The Portrait Of The Mother In “Mother Courage And Her .
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCHVol. IV, Issue 12/ March 2017ISSN 2286-4822www.euacademic.orgImpact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF)DRJI Value: 5.9 (B )The Portrait of the Mother in “Mother Courageand Her Children” by Bertolt BrechtABDULJALEEL FADHIL JAMILAssistant LecturerCollege of Fine Arts, University of BaghdadIraqAbstract:The main aims of this paper is to show the reader that theimportance of female in any society whether she is a mother, a sister, adaughter or a hard worker. She is a crucial component in anycommunity. The image of woman in general and as a mother inparticular has a great impact in all domains of life.The mother's task becomes more complex. She devotes her lifeto the demanding task of caring for her children and providing for thefamily living. As mothers entered the work force they are pulledbetween two rather powerful and contradicting riptides be more dotingand self-sacrificing.Brecht tries to focus on the idea or theme of mother during hisplay Mother Courage and Her Children, that deals with a mother as abusinesswoman and at the same time how she does lose her childrenbecause of her greed and business in a very vivid description, details,incidents, and circumstances that develop throughout the course of theplay that Brecht tries to make his dramatic works as an instrumentand a source of new ideas for change.Key words: “Mother Courage and Her Children”, Bertold Brecht,portrait of the mother10449
Abduljaleel Fadhil Jamil- The Portrait of the Mother in “Mother Courage andHer Children” by Bertolt BrechtINTRODUCTIONDue to the significance of the role of mother in the family andthe whole society, many playwrights and critics tackle thetheme of mother's role and her relationship with her children.In any culture, the mother-child relationship is one ofthe most mysterious and complex relationships. The economic,social and political changes in late nineteenth century and earlytwentieth century have enormous impact on the role of themother and her relationships with her children, and stability ofthe family and its unity. The mother is the essential and thepivot of the family; hence many dramatists depict the effect ofthese changes on mother's role and her family. They depictsocial life and the suffering of the family to raise theconsciousness of the audience to make them aware of theirproblems1.The playwrights such as Bernard Shaw, Brecht andTennessee William explore the effect of capitalism, war, povertyon the mother's role and her family. Each playwright depicts amother who attempts to survive with her children underpowerful social and economic forces.The main aim of this paper is mainly concerned with theanalysis of the character of the mother and her role in shapingthe life of her children2.MOTHERHOODThe mother is mainly associated with love, tenderness,sacrifice, kindness, and self-denial. She is the source of life andprotection. Human beings could not survive and exist withouther support and care. She is the embodiment of life itself.The mother is a symbol of morality and dignity.Religions all over the world whether Christianity or Islam,accord very important place to motherhood, it is a holy task anda sacred duty. Maternity is widely exalted realm for theEUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. IV, Issue 12 / March 201710450
Abduljaleel Fadhil Jamil- The Portrait of the Mother in “Mother Courage andHer Children” by Bertolt Brechtwoman. Hence, religious imagery sentimentalizes and idealizesmotherhood. Maternity is a powerful spiritual path for womento take3.The mother's role is not limited to the idea of theresponsibility of carrying and birthing a child, but it alsoincludes offering this child all life's necessities, including a safe,stable home adequate education, and unconditional love, andsupport. Hence, the word mother not only signifies the action ofgiving birth, but also the action of loving, protecting andnurturing offspring.Motherhood is a crucial subject in modern drama.Motherhood and family life embody an important dilemma, onewhich reflects the strains of a changing family structure.Motherhood is often defined as an automatic set offeelings and behaviours that is switched on by pregnancy andthe birth of a baby. It is an experience that is said to beprofoundly shaped by social context and culture. The main rolefor the mother is carrying the responsibility of rising a childwith care and love in good manner and condition. This work isseen as a natural duty for mothers to do4.As Toni Morrison said mothering is "a liberating thing",hence motherhood liberates the woman to a free self. Thewoman by all means and feelings tries to convey the importanceand joy of birth. The mother must know how to rear herchildren with values that she thinks are important5.Literary and artistic works through the ages dwell onthe attributes of motherhood and family relationships. Thefamily is the central institution of society, and the household isthe main unit of activity, and the family relationships are thechief channels.EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. IV, Issue 12 / March 201710451
Abduljaleel Fadhil Jamil- The Portrait of the Mother in “Mother Courage andHer Children” by Bertolt BrechtBERTOLT BRECHT'S MOTHER COURAGE AND HERCHILDRENBrecht was one of the most prominent figures in the 20 thcentury theatre. Brecht, the German playwright was born inAugsburg, Bavaria on February 10th, 1898. As a playwright, hewas deeply influenced by Charlie Chaplin and Karl Marx. Thisstrange combination of inspiration produced Brecht’s twistedsense of humor as well as the political beliefs within his plays.He challenged Aristotelian model of tragic destiny 6.Brecht examines the different nature of war in his plays.He examines civil war, war of conflicting ideologies, and warbetween scientific truth and religious certainties. He calls forpeace and condemns war in all its forms. The horrors of war arerepresented mainly in Mother Courage and Her Children(1941), The Caucasian Chalk (1944), The Life of Galilo (1938),and Drums in the Night (1919).Brecht's play touch upon a variety of themes, they dealwith the infirmity of the present world. He deals with life in avery realistic and authentic manner. As a dramatist, he iscommitted to the faithful dramatization of human situation.Other themes that he deals with like religion, war, capitalism,and socio-economic conditions of everyday living 7.Brecht as a playwright is very famous for hisrevolutionary ideas about theatre. He developed his owntheatrical style and various techniques. He attempts to create arevolutionary theatre. He began theorizing about theatre andpolitics in his early twenties. He is well-known for developing anew style of theatre which is termed Epic Theatre. By usingthis new technique, Brecht wanted to distance his audiencefrom the empathy they felt in dramatic theatre so that theywould remain conscious of the problems of the dramatist wasexploring8.In Epic Theatre, the social problem addressed should notbe resolved in the theatre, but people should be inspired to goEUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. IV, Issue 12 / March 201710452
Abduljaleel Fadhil Jamil- The Portrait of the Mother in “Mother Courage andHer Children” by Bertolt Brechtout and solve it. Brecht's wish is to move the theatricalspectator away from empathy or identification with the play'scharacters. He wants his audience to motivate their minds andnot their hearts. Brecht's style attempted to remind theaudience of their being in a theatre watching a play 9.One of the most important principles was what Brechtcalled called the Verfremdungseffekt (translated as"defamiliarization effect", "distancing effect", or "estrangementeffect". So, the spectator in the Epic Theatre is an observer, orhe questions and analyses what is happening, using reasoninstead of feelings.Epic Theatre is a term that the German playwrightBertolt Brecht in 1920s, applied to his plays. By the word"epic", Brecht signified primarily his attempt to emulate on thestage the objectivity of the narration in Homeric epic toencourage his audience to criticize and oppose, rather than toaccept the social conditions and modes of behaviour thatfrequently, and his Epic Theatre has had an importantinfluence on such playwright as Edward Bord in England, andTony Kushaer in America.Brecht wanted his audiences to adopt a criticalperspective in order to recognize social injustice andexploitation, making the theatre a spring-board for effectivechange in the world outside. Brecht attempts in his plays toshow the utter rottenness of bourgeois, and capitalist society.He has a belief that audience will see a new society that willreplace the old one and this will be achieved by justice.Brecht wanted to inspire in his audience a willingness tochange people's attitude. He wanted the audience not to keepsilent, but to take their roles and have their attitude inexposing the ills of society and understanding the difficulties ofsocial changes. By declaring their attitude about thesedifficulties in order to change, hence one can begin to alter 10.EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. IV, Issue 12 / March 201710453
Abduljaleel Fadhil Jamil- The Portrait of the Mother in “Mother Courage andHer Children” by Bertolt BrechtMOTHER COURAGE AND HER CHILDREN: OVERVIEWBrecht wrote Mother Courage and Her Children in Swedenduring his exile for Germany. It is divided into twelve sceneswith nine songs. The play had its first performance in Zurich onApril 19th, 1941. The play's performance in Paris in 1954 and inLondon in 1956 brought his international reputation.Brecht wrote the main plays of his epic theatre, whichalso represented the high points of exile drama Mother Courageand Her Children is one of his exile drama which he wrote in1938 and 1939. The play was filmed and translated manytimes. The play is about the thirty years war. Being aware ofreligion, it is started as a holy one. Poland was catholic whileSweden was protestant. Though it did not remain wholly areligious war because the religious issue became complicated bypolitical and economic considerations11.The play can be treated as anti-war literature as well asanti-Nazi literature. The action of the play takes place over thecourse of 12 years presented in 12 scenes. Brecht's hatred ofwar finds a central place in the entire play. Brecht anti-wartheme in the play evolves as one concerning motherhood.Mother Courage and Her Children tells the story of atravelling woman merchant who earns her living by followingSwedish and imperial armies with her cover wagon and sellingthem supplies such as clothing, food, brandy etc. As the wargrows heated, Mother Courage finds that this profession hasput her and her children in danger.Mother Courage and Her Children is among Brecht'smost famous plays and it is considered one of the twentiethcentury's landmark drama and a potential condemnation ofwar. Brecht used an epic structure so that the audience focuseson the issues being displayed rather than getting involved withthe characters' emotions. The play tackles many themes toshow the dreadfulness of war and its impact on society and thepoor particularly. The play also deals with the idea that virtuesEUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. IV, Issue 12 / March 201710454
Abduljaleel Fadhil Jamil- The Portrait of the Mother in “Mother Courage andHer Children” by Bertolt Brechtare not rewarded in corrupt times. In addition, the play dealswith the theme of motherhood and capitalism12.The protagonist in this play is a woman whose name isAnna Fierling, but she is generally known as Mother Courage.She has three children two sons and a daughter. Each one ofher children has a different father. Eilif her eldest son and thesecond is called Swiss Cheese and the daughter is Kattrin, sheis dumb but not deaf.Though Mother Courage is accused of not willing to sendher sons to war which feeds them, yet she attempts to profitfrom the war and is balanced by losses of her children one byone at the close of the play. She spins her hope on trade forwhich she set out from her peaceful hometown into hell of war.Brecht intends to show his audience the effect of war.War is a destructive form of capitalist activity. The rich andpowerful may profit out of it while the poor people do not makethe big profits of it. Brecht's intention is to work against theNazi attitudes of the Germans.The mother left her children to the mercy of war, as sheherself has chosen to join it in order to maintain the living ofthe living of the family. The mother exploits the war byprofiting from it, but the war exploits all her children, lettingher alone with her wagon.Critics consider Mother Courage and Her Children atragedy, from the point of view that Mother Courage fails tolearn. And also the play is perhaps Mother Courage's tragedy.After all, her children die and she loses all her children bytrading during the war. Brecht used many alienation devices inthe play; it includes songs to comment on action. The songs areused to illustrate the action and are regarded as an ironiccommentary on the actions. He believed that theatre mustmake people aware of social abuses and provoke them to changethe society, moral diseases, and social ills13.The song that Mother Courage sings at the beginningand at the end of the play is an ironic commentary on the warEUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. IV, Issue 12 / March 201710455
Abduljaleel Fadhil Jamil- The Portrait of the Mother in “Mother Courage andHer Children” by Bertolt Brechton "religion" while the "Song of the Grand Capitulation"describes life as full of broken hopes and dreams.Brecht uses historical material in his plays as animportant part in his Epic theatre. He believed that thedistancing effect of history can make the audience more awareof the modern world. Brecht did not choose World War I for hissitting, he thought that the war was still too recent for audienceto observe the events on the stage dispassionately and to learnfrom the play. The thirty years war was the most destructivewar in German history before World War I.One of the most important themes in Mother Courageand Her Children is the maternity motif. Motherhood is acentral theme in this play. The play examines not just acapitalistic system, but also the domestic level. Brecht dealswith the impact of war on the family, particularly on themother and her children and especially when this mother is abreadwinner. The mother is the pivot of the family who takestwo roles as a mother who takes care of her children andmaintains their living. Brecht tries to illustrate how theindividual lives in this society and how the capital systemaffects the individual and the family as a whole.THE PORTRAIT OF MOTHER IN MOTHER COURAGEAND HER CHILDRENThe play opens with the conversation between recruiting officerand an army sergeant. The recruiter complains bitterly aboutthe difficulties of recruiting an army. While they are standingand talking in the freezing now, Mother Courage, theprotagonist enters the stage with her three children. She is oncart with her daughter, while her two sons pull the cart. MotherCourage introduces herself through a song as abusinesswoman, she sings:Mother Courage: It's Mother Courage with her wagon full ofthe finest boots they make. With crawling lice and lootedEUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. IV, Issue 12 / March 201710456
Abduljaleel Fadhil Jamil- The Portrait of the Mother in “Mother Courage andHer Children” by Bertolt Brechtcattle. With lumbering guns and struggling kit. How can youflog them into battle unless you get them bats fit? (Sc.1, P.4)It is clear that from the song, the mother is a businesswomanand her business deals with war as a breadwinner: "MotherCourage is a small or not very big business person, parasiticallyliving off the war with her wagon. She is committed to thebusiness of war and is meticulous of the profit from war".Mother Courage tells her story; how she gets hernickname, she runs through the bombardment to sell her loavesof bread before they spoil. Her thoughts are not on courage, buton business. This is the first fact about Mother Courage'sthoughts and character. So, she got the nickname, underpeculiar circumstances, risking her life to protect her goods andthus she earns her a nickname.Mother Courage tries to make a sale for the recruitingofficer, but he is more interested in her son than the belt buckleshe tries to sell him. With great resistance, Mother Courageinsists that she will not let her son serve in the army. Shereacts violently, pulling a knife and informing the soldier tokeep away from her children. With anger, she tells the sergeantthat:Mother Courage: pulls a knife: Go on I'll slit you open,trash. I'll teach you to make war with him. We're doing anhonest trade in ham and linen, and we're peaceable folk.Sergeant: Peaceable! I don't think, look at your knife youwere admitting you live off the war, how else should you live,what from? (Sc.1, P.9)Brecht depicts the mother a businesswoman hopes to profitfrom the war while keeping her children out of it. Her maternalinstinct leads her to pull the knife in order to make aware tothe sergeant's temptations15.Mother Courage is a trader serving with the Swedisharmy. She is trying to make a profit out of the war to maintainher living and her family living. She finds the war her only wayEUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. IV, Issue 12 / March 201710457
Abduljaleel Fadhil Jamil- The Portrait of the Mother in “Mother Courage andHer Children” by Bertolt Brechtto live. Mother Courage resolutely asserts that she is notinterested in politics and only is interested in the survival andcare of her family.Mother Courage loses her eldest son, Eilif, who is takenaway by the recruiting officer who tempts him with tales ofglory of war, money, and women, so while Mother Courage'sattention is diverted by the sergeant who says that he wants tobuy a buckle.Mother Courage's maternal instinct does not protect herson from war because she pays attention to her work. She losesEilif to war before the end of the first scene, although sheclaims she is working to maintain their living. The mother is inconflict between motherhood and business. Mother Courage isbusy with her business as Eilif is led away. "Despite hercleverness, the men of war, who locate, as her vulnerable pointthe profit motive of a trades-woman, eventually, outwit MotherCourage She loses her brave son Eilif, while engaged on abusiness deal over the belt."16This is the first loss. The mother has to pay for the war,hence she profits from war as her business deals with war. Theprice here is her oldest son. The mother has failed to achieveher stated aim even before the end of this scene.Brecht depicts the mother's character to be a ruthlessbusinesswoman and a protective mother who is determined tomake a living from the war, while at the same time keeping herchildren out of it. She is portrayed as a strong, shrewd personher motivation is to survive at all costs.The play is considered a parable and didactic to teachthe audience the lesson that Mother Courage failed to learn.The events in scene two took place during the years 1625-1626.Mother Courage crosses Poland in the train of the Swedisharmies. Two years have passed and Mother Courage is about tomeet her son Eilif again.Mother Courage is a clever businesswoman. She isstrong and has influential presence from the moment sheEUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. IV, Issue 12 / March 201710458
Abduljaleel Fadhil Jamil- The Portrait of the Mother in “Mother Courage andHer Children” by Bertolt Brechtappears. After considerable bargaining, the cook buys the birdfrom her. The cook admires her ready tongue and theshrewdness with which she exploits for business purpose 17.Eilif is a hero, the general glorifies him for his heroicdeeds. He killed some peasants and stolen their oxen. Thegeneral is very happy and delighted with Eilif's heroic deeds.He invites him for dinner. In the context of war, Eilif's courage,shrewdness and murderous activity are glorified and rewardedby the general. Eilif's illegal robbery is considered a heroic deedand he is rewarded, but these deeds will lead him to hisdownfall in peacetime.Brecht condemns war; the general is living in luxurywhile his army eats moldy bread. Eilif slaughters the peasant'soxen in order to feed the hungry army. The first military deedthe play introduces is not a military activity, but an illegalrobbery to support the hungry army.As a businesswoman Mother Courage puts herself indanger to sell her bread before they get moldy for that she iscalled courage, but as a mother she does not want her son toput himself in danger for courage. She scolds her son forengendering himself.Mother Courage is still in Poland, accompanying thesecond regiment of the Swedish army. She is making a goodbusiness, her son Swiss Cheese has become paymaster for theRegiment because of his honest personality.After hearing the story of Yvette Pottier, faller woman,Mother Courage's wisdom makes her advise her daughterKattrin. She also warns Yvette not to mention any love affair infront of her daughter, she is innocent girl. As a mother, she isworried about her son as well as her daughter, she puts someashes of dust on Kattrin's cheeks in order to make her lookdirty so that no soldier will feel sexuality toward her. Themother is worried; her son's honesty makes her afraid that hewould risk his life in order to save cashbox. Swiss Cheeseconsidered himself responsible for saving the cashbox 18.EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. IV, Issue 12 / March 201710459
Abduljaleel Fadhil Jamil- The Portrait of the Mother in “Mother Courage andHer Children” by Bertolt BrechtMother Courage leaves to buy Catholic flag. She is a practicalwoman. She is a flexible kind of person who can adjust herselfto the changing circumstances. She is not fanatically devotedeither to Sweden or to her religion. She wants to buy a Catholicflag she changes her attitude.Swiss Cheese not listen to his mother's advice and theChaplain also advises him to beware of a spy whom he had beentwo days before. His worry and honesty putting his life underthreat, he is taken into custody by the enemy while trying tosave the regimental cashbox. Swiss Cheese will be free, if theypay the enemy two hundred gilders19. Mother Courage mustbuy Swiss Cheese's freedom. But she is thinking about theamount of the money and the source as well as, she states that:Mother Courage: But where's money to come from? Hasn'tYvette been around? I ran into her, she's got her hooks onsome colonel, may be, he'd buy her a canteen business.The Chaplain: Do you really wish to sell?Mother Courage: Where's money for sergeant to come from?The Chaplain: What'll you live on, then?(Sc.3, P.37)Mother Courage is torn by the question of the Chaplain "what'llyou live on, then?". The possibility of saving her son by sellingher wagon is hard situation for her and also hard decision totake.Using Yvette as a messenger to free Swiss Cheese's lifefrom the sergeant and the soldier who is called the one-eyedman. Mother Courage is bargaining for Swiss life, she offersonly hundred and twenty. Mother Courage complains the yearsworking alone without a husband to support her.She is confronted with genuine dilemma betweenrescuing her son and the responsibility of her family in future.Moreover, she has an unemployable daughter round her neck.She is forced to haggle for the life of her son, because she isthinking of her living and her daughter living as she is a singleEUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. IV, Issue 12 / March 201710460
Abduljaleel Fadhil Jamil- The Portrait of the Mother in “Mother Courage andHer Children” by Bertolt Brechtmother; she has a responsibility to maintain her living and herdaughter living.Mother Courage is too late, as she says "I bargained toolarge". Her greed for profit takes over. Concern for the familycomes second. The safety of her son's life comes second after thesafety of her wagon and livelihood. She loses the son whom sheloves because she is focusing on the superficial aspect. Whenshe is introduced to Swiss Cheese's dead body, she is forced todeny her son, in order to protect herself and her daughter aswell as her future living20.The notable point here, Mother Courage has sacrificedher son to the wagon, and thus she becomes a distorted humannature. She in fact heartless and her mental strength isdenying her son's dead body giving her a heroic stature. Herselfishness leads to the death of her younger son. She deceivesherself that making money is the only goal of life.Brecht clearly shows that was is a big business forcapitalism, but not for poor people. Mother Courage ispresented in her social situation both as an exploiter and asexploited. As a business person, she wants to get money out ofwar, which is imposed by the people in power for their ownprofit. In addition, she becomes the victim of establishment.THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SONGS IN THE PLAY"The Song of the Grand Capitulation", Mother Courage singsthis song to advise the young soldier not to curse the captainbecause his own life is more important than money. This songreveals both Mother Courage's vulnerability and capitulation.The story of the song is the story of Mother Courage's life whohas submitted her youthful idealism and self-confidence to theneed of the circumstances and compromise with the system 21.Mother Courage's "The Song of the Grand Capitulation"describes life as full of broken hopes and dreams. The song andthe advice which she gives to the young soldier show theEUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. IV, Issue 12 / March 201710461
Abduljaleel Fadhil Jamil- The Portrait of the Mother in “Mother Courage andHer Children” by Bertolt Brechtnecessity of surrounding to those who are powerful. It ishopeless to expect justice from the captain.She is an intelligent woman whose words and her songaffect the young soldier. She and the same businesswomen hadpast experiences make them very sure and complaint or protestto the authority is futile.Kattrin rushes with no moment of hesitation insiderisking her own life to rescue the child. Kattrin displays morenatural maternal feeling than her mother. She really deservedthe concept of courage's name than her mother. She does not,Mother Courage, sympathize for those whose wounds need to bebandaged. She says that she has to think more of herself thanto think of the others "got to think of myself" (Sc.5, P.49).Mother Courage is very selfish, she the true motherhesitates to save her daughter's life when she rushes to theburning house to save the crying baby. While Kattrin does nothesitate in saving the life of unknown baby. Kattrin and hermaternal emotion is obvious here. Her action stems from asense of motherhood while her mother's action is cruel callousand brutal22.Kattrin's kindness makes her very happy to make thebaby in her own lap. She is fully aware of terrifying effects ofthe war on people. Her capacity prove her true consciousness ofmotherhood. Kattrin returns, bleeding from a wound above oneeye. Mother Courage responses angrily to find her daughter hitbetween her eyes.Mother Courage's response shows that she has a greatmaternal love. Kattrin hopes to be married and have her ownfamily, but her chance to get a husband is not easy after thisaccident. Kattrin has a great desire for a husband and children,but this desire is also hindered because her mother is dealingwith war and she may wait until peacetime.Mother Courage curses war, she is very worried. Kattrinlooks ugly because the scar is disfigured her face. It is hopelessto find a husband. She feels very anxious about her daughter,EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. IV, Issue 12 / March 201710462
Abduljaleel Fadhil Jamil- The Portrait of the Mother in “Mother Courage andHer Children” by Bertolt Brechtbecause she has a great desire for family and children.Lamentation of Mother Courage and she curses war. Kattrin'sdumbness had come from the war because a soldier has thrustsomething into her mouth when she was a little child.Business takes Mother Courage away from her children.In every hard situation, she is taken by her profit motive makesher miss her son's arrival. Whenever she is needed by herchildren, she is busy with her business23.Mother Courage has failed to achieve her goal to get herbusiness and her children's safety. Mother Courage attempts toprotect her children, but her profit motive makes her lose them.Eilif, the hero is executed for his heroic deed. Swiss Cheese ishonest, he lost his life because of his honesty and his motherdid not pay for the captain money that he asked her for. Andher daughter Kattrin also has lost her life for her own kindness,all she wants to be a mother and to have a family. She does notwant to be like her mother unsettled and movable from oneplace to another in horrors and unstable life.Mother Courage loses her dumb daughter, Kattrin whenshe has been on business purchase in the town. The dearestchild has gone, now she is alone, but nothing stop her. Shehardens herself to follow the army once again to start up againin business, without realizing the unprofitable and destructivenature of war.Despite her claims to protect her children from war, sheloses them from it. Mother Courage actually destroys herself,family and learns nothing from the travails of the situationwhich she encounters24.CONCLUSIONThe role of the mother in the family and her relationship withher children is a crucial topic in literature as it is in real life.The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, witnessedenormous changes which affected life in its different aspects. InEUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. IV, Issue 12 / March 201710463
Abduljaleel Fadhil Jamil- The Portrait of the Mother in “Mother Courage andHer Children” by Bertolt Brechtan era of wrenching social, political and economic changes, thedramatists write to explore social realities and problems.Brecht's Mother Courage bene
Abduljaleel Fadhil Jamil-The Portrait of the Mother in “Mother Courage and Her Children” by Bertolt Brecht EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. IV, Issue 12 / March 2017 10454 MOTHER COURAGE AND HER CHILDREN: OVERVIEW Brecht wrote Mother Courage and Her Children in Sweden during his exile for Germany.
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