaic potentials as a means to estimatethe effective electrode surface area. Accelerated stability tests were performed in 0.5 MH2SO4 at room temperature by current-time responses monitored by chronoamperometricmeasurements. The hydrogen gas production rate was quantified by gas chromatographicmeasurements (GC-2060F, LuNan Analytical Instruments, LTD, China).S-2
Table S1. The comparison of HER performance among Ni foam electrode and reported 3Delectrodes in 0.5 M H2SO4.ElectrodesCoS2 nanowire arrayMoSx grown on graphene-protected3D Ni foamEdge-oriented MoS2 nanoporousfilms3D WS2nanolayers@heteroatom-dopedgraphene filmsCobalt sulfidenanosheet/graphene/carbonnanotubeCoSe2 nanoparticles grown oncarbon fiber paperNi foamOnsetpotential(mV erpotential (mV,10 210OurworkFigure S1. Polarization curves for HER in 0.5 M H2SO4 on the Ni foam and platinum foil(Pt). The calculation method of onset potential: Firstly, deducting current density of electricdouble layer, herein, 1 mA cm-2; Second, the potential at 1 mA cm-2 is onset potential, hereinare -18 mV for Pt and -84 mV for Ni foam, respectively.S-3
Figure S2. Current–time plots of the Ni foam electrode at the applied potential of 0.43 V (vs.RHE) for 5 days.Figure S3. The XRD patterns of Ni foam before (black curve) and after i-t test (red curve).Figure S4. The TEM images (a) and HRTEM images (b) of Ni foam after i-t test.S-4
Figure S5. Current-time plots of the Ni foam electrode at the applied potential of 0.23 V (vs.RHE) for 16 h. Inset is the photos of electrolyte after i-t testing with different appliedpotentials of 0.23 V for 16 h and 0.43 V for 15 h, respectively.S-5
References(1) Faber, M. S.; Dziedzic, R.; Lukowski, M. A.; Kaiser, N. S.; Ding, Q.; Jin, S.High-Performance Electrocatalysis Using Metallic Cobalt Pyrite (CoS2) Micro-andNanostructures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 10053-10061.(2) Chang, Y. H.; Lin, C. T.; Chen, T. Y.; Hsu, C. L.; Lee, Y. H.; Zhang, W.; Wei, K. H.; Li, L.J.HighlyEfficient ElectrocatalyticHydrogenProductionby MoSxGrownonGraphene-Protected 3d Ni Foams. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 756-760.(3) Yang, Y.; Fei, H.; Ruan, G.; Xiang, C.; Tour, J. M. Edge-Oriented MoS2 NanoporousFilms as Flexible Electrodes for Hydrogen Evolution Reactions and Supercapacitor Devices.Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 8163-8168.(4) Duan, J.; Chen, S.; Chambers, B. A.; Andersson, G. G.; Qiao, S. Z. 3d WS2Nanolayers@ Heteroatom-Doped Graphene Films as Hydrogen Evolution Catalyst Electrodes.Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 4234-4241.(5) Peng, S.; Li, L.; Han, X.; Sun, W.; Srinivasan, M.; Mhaisalkar, S. G.; Cheng, F.; Yan, aphene/CarbonNanotubeNanocomposites as Flexible Electrodes for Hydrogen Evolution. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014,53, 12594-12599.(6) Kong, D.; Wang, H.; Lu, Z.; Cui, Y. CoSe2 Nanoparticles Grown on Carbon Fiber Paper:An Efficient and Stable Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2014, 136, 4897-4900.S-6
Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis was carried out with a FEI NOVA NanoSEM 430 field-emission microscope. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) measurements were performed using a PHI X-tool instrument (Ulvac-Phi). Electrochemical Measurements Electrochemical measurements were performed with an electrochemical workstation (CHI
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Non-Fire Fighting Products PAGE 10 Foam Compatibility PAGE 11 Foam Standards PAGE 12 Why is Foam Testing Required? PAGE 14 Foam Test Reports PAGE 15 How to Take Foam Samples PAGE 16 Foam Test Kits PAGE 18 Foam Testing Equipment & Training PAGE 20 Environmental Issues PAGE 21 www.firefightingfoam.com.
was some improvement. Removal of nickel from the spent electroless nickel bath was 81.81% at 5 A/dm 2 and pH 4.23. Under this condition, the content of nickel was reduced to 0.94 g/L from 5.16 g/L. with 62.97% current efficiency. Keywords: Electroless bath, Nickel, Electrolytic reduction, Nickel Recovery, Current efficiency. Introduction
Foam content in mix :ak 0.012 0.010 0.013 0.008 n. Foam volume required additional :mx 1000 15% 12 10 13 8 o. Foam output :measure flow rates p. Time of pumping :n/o q. Actual density of foam concrete (wet) :measure (weight) 1048 1099 1043 1091 Table 1.0 : Design mixes for foam concrete specimens All foam concrete specimens were cast in steel .
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