Energy, Power & Transportation Technology
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyChapter 9Mechanical PowerUse the Textbook Pages 201 224 to help answer the questions
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Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyWhy You Learn So Well in Tech & Engineering Classes
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology1. Machines can change the , , & of forces in amechanical power system, & can also change the type of motion produced.Pg. 201Size, Direction,& SpeedAmount, Quantity, & RPMNoise, Direction, & Speed
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology2. Machines & vehicles make use of 3 types of motion:Pg. 202Reciprocating, Reverse, ForwardReciprocating, Rotary, RealisticReciprocating, Rotary, Linear
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology3. Machines that are made up of more than one simple machine are calledmachines.Pg. 202Doubled upSecondaryCompound
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology4. The six simple machines used to control and change mechanical power are:(W SLIP W)Pg. 202
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology5. A lever is a rigid bar that rotates around 1 fixed point or pivot point called the.Pg. 203VulcanFulcrumCentering Pin
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology6. The 3 classes of levers are based on the position of the fulcrum,the , and the input force.(a) In a first class lever, the fulcrum (F) is set up between the resistance (R) and the effort (M).(b) In a second class lever, the resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort.(c) In a third class lever, the effort is between the fulcrum and the resistance.Pg. 203FulcrumLoadInput
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology7. In a 1st class lever, the fulcrum is placed the input force & the load.(seesaw)Pg. 204In front ofBetweenBehind
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology8. Sketch & label a 1st class lever using arrowsfor the input & output forces anda cube for the load.OutputInput or EffortLoadFulcrumPg. 204
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology9. In a 2nd class lever, the load is placed the fulcrum and the input force.(wheel barrow)Pg. 204In front ofBetweenBehind
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology10. Sketch & label a 2nd class lever using arrowsfor the input & output forces anda cube for the load.Input or EffortLoadOutputFulcrumPg. 204
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology11. In a 3rd class lever, the input force is placed fulcrum and the load.(shovel)Pg. 204In front ofBetweenBehind
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology12. Sketch & label a 3rd class lever using arrowsfor the input & output forces anda cube for the load.Input or EffortOutputLoadFulcrumPg. 204
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology13. consist of solid discs that rotate around a center axis.They may be grooved to allow belts or ropes to ride around them.Pg. 205SprocketsPulleysTires
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology14. A cogged pulley that carries a chain or a cogged belt in a non slip systemis called a .*SprocketPulleyTire
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology15. A single, pulley changes direction of the loadonly as it relates to the input force.Pg. 205FixedMovableRound
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology16. A single, pulley changes the force required to move the load.InputLoadPg. 205FixedMovableRound
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology17. The of supporting ropes or chains in a pulley systemdetermines the mechanical advantage.*DiameterWidthNumber
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology18. Both the pulley and the & are based on the principle of levers.Pg. 205Wheel & AxleRack & PinionNut & Bolt
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology19. The steering wheel of a vehicle resembles a:[ ] 1st class lever [ ] 2nd class lever [ ] 3rd class leverPg. 205
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology19. The steering wheel of a vehicle resembles a:[ ] 1st class lever [ ] 2nd class lever [ ] 3rd class leverPg. 205
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology20. Small diameter axles turning big tires resemble:[ ] 1st class levers [ ] 2nd class levers [ ] 3rd class leversPg. 206
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology20. Small diameter axles turning big tires resemble:[ ] 1st class levers [ ] 2nd class levers [ ] 3rd class leversPg. 206
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology21. An is a simple machine that makes use of sloping surfaces.(ramp)Pg. 207Inclined PlaneLeverPulley
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology22. Moving an object up an inclined plane with a gentle sloperequires force than a steep slope.Pg. 207MoreLessThe Same
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology23. A is basically an inclined plane wrapped around a shaft.The finer the screw thread (slighter slope), the more holding force andthe more mechanical advantage a screw will provide.Pg. 209PulleyWedgeScrew
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Energy, Power & Transportation Technology24. A is a simple machine made of two inclined planes placed back to back.A wedge with slighter slope or taper will deliver more force than one with amore severe or steeper angle.Pg. 209PulleyWedgeScrew
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology25. A is a wheel with small notches or teeth cut intoeither its inner or outer edge.Pg. 209PulleyGearSprocket
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology26. FACT: Two or more gears meshed with each otherform a gear set or a gear train.Spinner & SpunDrive & DrivenRack & PinionIn a gear set, the input gear is called gear.The output gear is called the gear.Note: An idler gear or intermediate gearchanges direction of rotation without change in gear set speed or torquePg. 209
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology27. Name the types of gears show in the sets below.Pg. 210Gear Word Bank:Spur, Helical, Worm, Bevel, Rack & Pinion
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology28. Picture A is an ring gear.Picture B is a gear setA:Planetary Gear SetSpiral Bevel Gear SetInternal Ring GearA*B:Planetary Gear SetSpiral Bevel Gear SetInternal Ring GearB
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology29. Force that produces a twisting or turning effect or rotationis referred to as .Pg. 210TorquePowerTension
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyPg. 21230. Torque can be increased by applying more effortor by extending the of the lever.Pull Here Less TorquePull Here More TorqueDiameterLengthWidth
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology31. is the rate at which output work is performed. It is abbreviated hp.Pg. 212HorsepowerTorqueEffort
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology550 pounds
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology32. hp is the maximum potential hp produced by an engineunder ideal conditions.Pg. 212FrictionalBrakeIndicated
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology33. hp is the amount of hp available at the rear of the engineunder normal conditions.Pg. 212FrictionalBrakeIndicated
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Energy, Power & Transportation Technology34. hp is the amount of hpneeded to overcome friction inside the engine.Pg. 212FrictionalBrakeIndicated
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Energy, Power & Transportation Technology35. A is a device that connects & disconnects a power sourcefrom the rest of the machine.Pg. 214TensionerClutchTransmission
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology36. are long, cylindrical objects that transmit mechanical energy,usually rotary motion.Pg. 216ShaftsBoardsPipes
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology37. are used to support shafts and reduce friction.(friction bushing & anti friction ball)Pg. 216BearingsCV JointsDifferentials
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology38. joints are placed on shafts to offer flexibility along their rotating axis.Pg. 216UniversalGlobalWobble
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology39. is the increased force, speed, or distance that machines provide.Pg. 217Mechanical AdvantageIncreased StrengthTorque Multiplication
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology40. Calculate M.A. by dividing distance by distance,or in gear sets, by dividing # of output teeth by the # of input teeth.Pg. 217Input by OutputOutput by InputSpeed by Torque
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Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyImportant Concepts, Definitions & Terms to KnowTOP CRISS2 Column NotesMain IdeasSupporting DetailsClass Notes & Priority Items to Know for Tests
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyImportant Concepts, Definitions & Terms to KnowTOP CRISSHighlight Your Study Guides Before TestsClass Notes & Priority Items to Know for Tests
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyImportant Concepts, Definitions & Terms to KnowTOP CRISSRead 3 TimesClass Notes & Priority Items to Know for Tests
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyImportant Concepts, Definitions & Terms to KnowTOP CRISS Ask Yourself These QuestionsClass Notes & Priority Items to Know for Tests
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology Rotary Motion:– motion in a circle Reciprocating Motion:– back & forth or up & down motion Linear Motion:– motion in a straight line
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology Sprockets, Gears, and Pulleys are all differentfrom each other– Sprockets are connected with chains or withcogged belts (non slip)– Gears drive other gears– Pulleys are connected with V belts or withmulti ribbed belts (can slip)
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology Sprockets, Gears, and Pulleys all have ratios betweeneach other 2 or more gears in mesh for a gear set or gear train Odd # of gears in a set: Output direction is the sameas input direction Even # of gears in a set: Output direction is oppositeof input direction
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology Indicated Horsepower: Potential under idealconditions Brake Horsepower: Available at the rear (output)of the engine Frictional Horsepower: lost due to internalfriction IHP – BHP FHP BHP IHP Mechanical Efficiency
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology Clutch: connects & disconnects machinery frompower source Shaft: long cylindrical object to transmitmechanical energy (motion)– Shafts are more often solid if they are short– Shafts are more often hollow if they are long Bearings: support shafts & reduce friction– Can be friction bearings like bushings– Can be anti friction bearings like needles, rollers, orball bearings
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology Universal Joints: placed on shafts to allowflexibility– cross & roller– rag joint– CV or constant velocity joint
Power & Transportation Technology Simple Machines (W SLIP W)– Wedge– Screw– Levers 1st class 2nd class 3rd class– Inclined Plane– Pulley– Wheel & Axle
Power & Transportation Technology Simple Machines (W SLIP W)– Wedge– Screw– Levers 1st class 2nd class 3rd class– Inclined Plane– Pulley– Wheel & Axle
Power & Transportation Technology Six Simple Machines Self Quiz#1.#5.#2.#6.#3.#4.
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyRotationCounter ClockwiseClockwiseLeft HandRight Hand“as you are facing the front of the engine”
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Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyHow ManySupporting RopesIn This Pulley System?What’s TheMechanical AdvantageOf The System?
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Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyEngine MotionReciprocating PistonRotary – CrankshaftLinear – Car Moving
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologySprockets carry chains or beltsGears mesh with gears
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Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyOutputInput
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInputShaftOutput ShaftCounter Shaft
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyCentrifugal Clutch
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyCentrifugal Clutch“Grabs” Engages asthe Speed Increases
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyExamples of Electromagnetic Clutches
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyCoil, Drive Plate & Driven PlateElectromagnetic ClutchesUsed as Power Take Offs,Found in Drive Lines,Air Conditioning, and4WD Transfer Cases
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyCount the # of Supporting Ropes to Determine M.A.
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologySpur GearsSimple DesignTeeth Parallel to Axis of RotationNoisyLess ExpensiveClimbingBottoming
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyHelical GearsMore complex designTeeth cut on an Angle to AxisQuieter than Spur GearsStronger than Spur GearsCreate a side thrust that needsto be addressed/protected
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyBevel Gears90º change of motioncalled “miter” gears ifboth are same sizegenerate axial thrustgenerate radial thrust
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyWorm Gear Setsmall usually turns largegigantic M.A. Up to 40:1
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyRack & PinionFlat Gear is the RackSmall Gear is the PinionCommonly used inSteering Systems
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInternal Ring GearInput Direction Output Direction
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyPlanetary GearsetCan Provide:ReductionsDirectOverdrives
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Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInputOutputInput DriveOutput Driven
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInputOutputCWCCW
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInputOutputGear RatioA mathematical comparison of eitherthe# of teeth or the diameter or the radiusused to determine mechanical advantageCWCCWOutput # of Teeth Input # of Teeth Gear Ratio
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInput10Output1010 10 1Expressed as 1:1 Gear Ratio1:1 is a Direct RatioNo Change in Speed Direct Speed TransferNo Change in TorqueOutput # of Teeth Input # of Teeth Gear Ratio
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInputOutput40 10 4Expressed as 4:1 Gear Ratio10404:1 is a Reduction RatioLoss or Reduction of SpeedGain of TorqueOutput # of Teeth Input # of Teeth Gear Ratio
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInput10 50 0.2Expressed as 0.2:1 Gear RatioOutput50100.2:1 is an Overdrive RatioIncrease or Overdrive of SpeedLoss of TorqueOutput # of Teeth Input # of Teeth Gear Ratio
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInputOutputCWCCW
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInputOutputCWCCW
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Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInclined Plane M.A.2’12’2’6’Input Distance Output Distance Mechanical Advantage
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInclined Plane M.A.12 2 62’6:1 M.A.12’2’6 2 33:1 M.A.6’Input Distance Output Distance Mechanical Advantage
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInclined Plane M.A.12 2 62’6:1 M.A.12’2’2 2 11:1 M.A.2’No Gain in ForceInput Distance Output Distance Mechanical Advantage
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInclined Plane M.A.60#10#2’6:1 M.A.12’60#?#2’3:1 M.A.6’Input Distance Output Distance Mechanical Advantage
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology4’2’4’6’6’2’
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInput Force & DirectionOutput Force & DirectionLoadBar – Will Be Split IntoEffort ArmLoad ArmFulcrum
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology4 4 4’4’6 2 2’6’2 6 6’2’
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInput 9 teethInput 9 teethOutput 12 teeth9 9 1Direct Ratio 1:112 8 1.5Reduction Ratio 1.5:1Input 8 teethOutput 8 teethInput 12 teeth8 12 .66Overdrive Ratio .66:1
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInputOutput4’2’4’6’6’2’
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Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyWedge 2 Inclined Planes back to back2”2”20”?”20”M.A. :1Input Distance Output Distance Mechanical Advantage
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInput DiameterOutput DiameterInput Diameter Output Diameter M.A.
Energy, Power & Transportation Technology2” Rope Shaft30” Crank150# BucketM.A. How much force is needed to turn the crank?Why does it get harder to turn the crankas the bucket comes closer to the top of the well?
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInput Diameter 20”Output Diameter 1”M.A. ?Input Diameter Output Diameter M.A.
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyOn a vehicle, the axle drives the wheel & tire M. A. becomes a number less than 12 20 .101/10th the torque but a point on the tire goes ten times farther in one turnthan a point on the axle20” Tire2” Axle
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyInput DiameterOutput Diameter1”¼” or .250”1 .25 4 Mechanical Advantageof Twisting a Screwdriver is 4:1Input Diameter Output Diameter M.A.
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyOn a vehicle, the axle drives the wheel & tire M. A. becomes a number less than 12 40 .051/50th the torque but a point on the tire goes fifty times farther in one turnthan a point on the axleHas no “get up & go”, but has better mileage2” Axle40” TireBug with a 40” set of tires
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyOn a lawn mower, the crankshaft drives the bladeM. A. becomes a number less than 11 20 .051/10th the torque but a point on the blade goes ten times farther in one turnthan a point on the crankshaft** Blade Tip Speed is limited to 19,000 ft./min 215 MPH20” Blade1” Shaft
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyScrewsareSimple MachinesToo!
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyWe’re just inclined planeswrapped around a shaftThe Finer the Thread,the more M.A. a screw has
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyU.S. CustomaryThreadsClamp with20 threads per inchon its screwWhich Has MoreClamping Force?Clamp with28 threads per inchon its screw
Energy, Power & Transportation TechnologyS.I.MetricThreadsClamp with1.0 mm between threadson its screwWhich Has MoreClamping Force?Clamp with1.5 mm between trheadson its screw
form a gear set or a gear train . In a gear set, the input gear is called _ gear. The output gear is called the _ gear. Note: An idler gear or intermediate gear changes direction of rotation without change in gear set speed or torque Spinner &
on work, power and energy]. (iv)Different types of energy (e.g., chemical energy, Mechanical energy, heat energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, sound energy, light energy). Mechanical energy: potential energy U mgh (derivation included ) gravitational PE, examples; kinetic energy
Transportation Engineering The transportation engineering faculty offer graduate course in transportation planning, design, operations and safety with an emphasis on surface transportation. The faculty are engaged in research in transportation planning and safety, intelligent transportation systems, transportation systems analysis, traffic flow .
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 WWW.TRB.ORG VIII Biennial Asilomar Conference September 2001 Transportation, Energy, and Environmental Policy: Managing Transitions ISBN -309-08571-3 Managing Transitions Transportation, Energy, and Environmental Policy
Energy Use for Transportation Types of Energy Used for Transportation Energy Use by Type of Vehicle links page ENERGY USE FOR TRANSPORTATION America is a nation on the move. About 28 percent of the energy we use goes to transporting people and goods from one place to another.
Forms of energy include radiant energy from the sun, chemical energy from the food you eat, and electrical energy from the outlets in your home. All these forms of energy may be used or stored. Energy that is stored is called potential energy. Energy that is being used for motion is called kinetic energy. All types of energy are measured in joules.
Source: Natural Resources Canada Gasoline Diesel Aviation fuels 36 5 3 11 41 4 Road passenger Road freight Air arine Rail Off-road Energy use in the transportation sector, 2017 Transportation emissions by mode, 2017 Petroleum fuels power more than 95% of transportation Road transportation accounts for more than 75% of total transportation emissions
fee basis. Airlines, railroads, transit agencies, common carrier trucking companies, and pipelines are examples of for-hire transportation. Other types of transportation are discussed in Chapter 2. Box 1-1: Transportation Services Index The Bureau of Transportation Statistics’ (BTS) Transportation Services Index (TSI) measures the
Transportation's contribution to the economy can be measured by its contribution to gross domestic product (GDP). GDP is an economic measure of all goods and services produced . Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2017. Transportation-Related Final Demand by GDP Component Figure 2-1 shows total .
