Depression: What You Need To Know
DepressionNational Instituteof Mental HealthWhat YouNeed to Know
in this bookletAbout this booklet21. Depression is a real illness.3Signs and Symptoms3Factors That Play a Role in Depression4Types of Depression52. Depression affects people in different ways.6Women6Men6Children7Teens7Older People93. Depression is treatable.10Talking to Your Doctor11Tests and Diagnosis11Treatment12Medications13Talk Therapy (“Psychotherapy”)19Computer and/or Internet-Based Therapies20Depression: Is There an App for That?22Electroconvulsive Therapy andOther Brain Stimulation Therapies24Beyond Treatment: Things You Can Do254. You are not alone.If You Think a Loved One May Have DepressionHelpful resources272830
About this bookletThis booklet, prepared by the National Institute of Mental Health(NIMH), provides an overview on depression. NIMH is part of theNational Institutes of Health (NIH), the primary Federal agency forconducting and supporting medical research.This booklet will help you learn the following four things that everyoneshould know about depression: Depression is a real illness. Depression affects people in different ways. Depression is treatable. If you have depression, you are not alone.This booklet contains information on the signs and symptoms ofdepression, treatment and support options, and a listing of additionalresources. It is intended for informational purposes only and should notbe considered a guide for making medical decisions. Please review thisinformation and discuss it with your doctor or health care provider. Formore information on depression, please visit the NIMH website atwww.nimh.nih.gov.NEED HELP NOW?Call the 24-hour, toll-free confidential National SuicidePrevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255) or goto www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org.2National Institute of Mental Health
I’m a firefighter and ex-Marine. I should be able to dealwith anything. But I was sleeping poorly and always ina bad mood. My work was suffering because I couldn’tconcentrate. I felt like I was just going through the motionsand wondering what the point of it all was. I neverconsidered that I might have an underlying condition. Ifigured this is just how life is.1. Depression is a real illness.Sadness is something we all experience. It is a normal reaction todifficult times in life and usually passes with a little time.When a person has depression, it interferes with daily life and normalfunctioning. It can cause pain for both the person with depression andthose who care about him or her. Doctors call this condition“depressive disorder,” or “clinical depression.” It is a real illness. It isnot a sign of a person’s weakness or a character flaw. You can’t “snapout of” clinical depression. Most people who experience depressionneed treatment to get better.Signs and SymptomsSadness is only a small part of depression. Some people withdepression may not feel sadness at all. Depression has many othersymptoms, including physical ones. If you have been experiencing any ofthe following signs and symptoms for at least 2 weeks, you may besuffering from depression: Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood Feelings of hopelessness, pessimism Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, helplessness Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities Decreased energy, fatigue, being “slowed down” Difficulty concentrating, remembering, making decisionsDepression—What You Need to Know3
Difficulty sleeping, early-morning awakening, or oversleeping Appetite and/or weight changes Thoughts of death or suicide, suicide attempts Restlessness, irritability Persistent physical symptomsFactors That Play a Role in DepressionMany factors may play a role indepression, including genetics,brain biology and chemistry,and life events such as trauma,loss of a loved one, a difficultrelationship, an early childhoodexperience, or any stressfulsituation.Depression can happen at anyage, but often begins in theteens or early 20s or 30s.Most chronic mood andanxiety disorders in adults begin as high levels of anxiety in children. Infact, high levels of anxiety as a child could mean a higher risk ofdepression as an adult.Depression can co-occur with other serious medical illnesses such asdiabetes, cancer, heart disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Depression canmake these conditions worse and vice versa. Sometimes medicationstaken for these illnesses may cause side effects that contribute todepression. A doctor experienced in treating these complicatedillnesses can help work out the best treatment strategy.Research on depression is ongoing, and one day these discoveries maylead to better diagnosis and treatment. To learn more about currentresearch, visit the NIMH website at www.nimh.nih.gov.4National Institute of Mental Health
TYPES OF DEPRESSIONThere are several types of depressive disorders.Major depression: Severe symptoms that interfere with the abilityto work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy life. An episode can occur onlyonce in a person’s lifetime, but more often, a person has several episodes.Persistent depressive disorder: A depressed mood that lasts for atleast 2 years. A person diagnosed with persistent depressive disordermay have episodes of major depression along with periods of lesssevere symptoms, but symptoms must last for 2 years.Some forms of depression are slightly different, or they may developunder unique circumstances. They include:Psychotic depression, which occurs when a person has severedepression plus some form of psychosis, such as having disturbing falsebeliefs or a break with reality (delusions), or hearing or seeingupsetting things that others cannot hear or see (hallucinations).Postpartum depression, which is much more serious than the“baby blues” that many women experience after giving birth, whenhormonal and physical changes and the new responsibility of caring fora newborn can be overwhelming. It is estimated that 10 to 15 percentof women experience postpartum depression after giving birth.Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), which is characterized by theonset of depression during the winter months, when there is lessnatural sunlight. The depression generally lifts during spring andsummer. SAD may be effectively treated with light therapy, but nearlyhalf of those with SAD do not get better with light therapy alone.Antidepressant medication and psychotherapy can reduce SADsymptoms, either alone or in combination with light therapy.Bipolar disorder is different from depression. The reason it is includedin this list is because someone with bipolar disorder experiencesepisodes of extreme low moods (depression). But a person withbipolar disorder also experiences extreme high moods (called “mania”).You can learn more about many of these disorders on the NIMHwebsite at www.nimh.nih.gov.Depression—What You Need to Know5
2. Depression affects people in different ways.Not everyone who is depressed experiences every symptom. Somepeople experience only a few symptoms. Some people have many. Theseverity and frequency of symptoms, and how long they last, will varydepending on the individual and his or her particular illness. Symptomsmay also vary depending on the stage of the illness.My friends keep asking what’s wrong with me. I have agreat job and a wonderful family. But nothing seems funanymore. I’m tired all the time. I’m trying to force myself tobe interested in my kid’s activities, but I’m just not anymore.I feel lonely, sad, and don’t have the energy to get thingsdone. I feel like I’m being a bad mom.WomenWomen with depression do not all experience the same symptoms.However, women with depression typically have symptoms of sadness,worthlessness, and guilt.I’d drink and I’d drinkjust to get numb. I’d getnumb to try to numbmy head. You’re talkingmany, many beers to getto that state when youcan shut your head off.But then you wake upthe next day, and it’s stillthere. You have to dealwith it. It doesn’t justgo away.6Depression is more common among women thanamong men. Biological, lifecycle, hormonal, andpsychosocial factors that are unique to womenmay be linked to their higher depression rate.For example, women are especially vulnerable todeveloping postpartum depression after givingbirth, when hormonal and physical changes andthe new responsibility of caring for a newborncan be overwhelming.MenMen often experience depression differently thanwomen. While women with depression are morelikely to have feelings of sadness, worthlessness, andexcessive guilt, men are more likely to be very tired,irritable, lose interest in once-pleasurable activities,and have difficulty sleeping.National Institute of Mental Health
Men may turn to alcohol or drugs when they aredepressed. They also may become frustrated,discouraged, irritable, angry, and sometimesabusive. Some men may throw themselves intotheir work to avoid talking about their depressionwith family or friends, or behave recklessly. Andalthough more women attempt suicide, many moremen die by suicide in the United States.ChildrenMy son Timothy used tobe an outgoing 9-year-oldwho loved school. Now hefrequently complains ofstomachaches and refusesto go to school. He yells athis younger sister a lot. Hequit the soccer team andinstead has stayed in hisroom playing video games.Before puberty, girls and boys are equally likely todevelop depression. A child with depression maypretend to be sick, refuse to go to school, cling toa parent, or worry that a parent may die. Becausenormal behaviors vary from one childhood stageto another, it can be difficult to tell whether a child is just going througha temporary “phase” or is suffering from depression. Sometimes theparents become worried about how the child’s behavior has changed,or a teacher mentions that “your child doesn’t seem to be himself.” Insuch a case, if a visit to the child’s pediatrician rules out physical symptoms,the doctor will probably suggest that the child be evaluated, preferablyby a mental health professional who specializes in the treatment ofchildren. Most chronic mood disorders, such as depression, begin as highlevels of anxiety in children.TeensThe teen years can be tough. Teens are forming an identity apart fromtheir parents, grappling with gender issues and emerging sexuality, andmaking independent decisions for the first time in their lives. Occasionalbad moods are to be expected, but depression is different.I was constantly bullied, my heart was in the midst of beingbroken, and my grades were falling. The pain I suffered dayafter day, night after night was unbearable. I felt as if I wasdrowning. I hated myself. My mom was worried and took meto the doctor. My doctor diagnosed me with depression atthe end of my junior year in high school. I needed help.Depression—What You Need to Know7
Older children and teens with depression may sulk, get into trouble atschool, be negative and irritable, and feel misunderstood. If you’reunsure if an adolescent in your life is depressed or just “being ateenager,” consider how long the symptoms have been present, howsevere they are, and how different the teen is acting from his or herusual self. Teens with depression may also have other disorders such asanxiety, eating disorders, or substance abuse. They may also be athigher risk for suicide.Children and teenagers usually rely on parents, teachers, or othercaregivers to recognize their suffering and get them the treatment theyneed. Many teens don’t know where to go for mental health treatmentor believe that treatment won’t help. Others don’t get help becausethey think depression symptoms may be just part of the typical stressof school or being a teen. Some teens worry what other people willthink if they seek mental health care.QUICK TIPS FOR TALKING TO YOURDEPRESSED CHILD OR TEEN: Offer emotional support, understanding, patience, andencouragement. Talk to your child, not necessarily about depression, andlisten carefully. Never discount the feelings your child expresses, butpoint out realities and offer hope. Never ignore comments about suicide. Remind your child that with time and treatment, thedepression will lift.Depression often persists, recurs, and continues into adulthood,especially if left untreated. If you suspect a child or teenager in your lifeis suffering from depression, speak up right away.8National Institute of Mental Health
My mother is 68 years old, and I’ve noticed somechanges. She isn’t interested in her favorite foodsanymore. She has trouble sleeping at night and snapsat the grandchildren more than usual. She used to bepretty outgoing, but now she keeps to herself a lot.Older PeopleHaving depression for a long period of time is not a normal part ofgrowing older. Most older adults feel satisfied with their lives, despitehaving more illnesses or physical problems. But depression in olderadults may be difficult to recognize because they may show different,less obvious symptoms.Sometimes older people who are depressed appear to feel tired, havetrouble sleeping, or seem grumpy and irritable. Confusion or attentionproblems caused by depression can sometimes look like Alzheimer’sdisease or other brain disorders. Older adults also may have moremedical conditions such as heart disease, stroke, or cancer, which maycause depressive symptoms. Or they may be taking medications withside effects that contribute to depression.Some older adults may experience what doctors call vascular depression,also called arteriosclerotic depression or subcortical ischemic depression.Vascular depression may result when blood vessels become less flexibleand harden over time, becoming constricted. The hardening of vesselsprevents normal blood flow to the body’s organs, including the brain. Thosewith vascular depression may have or be at risk for heart disease or stroke.Sometimes it can be difficult to distinguish grief from major depression. Griefafter loss of a loved one is a normal reaction and generally does not requireprofessional mental health treatment. However, grief that is complicatedand lasts for a very long time following a loss may require treatment.Older adults who had depression when they were younger are more atrisk for developing depression in late life than those who did not have theillness earlier in life.Depression—What You Need to Know9
3. Depression is treatable.My daily routine was shot. I didn’t have the energy to do anything. I got upbecause the dog had to be walked and my wife needed to go to work. Theday would go by, and I didn’t know where it went. I wanted to get back tonormal. I just wanted to be myself again. A friend noticed that somethingwasn’t right. I talked to him about the time he had been really depressed andhad gotten help from his doctor.Depression, even the most severe cases, can be treated. The earliertreatment begins, the more effective it is. Most adults see animprovement in their symptoms when treated with antidepressantdrugs, talk therapy (psychotherapy), or a combination of both.If you think you may havedepression, start by making anappointment to see your doctoror health care provider. This couldbe your primary doctor or a healthprovider who specializes in diagnosingand treating mental health conditions(psychologist or psychiatrist). Certainmedications, and some medicalconditions, such as viruses or athyroid disorder, can cause the same symptoms as depression. A doctorcan rule out these possibilities by doing a physical exam, interview, andlab tests. If the doctor can find no medical condition that may becausing the depression, the next step is a psychological evaluation.QUICK TIP: MAKING AN APPOINTMENTIf you still need to make an appointment, here are some thingsyou could say during the first call: “I haven’t been myself lately,and I’d like to talk to the provider about it,” or “I think I mighthave depression, and I’d like some help.”10National Institute of Mental Health
Talking to Your DoctorHow well you and your doctor talk to each other is one of themost important parts of getting good health care. But talking to yourdoctor isn’t always easy. It takes time and effort on your part aswell as your doctor’s.To prepare for your appointment, make a list of: Any symptoms you’ve had, including any that may seem unrelatedto the reason for your appointment When did your symptoms start? How severe are your symptoms? Have the symptoms occurred before? If the symptoms have occurred before, how were they treated? Key personal information, including any major stresses or recentlife changes All medications, vitamins, or other supplements that you’retaking, including how much and how often Questions to ask your health providerIf you don’t have a primary doctor or are not at ease with the one youcurrently see, now may be the time to find a new doctor. Whether youjust moved to a new city, changed insurance providers, or had a badexperience with your doctor or medical staff, it is worthwhile to spendtime finding a doctor you can trust.Tests and DiagnosisYour doctor or health care providerwill examine you and talk to you atthe appointment. Your doctor maydo a physical exam and ask questionsabout your health and symptoms.There are no lab tests that canspecifically diagnose depression, butyour doctor may also order somelab tests to rule out other conditions.Depression—What You Need to Know11
Ask questions if the doctor’s explanations or instructions are unclear,bring up problems even if the doctor doesn’t ask, and let the doctorknow if you have concerns about a particular treatment or change inyour daily life.Your doctor may refer you to a mental health professional, such as apsychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, or mental health counselor, whoshould discuss with you any family history of depression or other mentaldisorder, and get a complete history of your symptoms. The mental healthprofessional may also ask if you are using alcohol or drugs, and if you arethinking about death or suicide. If your doctor does not refer you to amental health professional or you feel your concerns were not adequatelyaddressed, call or visit the website for your health insurance provider,Medicare (www.medicare.gov/), or Medicaid (http://medicaid.gov/).You can also try searching in the Substance Abuse and Mental HealthServices Administration’s (SAMHSA) Behavioral Health TreatmentServices Locator (https://findtreatment.samhsa.gov/) or one of theother resources listed at the end of this booklet to find one.NEED HELP NOW?Call the 24-hour, toll-free confidential National SuicidePrevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255) or goto ion is treated with medicines, talk therapy (where a persontalks with a trained professional about his or herthoughts and feelings; sometimes calledI called my doctor andtalked about how I was“psychotherapy”), or a combination of the two.feeling. She had me comeRemember: No two people are affected the samein for a checkup andway by depression. There is no “one-size-fits-all”gave me the name of afor treatment. It may take some trial and error tospecialist who is an expertin treating depression.find the treatment that works best for you.12National Institute of Mental Health
MEDICATIONSQUICK TIP: MEDICATIONSBecause information about medications is always changing, thefollowing section may not list all the types of medicationsavailable to treat depression. Check the Food and DrugAdministration (FDA) website (www.fda.gov) for the latestnews and information on warnings, patient medication guides, ornewly approved medications.Antidepressants are medicines that treat depression. They may helpimprove the way your brain uses certain chemicals that control moodor stress.There are several types of antidepressants: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)There are other antidepressants that don’t fall into any of these categoriesand are considered unique, such as Mirtazapine and Bupropion.Although all antidepressants can cause side effects, some are morelikely to cause certain side effects than others. You may need to tryDepression—What You Need to Know13
several different antidepressant medicines before finding the one thatimproves your symptoms and has side effects that you can manage.Most antidepressants are generally safe, but the U.S. Food and DrugAdministration (FDA) requires that all antidepressants carry black boxwarnings, the strictest warnings for prescriptions. In some cases, children,teenagers, and young adults under age 25 may experience an increase insuicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants, especially inthe first few weeks after starting or when the dose is changed. Thewarning also says that patients of all ages taking antidepressants shouldbe watched closely, especially during the first few weeks of treatment.Common side effects listed by the FDA for antidepressants are: Nausea and vomiting Weight gain Diarrhea Sleepiness Sexual problemsOther more serious but much less common side effects listed by theFDA for antidepressant medicines can include seizures, heart problems,and an imbalance of salt in your blood, liver damage, suicidal thoughts,or serotonin syndrome (a life-threatening reaction where your bodymakes too much serotonin). Serotonin syndrome can cause shivering,diarrhea, fever, seizures, and stiff or rigid muscles.IF YOU ARE HAVING SUICIDAL THOUGHTSor other serious side effects like seizures or heartproblems while taking antidepressant medicines,contact your doctor immediately.The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline is availableat 1-800-273-TALK (8255), or you can visitwww.suicidepreventionlifeline.org.14National Institute of Mental Health
Your doctor may have you see a talk therapist in addition to takingmedicine. Ask your doctor about the benefits and risks of adding talktherapy to your treatment. Sometimes talk therapy alone may be thebest treatment for you.HOW SHOULD ANTIDEPRESSANTS BE TAKEN?People taking antidepressants need to follow their doctor’s directions.The medication should be taken in the right dose for the right amount oftime. It can take 3 or 4 weeks until the medicine takes effect. Somepeople take the medications for a short time, and some people take themfor much longer periods. People with long-term or severe depressionmay need to take medication for a long time.Once a person is taking antidepressants, it is important not to stoptaking them without the help of a doctor. Sometimes people takingantidepressants feel better and stop taking the medication too soon,and the depression may return. When it is time to stop the medication,the doctor will help the person slowly and safely decrease the dose. It’simportant to give the body time to adjust to the change. People don’tget addicted, or “hooked,” on the medications, but stopping themabruptly can cause withdrawal symptoms. If a medication does notwork, it may be helpful to be open to trying another one.Depression—What You Need to Know15
FDA WARNING ON ANTIDEPRESSANTSAntidepressants are generally considered safe, but some studies havesuggested that they may have unintentional effects, especially in youngpeople. The FDA adopted a “black box” warning label—the mostserious type of warning—on all antidepressant medications. Thewarning says there is an increased risk of suicidal thinking or suicideattempts in children, adolescents, and young adults up through age 24.The warning also says that patients of all ages taking antidepressantsshould be watched closely, especially during the first few weeks oftreatment. Possible side effects to look for are depression that gets worse,suicidal thinking or behavior, or any unusual changes in behavior such astrouble sleeping, agitation, or withdrawal from normal social situations.Families and caregivers should report any changes to the doctor.Finally, the FDA has warned that combining the newer SSRI or SNRIantidepressants with one of the commonly used “triptan” medicationsused to treat migraine headaches could cause a life-threatening illnesscalled “serotonin syndrome.” A person with serotonin syndrome maybe agitated, have hallucinations (see or hear things that are not real),have a high temperature, or have unusual blood pressure changes.Serotonin syndrome is usually associated with the older antidepressantscalled MAOIs, but it can happen with the newer antidepressants aswell, if they are mixed with the wrong medications.The benefits of antidepressant medications may outweigh their risks tochildren and adolescents with depression. To find the latest information,talk to your doctor and visit www.fda.gov.16National Institute of Mental Health
ARE HERBAL MEDICINES USED TO TREAT DEPRESSION?You may have heard about an herbal medicine called St. John’s wort. St.John’s wort is an herb. Its flowers and leaves are used to makemedicine. It is one of the top-selling botanical products in the UnitedStates. But St. John’s wort is not a proven therapy for depression. TheFDA has not approved its use as an over-the-counter or prescriptionmedicine for depression, and there are serious concerns about itssafety and effectiveness.Taking St. John’s wort can weaken many prescription medicines, such as: Antidepressants Birth control pills Cyclosporine, which prevents the body from rejectingtransplanted organs Digoxin, a heart medication Some HIV drugs Some cancer medications Medications used to thin the bloodDepression—What You Need to Know17
QUICK TIP: IF YOU ARE CONSIDERING ST.JOHN’S WORT FOR DEPRESSION Do not use St. John’s wort to replace conventional care or topostpone seeing a health care provider. If not adequately treated,depression can become severe. Keep in mind that dietary supplements can cause medicalproblems if not used correctly or if used in large amounts, andsome may interact with medications you take. Your healthcare provider can advise you. Many dietary supplements have not been tested in pregnantwomen, nursing mothers, or children. Little safety informationon St. John’s wort for pregnant women or children is available,so it is especially important to talk with health experts if youare pregnant or nursing or are considering giving a dietarysupplement to a child. Tell all your health care providers about any complementaryhealth approaches you use. Give them a full picture of whatyou do to manage your health.For more information, please visit the website for the NationalCenter for Complementary and Integrative Health at https://nccih.nih.gov/.For more information on medications for depression, please visit theFDA website at www.fda.gov. You can also find information on drugs,supplements, and herbal information on the National Library ofMedicine’s Medline Plus website .18National Institute of Mental Health
TALK THERAPY (“PSYCHOTHERAPY”)Several types of psychotherapy—or “talktherapy”—can help people with depression.There are several types of psychotherapies thatmay be effective in treating depression. Examplesinclude cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonaltherapy, and problem-solving therapy.COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT)CBT can help an individual with depression changenegative thinking. It can help you interpret yourenvironment and interactions in a positive, realisticway. It may also help you recognize things thatmay be contributing to the depression and helpyou change behaviors that may be making thedepression worse.Now I’m seeingthe specialist on aregular basis for “talktherapy,” which helpsme learn ways to dealwith this illness in myeveryday life, and I’mtaking medicine fordepression. I’m startingto feel more likemyself again. Withouttreatment, I felt likeeverything was dark—as if I was lookingat life through tintedglasses. Treatment ishelping it clear.INTERPERSONAL THERAPY (IPT)IPT is designed to help an individual understand and work throughtroubled relationships that may cause the depression or make it worse.When a behavior is causing problems, IPT may help you change thebehavior. In IPT, you explore major issues that may add to yourdepression, such as grief, or times of upheaval or transition.Depression—What You Need to Know19
PROBLEM-SOLVING THERAPY (PST)PST can improve an individual’s ability to cope with stressful lifeexperiences. It is an effective treatment option, particularly for olderadults with depression. Using a step-by-step process, you identifyproblems and come up with realistic solutions. It is a short-termtherapy and may be conducted in an individual or group format.For mild to moderate depression, psychotherapy may be the bestoption. However, for severe depression or for certain people,psychotherapy may not be enough. For teens, a combination ofmedication and psychotherapy may be the most effective approach totreating major depression and reducing the chances of it coming back.Another study looking at depression treatment among older adultsfound that people who responded to initial treatment of medicationand IPT were less likely to have recurring depression if they continuedtheir combination treatment for at least 2 years.More information on psychotherapy is available on the NIMH website ndex.shtml.COMPUTER AND/OR INTERNET-BASED THERAPIESMeredith made a cup of coffee and settledinto the living room sofa, then she clickedon an icon on her laptop. Hundreds of milesaway, her face popped up on her therapist’scomputer monitor; he smiled back on hercomputer screen.Your therapist could be only a mouse click or email away. There aremany therapy programs available online or on the computer (e.g.,DVDs, CDs), and some research shows that Internet-based therapiesmay be just as helpful as face-to-face. But results can vary fromprogram to program and each program is different.Many of these therapies
Women with depression do not all experience the same symptoms. However, women with depression typically have symptoms of sadness, worthlessness, and guilt. Depression is more common among women than among men. Biological, lifecycle, hormonal, and . psychosocial factors that are unique to women . may be linked to their higher depression rate.
In Beck Depression Inventory, Zung Depression Scale, Costello-Comrey Depression and Anxiety Scale, MMPI Depression Scale, and Rosen DepressionScale, any finding has not been obtained which supports that anxiety and depression are separate factors from each other (16). In confirmatory factor analysis, which was carried out on
The Great Depression Begins 1929–1932.Big Ideas , SECTION 1: Causes of the Depression Societies change over time. Inflated stock prices, overproduction, high tariffs, uneven distribution of wealth, and mistakes by the Federal Reserve led to the Great Depression. SECTION 2: Life During the Depression Societies change over time.
Causes of the Great Depression The Stock Market crash signaled the beginning of the Great Depression. Lasts from 1929 to 1941 Millions of people are out of work Crash alone did not cause the Depression Made economic collapse happen more quickly Made the Depression more severe Historians and economists differ on the main causes of the Depression.
and thousands lost their jobs. The stock market crash marked the end of the boom years and set off a series of events that led to the beginning of the Great Depression. The Great Depression The Great Depression, which lasted from 1929 to the beginning of World War II, was the longest and worst depression in U.S. history. President Herbert .
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression Example 1A: Classifying Angles of Elevation and Depression Classify each angle as an angle of elevation or an angle of depression. 1 1 is formed by a horizontal line and a line of sight to a point below the line. It is an angle of depression.
depression and you may find this workbook helpful. This workbook aims to help you to: Recognise whether you may be experiencing symptoms of depression. Understand what depression is, what causes it and what keeps it going. Find ways to understan
work/products (Beading, Candles, Carving, Food Products, Soap, Weaving, etc.) ⃝I understand that if my work contains Indigenous visual representation that it is a reflection of the Indigenous culture of my native region. ⃝To the best of my knowledge, my work/products fall within Craft Council standards and expectations with respect to
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 C165 Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties of Thermal Insulations C167 Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Blanket or Batt Thermal Insulations C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus C303 Test Method for .
