FROM HELLENISM TO ISLAM
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationFROM HELLENISM TO ISLAMThe 800 years between the first Roman conquests and the conquestof Islam saw a rich, constantly shifting blend of languages andwriting systems, legal structures, religious practices and beliefs in theNear East. While the different ethnic groups and cultural forms oftenclashed with each other, adaptation was as much a characteristic ofthe region as conflict. This volume, emphasising the inscriptionsin many languages from the Near East, brings together mutuallyinformative studies by scholars in diverse fields. Together, they revealhow the different languages, peoples and cultures interacted, competed with, tried to ignore or were influenced by each other, andhow their relationships evolved over time. The volume will be ofgreat value to those interested in Greek and Roman history, Jewishhistory and Near Eastern studies.hannah m. cotton is Professor of Classics and Ancient History atthe Hebrew University of Jerusalem.robert g. hoyland is Professor of Arabic and Middle East Studiesat the University of St Andrews, Scotland.jonathan j. price is Professor of Classics and Ancient History atTel Aviv University.david j. wasserstein is Professor of History and the EugeneGreener Jr. Professor of Jewish Studies at Vanderbilt University. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationFROM HELLENISM TO ISLAMCultural and Linguistic Changein the Roman Near Eastedited byHANNAH M. COTTONROBERT G. HOYLANDJONATHAN J. PRICEDAVID J. WASSERSTEIN in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationcambridge university pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, DelhiCambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UKPublished in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New Yorkwww.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521875813 Cambridge University Press 2009This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.First published 2009Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, CambridgeA catalogue record for this publication is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataFrom Hellenism to Islam : cultural and linguistic change in the Roman Near East / edited byHannah M. Cotton [et al.].p. cm.Includes index.isbn 978-0-521-87581-3 (hardback)1. Middle East – Civilization – To 622. 2. Inscriptions – Middle East.3. Writing – Middle East – History. 4. Middle East – Languages. 5. Middle East – Religion.I. Cotton, Hannah. II. Title.ds57.f758 2009939 .405 – dc222009014239isbn 978-0-521-87581-3 hardbackCambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence oraccuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred toin this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on suchwebsites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationContentsList of figuresList of tablesList of contributorsPrefaceList of abbreviationspage viiiixxxivxxiIntroduction: documentary evidence, social realitiesand the history of language1Fergus Millarithe language of power: latin in the roman near east1 The presence, role and significance of Latin in theepigraphy and culture of the Roman Near East1315Werner Eck2Latin in cities of the Roman Near East43Benjamin Isaaciisocial and legal institutions as reflected in thedocumentary evidence73Euergetism in Josephus and the epigraphic culture offirst-century Jerusalem753Seth Schwartz4Legal and social status of threptoi and related categoriesin narrative and documentary sources93Marijana Riclv in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationvicontents5 Ritual performances of divine justice: the epigraphyof confession, atonement, and exaltation in RomanAsia Minor115Angelos Chaniotis6 Continuity of Nabataean law in the Petra papyri:a methodological exercise154Hannah M. Cottoniiithe epigraphic language of religion7‘Languages’ and religion in second- to fourth-centuryPalestine: in search of the impact of Rome175177Nicole Belayche8The epigraphic habit and the Jewish diasporas ofAsia Minor and Syria203Walter Ameling9Religion and language in Dura-Europos235Ted Kaizerivlinguistic metamorphoses and continuity of cultures 25510 On the margins of culture: the practice of transcriptionin the ancient world257Jonathan J. Price and Shlomo Naeh11 Edessene Syriac inscriptions in late antique Syria289Sebastian Brock12 Samaritan writing and writings303Dan Barag13 The Jewish magical tradition from late antiquePalestine to the Cairo Genizah324Gideon Bohakvgreek into arabic34314 The Nabataean connection of the Benei H·ezir345Ernst Axel Knauf in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationcontents15 Greek inscriptions in transition from the Byzantine tothe early Islamic periodvii352Leah Di Segni16 Arab kings, Arab tribes and the beginnings of Arabhistorical memory in late Roman epigraphy374Robert G. Hoyland17 Greek, Coptic and the ‘language of the Hijra’:the rise and decline of the Coptic language inlate antique and medieval Egypt401Tonio Sebastian Richter18 ‘What remains behind’: Hellenism and Romanitas inChristian Egypt after the Arab conquest447Arietta PapaconstantinouIndex in this web service Cambridge University Press467www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationFigures12.112.212.312.412.512.612.7Lamp no. 1Lamp no. 5 – front sideLamp no. 5 – back sideLamp no. 5 – back side, left (letters ʥ–ʠ)Lamp no. 5 – back side, right (letters ʮ–ʩ)Capital from EmmausThe palaeo-Hebrew and Samaritan alphabets:A. Palaeo-Hebrew, eighth to seventh centuries BCEB. Palaeo-Hebrew on coins of 66–70 CEC. Palaeo-Hebrew on coins of 132–5 CED. Samaritanpage 306308308309309312320viii in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore 7.917.1017.1117.1217.1317.14Functional domains of minority vs. dominant languagesGreek loanwords in DemoticMatrix language turnover hypothesisFirst Letter of Clement 42.4 in the Achmimicdialect of CopticGreek graffito from the great temple of Abu SimbelWords from P.Heid. inv. G 414, a Greek–Egyptianword listGraffito from AbydosStela in honour of a strategos of the Hermopolite nomeChester Beatty Papyrus VII: Greek Isaiah withEgyptian glossesArabic loanwords in Coptic scientific manuscriptsArabic loanwords in Coptic documentary texts I:technical termsArabic loanwords in Coptic documentary texts II:diverse itemsDistribution of languages after the fall of theTower of Babel according to Athanasius of QûsVariables of language changepage 402407409409410411412412413423424425429433ix in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationContributorswalter ameling Professor of Ancient History, Institut für Altertumswissenschaften, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Germany. Hispublications include Karthago: Studien zu Militär, Staat und Gesellschaft(1993), and most recently, Inscriptiones Judaicae Orientis II: Kleinasien(2004).dan barag Professor emeritus of Archaeology at the Institute ofArchaeology of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, author of Catalogueof Western Asiatic Glass in the British Museum I (1985) and other studieson glass from the second millennium BCE to the early Byzantine period.Editor of Israel Numismatic Journal.nicole belayche Directeur d’études in the Ecole Pratique des HautesEtudes, Sciences religieuses, Paris; author of The Pagan Cults in RomanPalestine (Second to Fourth Century) (2001).gideon bohak Professor at the Department of Jewish Culture and theProgram in Religious Studies at Tel Aviv University. His publicationsinclude Joseph and Aseneth and the Jewish Temple in Heliopolis (1996), andAncient Jewish Magic: A History (2008).sebastian brock Emeritus Reader in Syriac Studies, University ofOxford, and Emeritus Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford. Among hispublications are The Syriac Version of the Pseudo-Nonnus MythologicalScholia (1971), and several collections of reprinted articles, including FromEphrem to Romanos: Interactions between Syriac and Greek in Late Antiquity (1999).angelos chaniotis Former Professor of Ancient History in Heidelberg, Senior Research Fellow for Classical Studies at All Souls College,Oxford, and senior editor of Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum.x in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationcontributorsxihannah m. cotton Professor of Classics and Ancient History, theShalom Horowitz Chair in Classics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, editor of Masada II: The Latin and Greek Documents (1989 withJ. Geiger) and of Aramaic, Hebrew and Greek Texts from Nahal Hever,Discoveries in the Judaean Desert XXVII (1997 with A. Yardeni) and theCorpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae Palaestinae.leah di segni Lecturer and researcher at the Institute of Archaeologyof the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, editor of the Tabula ImperiiRomani-Judaea Palaestina (1994), the Onomasticon of Iudaea, Palaestinaand Arabia in the Greek and Latin Sources, and the Corpus InscriptionumIudaeae Palaestinae.werner eck Professor emeritus of Ancient History, Institut for Altertumskunde-Alte Geschichte, Universität zu Köln, Germany. His mostrecent publications include Köln in römischer Zeit (2004) and Rom undJudaea (2007). Director of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum and theProsopographia Imperii Romani at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy inBerlin, editor of the Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae Palaestinae.robert g. hoyland Professor of Arabic and Middle East Studies at theUniversity of St Andrews, Scotland, UK, author of Seeing Islam as OthersSaw It (1997), Arabia and the Arabs (2001) and Medieval Islamic Swordsand Swordmaking (2004); he has written on the epigraphy of the lateRoman and early Islamic Middle East.benjamin isaac Fred and Helen Lessing Professor of Ancient Historyat Tel Aviv University, author of The Limits of Empire: The Roman Armyin the East (1990), The Near East under Roman Rule, Selected Papers (1998)and The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity (2004), and editor ofthe Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae Palaestinae.ted kaizer Lecturer in Roman Culture and History at Durham University since 2005, author of The Religious Life of Palmyra (2002) and editorof The Variety of Local Religious Life in the Near East in the Hellenistic andRoman Periods (2008).ernst axel knauf Professor at the Institut für Bibelwissenschaft, Theologische Fakultät, Universität Bern. He has written on the production ofauthoritative scripture in the Persian period and all aspects of Israel/Palestina and Arabia before Islam. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationxiicontributorsfergus millar Emeritus Camden Professor of Ancient History in theUniversity of Oxford and a member of the Hebrew and Jewish StudiesUnit, Oriental Institute, Oxford, author of The Emperor in the RomanWorld (1977), The Roman Near East 31 BC–AD 337 (1993), and mostrecently A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II,408–50 (2006).shlomo naeh Professor of Talmud and Jewish Thought at the HebrewUniversity, member of the Academy of the Hebrew Language and a fellowof the Institute for Advanced Studies at the Shalom Hartman Institutein Jerusalem; he writes extensively on rabbinic textual culture, especiallyamong the Palestinian schools.arietta papaconstantinou Marie Curie Fellow in the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford, author of Le culte des saints en Égypte desByzantins aux Abbassides (2001) and of articles on various aspects of lateantique and early Islamic social history and material culture.jonathan j. price Professor of Classics and Ancient History at TelAviv University, author of Jerusalem Under Siege: The Collapse of the JewishState, 66–70 C.E. (1992) and Thucydides and Internal Conflict (2001), andeditor of the Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae Palaestinae.tonio sebastian richter Lecturer, Ägyptologisches Institut/Ägyptisches Museum–Georg Steindorff, Universität Leipzig, author of Rechtssemantik und forensische Rhetorik: Untersuchungen zu Wortschatz, Stilund Grammatik der Sprache koptischer Rechtsurkunden (2002, 2nd edn.,2008).marijana ricl Professor of Ancient History in the University of Belgrade, author of The Inscriptions of Alexandreia Troas (1997), InscriptionesGraecae Epiri, Macedoniae, Thraciae, Scythiae, II: Inscriptiones Macedoniae, II: Inscriptiones Macedoniae septentrionalis, sectio prima: InscriptionesLyncestidis, Heracleae, Pelagoniae, Derriopi, Lychnidi (1999), and co-editorof Lexicon of Greek Personal Names.seth schwartz Gerson D. Cohen Professor of Rabbinic Culture andProfessor of History at the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York. Hehas written about the influence of Roman imperialism on political, socialand economic developments in Jewish life in ancient Palestine, author ofImperialism and Jewish Society, 200 BCE to 640 CE (2001). in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationcontributorsxiiidavid j. wasserstein Professor of History and Eugene Greener, Jr Professor of Jewish Studies at Vanderbilt University, author most recently(with the late Abraham Wasserstein) of The Legend of the Septuagint, FromClassical Antiquity to Today (2006). in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationPrefaceThis book is devoted to processes of continuity and change over thethousand years which separate Alexander the Great from Muhammadthe Prophet – two men perceived as instrumental in changing the linguistic and cultural map of the Middle East, the former responsible forthe spread of Greek, the latter for the demise of Greek and the rise ofArabic. Obviously the reality is not so simple, and the main purpose ofthis book is to examine the finer details and complexities of the relationship between languages and cultures during this period, and also to offersome account of the variety of responses that Greek, and other languages,evoked in the peoples of that area from Greece (and Rome) eastwards toIran.Like many other collective works, this book too has its own history.It grew out of the success of a conference, and the conference itself outof the experience of the editors as leaders and participants in a yearlong research group at the Institute for Advanced Studies at the HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem in 2002–3. The group was led by Hannah M.Cotton (of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem), Jonathan J. Price (ofTel Aviv University) and David J. Wasserstein (then of Tel Aviv University, now of Vanderbilt University); the other members were LeahDi Segni and Shlomo Naeh (of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem),Robert G. Hoyland (then of Oxford University, now of the Universityof St Andrews), E. Axel Knauf (of Bern University), Marijana Ricl (ofthe University of Belgrade) and Seth Schwartz (of the Jewish TheologicalSeminary in New York).The theme of our work at the Institute was ‘Greeks, Romans, Jews andOthers in the Near East from Alexander to Muhammad: “A Civilizationof Epigraphy”’, echoing Louis Robert’s definition of the Greco-Romancivilisation there. Engagement in inscriptions offered itself as a gatewayto larger issues, especially languages and cultures and the interrelationships between them in the immensely varied worlds ruled by speakers ofxiv in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationprefacexvLatin and Greek and inhabited by those others whom they dominated, ortried to, between Alexander and Muhammad.These concerns were in themselves a natural outgrowth of the ongoing international project known as the Corpus inscriptionum Iudaeae–Palaestinae (CIIP), three of whose editors were members of our researchgroup. The CIIP is an attempt to create a comprehensive multilingualcorpus of all inscriptions, both published and unpublished, from thefourth century BCE to the seventh century CE, from the territories ofIsrael and Palestine, where, as the many surviving written documentsattest, the local languages and cultures pre-dating the arrival of the Greeksand Romans proved tenacious and potent and remained vital and vibrantunder Greek and Roman rule. Here, more than anywhere else, it becomesevident that the richness of the epigraphic tradition comes fully into itsown only when epigraphic texts in different languages, the contemporaneous expressions of different but related cultures, are studied together.The highlight of the year, the culmination of our weekly seminarsattended by ever-increasing numbers of people, was a three-day conference, held on 29 June–2 July 2003, under the title ‘Epigraphy andBeyond: Cultural and Linguistic Change in the Near East from Hellenism to Islam’. Scholars from France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy,the United Kingdom and the United States took part. The enthusiasmof those present, and the quality of many of the papers delivered there,encouraged us to think about a book on the theme, and this volume isthe result. It contains a number of papers from the conference, all ofthem revised in the light of the discussions in Jerusalem and commentsby the readers for Cambridge University Press, as well as several additional papers that we solicited from scholars who had not participated inour group or in the conference. Our aim in editing this volume has thusbeen not to offer yet another miscellaneous collection of variegated conference papers, but rather to make a distinctive contribution to an area ofscholarly interest that has been growing in recent years. In inviting FergusMillar to write an introduction for us we have sought deliberately bothto obtain the imprimatur of that scholar whose contributions to this fieldhave been the richest and the most thought-provoking and – perhapsinevitably – by asking him to read and in effect to comment on its contents, to obtain his reactions to the contributions themselves.Many bodies and individuals have contributed to the making of thisbook. First, we wish to thank the Institute for Advanced Studies in Jerusalem for hosting both our Research Group in 2002–3 and the conferencein 2003. Without the generous support and commitment of the Institute in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationxviprefaceand its staff, continuing through to the preparation of this volume forthe press, nothing would have been possible. It is a pleasure to thankhere Benjamin Kedar, then the Director of the Institute, as well as PeninaFeldman, its Administrative Director, Shani Freiman, Semadar Danziger,Batya Matalov, Dalia Aviely, Ofer Arbeli, Hanoch Kalimian, and, last butnot least, Shoshana Yazdi, our cook, whose Afghan cooking delighted usall over many months.Our group benefited during the year also from the services of a researchassistant, Ariadne Konstantinou. Thanks to the Institute she was able towork for us in the preparation of the volume for the press as well. Weowe her much.We are most grateful to Tanya Tolubayev for her assiduous and meticulous help with collating the proofs of the authors and the editors.Formal acknowledgement is due to Gabi Laron and the Israel Museumfor granting us permission to reproduce the two inscriptions which appearon the dust jacket and inside the book.1These two inscriptions encapsulate in more ways than one the themeof the book, continuity and change. The ‘memorial epigraphy’, so welldescribed by Werner Eck in the opening chapter, survived the gap ofmore than 900 years which separate the two inscriptions from each other.Both inscriptions testify to the chain of command in a world empire inwhich the ruler channels his orders through his local representatives. Inboth, those representatives display the order in the public sphere in thelanguage of power, whether in Greek in the case of a Seleucid king actingthrough his viceroy, the infamous Heliodorus, then present in the satrapyof Koilē Syria and Phoinikē, or in Arabic in the case of the Servant ofAllāh (‘abd allāh) Hishām b. ‘Abd al-Malik, Commander of the Faithful,the Umayyad Caliph, acting through his governor Ish āq b. Qabı̄s a. As forchange, this is more obvious, and striking: a new language, Arabic, anda different style of rule, by a ‘Commander of the Faithful’. The changeis as yet still fresh: just a few miles away, in modern Hammat Gader(ancient Gadara), another building inscription (alluded to in Leah DiSegni’s paper) attests an earlier ‘Commander of the Faithful’, Mu‘awiyaibn Abi Sufyan (660–80), who restored the baths there, again followingthe convention of naming the chain of command for the execution ofthe task, but this time in Greek. Mu‘awiya was a very nouveau ruler, and1Cf. Hannah M. Cotton and Michael Wörrle, ‘Seleukos IV to Heliodoros. A New Dossier of RoyalCorrespondence from Israel’, ZPE 159, 2007: 191–205 and Elias Khamis, ‘Two Wall Mosaic Inscriptions from the Umayyad Market Place in Bet Shean/Baysān’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental andAfrican Studies 64.2, 2001: 159–76. For text and translation of the two inscriptions see pp. xviii–xx. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationprefacexviihe followed standard practice in using Greek. But this practice was dispensed with very dramatically a few years later, again not so far away, inJerusalem, by the ‘Commander of the Faithful’ ‘Abd al-Malik in his longmosaic inscription on the Dome of the Rock, and thenceforth, as the BetShean/Baysān inscription illustrates, this would become the norm for themonumental epigraphy of the Middle East.Finally, we are grateful to Michael Sharp, at the Press, whose encouragement kept us going from the inception of this project and enabled usto see it through to completion, and to Clare Zon and Muriel Hall, ourcopy-editors, whose sharp eyes and shrewdness saved us from a host oferrors. Last but not least we thank Eloise Dicker and Sarah Waidler forproducing so efficiently the indispensible index.h.m.c.r.g.h.j.j.p.d.j.w. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationxviiiprefaceTHE INSCRIPTIONS481216Dorumevnh Diofavneicaivrein: th' para; JHliodwvrou tou' ejpi; tw'n pragmavtwn ajpodoqeivsh hJmi'nejpistolh' katakecwvristai to; ajntivgrafon. Eu\ou\n poihvsei frontivzwni{na e{kasta suntelh'taiajkolouvqw toi' ejpestalmevnoi .(E[ tou ) dlrVGorpiaivou kb vDorymenes to Diophanes greetings. The copy of the letterhanded over to us by Heliodoroswho is in charge of the affairs isenclosed. You will do well therefore if you take care that everything is carried out according tothe instructions.Year 134 (i.e. 178 BCE),22 of the month of GorpiaiosJHliovdwro Dorumevnei tw'iajdelfw'i caivrein: tou' ajpodoqevnto hJmi'n prostavgmato para; tou' basilevw peri; tw'n kata; jOlumpiovdwron uJpotevtakt ai to;ajntivgrafon. Eu\ ou\npoihvsei katakolouqhvsa toi' ejpestalmevnoi .(E[ tou ) dlrVGorpiaivou køgØVHeliodoros to Dorymenes hisbrother greetings. The copy ofthe order by the king concerningOlympiodoros handed over tous is placed below. You will dowell therefore if you follow theinstructions.Year 134, after 22 of themonth of GorpiaiosBasileu; Sevleuko JHliodwvrwi tw'i ajdelfw'icaivrein: pleivsthnprovnoian poiouvmenoi peri;th' tw'n uJpotetagmevnwnajsfaleiva kai; mevgistonajgaqo;ª nº ei\nai nomivzonte King Seleukos to Heliodoroshis brother greetings. Takingthe utmost consideration forthe safety of our subjects, andthinking it to be of the greatestgood for the affairs in our realmwhen those living in our kingdom in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationpreface202428toi' pravgmasin, o{tanoiJ kata; th;n basileivanajdew' tou; eJautw'nbivou dioikw's in, kai;sunqewrou'nte , wJ oujqe;nduvnatai metalambavneinth' kaqhkouvsh eujdaimoniva a[neuth' tw'n qew'n eujmãeÃneiva ,i{na me;n ta; kaqidrumevnakata; ta; a[lla satrapeiva iJera; ta; patrivoªu ºkomivzhtai tima; meta; th' aJrmozouvsh qerap ªeiva º,ªejºx ajrch' tugcavnomentetagmevnoi, tw'n de; k ªata;ºªKoºiv lãhÃn Surivan kai;Foinivkhn pragmavtwnoujk ejªcovntwnº ªto;n taºssovmenon pro; th'i touvtwnejpimelªeivai c. 6 º----------men o{ti swfrovnw pro; th; ªn------------------º----------twn jOlumpiovdwro ----------------------------------k hvyew EKT ----------------------------------xixmanage their lives without fear,and at the same time realising thatnothing can enjoy its fitting prosperity without the good will ofthe gods, from the outset we havemade it our concern to ensurethat the sanctuaries founded inthe other satrapies receive thetraditional honours with the carebefitting them. But since theaffairs in Koilē Syria and Phoinikēstand in need of appointingsomeone to take care of these [i.e.sanctuaries] . . . Olympiodoros . . . in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationxxprefaceIn the name of Allāh, the Compassionatethe Merciful. Ordered thisbuilding the servant of Allāh. (‘Abd Allāh)Hishām, Commander of the Faithful,[to be built] by the governor Ish.āqbin Qabīs.a (completed in ?) the year[] and one hundred in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in theRoman Near EastEdited by Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price and David J. WassersteinFrontmatterMore informationAbbreviationsAll classical abbreviations ot
robert g. hoyland Professor of Arabic and Middle East Studies at the University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK, author of Seeing Islam as Others Saw It (1997), Arabia and the Arabs (2001) and Medieval Islamic Swords and Swordmaking and the of 978-0-521-87581-3 - From Hellenism to
Islam merupakan upaya mengatasi beberapa problem kejiwaan yang 10 Hamdani Bakran Adz-Dzaky. Konseling dan Psikoterapi Islam (Yogyakarta: Al-Manar, 2008), 228. 11 Fuad Anshori, Aplikasi Psikologi Islam (Yogyakarta: 2000), 242. 33 didasarkan pada pandangan agama Islam. Psikoterapi Islam mempercayai
Ode on a Grecian Urn, is steeped with Hellenism or Hellenic aspects. Lines 1-10 Deals that John Keats begins with powerful poetic language. The poem in a ravishing style employing the metaphor of silence. He addresses the vase to bride of silence who is still unra
acuan hidup mereka. Peranan media dalam Islam mestilah menonjolkan prinsip yang selari dengan ajaran yang telah ditetapkan oleh Islam. Dalam konteks komunikasi Islam yang mempunyai ruang lingkup yang lebih luas tentang media, Islam telah menetapkan bahawa media Islam mestilah selari dengan peranan agama Islam.
KATA PENGANTAR Dewasa ini kajian tentang Islam Nusantara sangat banyak diminati tidak hanya oleh orang Islam di Nusantara saja tetapi juga oleh orang-rang Islam Luar Negeri. Studi Islam Nusantara, berkaitan dengan ajaran atau nilai Islam secara dogmatis dan aplikatif yang berm
dibuktikan melalui buku-bukunya antara lain, Ilmu Pendidikan Islam, Ilmu Pendidikan Islam dengan Pendekatan Multidisipliner, Filsafat Pendidikan Islam,Metodologi Studi Islam, Pemikiran Para Tokoh Pendidikan Islam, Perspektif Islam t
Islam means submission to God. The word "Islam" is an Arabic word derived from the root word "salaam", which means peace. Therefore, the word Islam implies submitting to God, living in peace with oneself as well as others and with the environment. The people that practice Islam are called Muslims.
The McCarren-Walter Act relaxes the United States ban on Asian immigration. Muslim students come to the U.S. from many nations. 1965 CE. Revisions of immigration law further open the doors for Muslim immigration. The Key Principles of Islam The unifying characteristics of Islam are the Five Pillars of Islam. The five pillars are the most
Alfredo López Austin* I. NECESIDAD CONCEPTUAL Soy historiador; mi objeto de estudio es el pensamiento de las sociedades de tradición mesoamericana, con énfasis en las antiguas, anteriores al dominio colonial europeo. Como historiador no encuentro que mi trabajo se diferencie del propio del antropólogo. Más bien, ignoro si existe alguna conveniencia en establecer un límite entre la .
