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Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 17:1 January 2017 Courageous Women:A Study of Resilience of Women in Khaled Hosseini’s NovelA Thousand Splendid SunsMuhammad Imran Joyia, M.Phil. EnglishUmer Farooq, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishSohail Ghafoor, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishAmmara Gull, M.Phil. Scholar in English AbstractThis research paper is based on Khaled Hosseini’s daring effort to highlight andacknowledge the marginalization and subjugation of women in patriarchal society especially inAfghanistan. In his second novel A Thousand Splendid Suns (2007), he introduced many femalecharacters which are victimized, sexually harassed, suppressed by both male and female figuresbut in-spite of all they challenged the brutality. They found their ways to live their lives and provedthat if you have the courage to bear, can bear any calamity of the world and make your way to livelife. There is a message for all those women of the world who are suffering from any type of maleor female brutality that they can stand against all oppressions and suppressions. To be a woman isnot bad, but to be a coward woman is really bad.Keywords: marginalization, patriarchal society, sexually harassed, oppressions, suppressionsHosseini and His NovelsHosseini is a young Afghan-American doctor and writer. His contribution in fiction makeshim prominent around the globe. His 1st novel is The Kite Runner, which represents the classsystem in the regime of Talbans in Afghanistan. He highlights the Shia-Sunni difference and makesthe Hazara community subaltern within subaltern. His second novel is A Thousand Splendid Suns,where the focus is on the female subaltern characters, which are marginalized doubly and triply byLanguage in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 17:1 January 2017Muhammad Imran Joyia, M.Phil. English, Umer Farooq, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishSohail Ghafoor, M.Phil. Scholar in English, and Ammara Gull, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishCourageous Women: A Study of Resilience of Women in Khaled Hosseini’s Novel A ThousandSplendid Suns98
the hands of male, system, culture and male-made society. There is surge of freedom awakeningamong the females. And the Mountain Echoed is his last novel which tells the story of a war-tornpoor family who sells his daughter to a wealthy couple in Kabul to escape from hunger andstarvation. In all three novels, male and female are in sorry plight but the females are in worsedilapidated condition and they are more subaltern.Focus of This PaperThis research paper is concerned with assessing the attitudes, opinions and conditions ofthe characters in which the characters act and they are forced to act. According to Waseem (2010),the major focus of the descriptive research is over “what is” and can only measure what alreadyexists (p.185). She analyzes the major female characters who are made subaltern through the threedecades in Afghanistan. The subaltern theory is applied to analyse the female characters. And cansubaltern speak? Yes, of course.Concept of SubalternTheoretically this research work is based on Gramsci’s concept of subaltern and Spivak’stheory, Can subaltern speak? According to Gramsci, the unity of the ruling class is the unity of thevarious powerful groups of the state. They have common interests to gain the benefits. This organicunity among the classes takes the shape of the state. According to Hoare (1971) “The fundamentalhistoricalunity,concretely, results from the organic relations between state or political society and civil society”,p.201). In prison, he wrote about philosophy, history and politics. He declared that the subalternwere the subjected underclass in a society on whom the dominant power exerts its hegemonicinfluence. The subaltern is not a particular group of people of inferior ranks of status, subordinate,hence of power, rank authority action. The term subaltern is used for class, caste, gender, race,language and culture.Spivak is the other major initiator in South Asia who contributed to analyzing the theoryof subaltern studies. Her seminal work, Can subaltern speak? Brought the oppressed andsuppressed classes to the light and the peasant uprising in India and the historiography of IndianLanguage in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 17:1 January 2017Muhammad Imran Joyia, M.Phil. English, Umer Farooq, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishSohail Ghafoor, M.Phil. Scholar in English, and Ammara Gull, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishCourageous Women: A Study of Resilience of Women in Khaled Hosseini’s Novel A ThousandSplendid Suns99
people further fanned the theory. She claims that current histories of India were told from thecolonizers’ point of view and presented a story of the colony via the British administrators.Through the various journals, the subaltern study group wrote against the grain and restored historyto the subordinated. In other words, to give common people back their agency.Spivak questions, can subaltern speak? She says no, when subaltern speak, s/he remains nomore subaltern. Many subaltern study critics like Dipesh Chakrbarty suggest that it is reallyimpossible to fully break from the western narrative. The subaltern history brings to light theprevious covered histories, previously ignored events and the previously hidden secrets of theothers. The subaltern are considered the others, this otherness is the part of modern fiction. Thesemarginalized people are struggling to approach the center.This present paper presents the content where the females are made subaltern. Accordingto Krippendorff (200:18), content analysis is a useful technique to analyze the data and it bringsvalid inference from the text. The data were related to the attitude which women had to face. Thestudy focuses on Nana, Mariam and Laila and the attitude of these females towards the male-madesubaltern.A Thousand Splendid SunsLanguage in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 17:1 January 2017Muhammad Imran Joyia, M.Phil. English, Umer Farooq, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishSohail Ghafoor, M.Phil. Scholar in English, and Ammara Gull, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishCourageous Women: A Study of Resilience of Women in Khaled Hosseini’s Novel A ThousandSplendid Suns100
A Thousand Splendid Suns was written by Khaled Hosseini. It was published in 2007. Thenovel has four parts. Chapter 1 to15 tells about Nana and Mariam, 16 to 26 the focal person isLaila, 27 to 46 tells the sisterhood of Mariam and Laila, the heroine of the novel, in the story. Theresearchers will use the secondary sources and websites that will deal the subaltern.NanaNana represents the first generation who is ostracized and marginalized. Mariam isdeclared “Harami” (illegitimate child) because her mother is made illegallypregnant by Jalil, awealthy cinema owner. Mariam, a young daughter of Jalil, forced to marry an aged man. She isthe submissive wife who tolerates the hardships and heinous attitude of her husband Rasheed, achain smoker and older than Mariam. Laila is the last generation who is fall victim to the war andunder age marriage and made “subaltern” by Rasheed and the Talbans who resist, revolt andavenge. The novel describes the struggle of females who escape from insubordination imposedupon them by the culture and society in Afghanistan. This paper portrays that both male and femaleare subaltern of postcolonial milieu in Afghanistan who struggle for freedom and try to resist inthe repressive social structures. These characters do not succeed completely in bringing aboutLanguage in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 17:1 January 2017Muhammad Imran Joyia, M.Phil. English, Umer Farooq, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishSohail Ghafoor, M.Phil. Scholar in English, and Ammara Gull, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishCourageous Women: A Study of Resilience of Women in Khaled Hosseini’s Novel A ThousandSplendid Suns101
tangible change in the society; still they struggle and search their identities through crime andtransgression like Mariam and Laila.Khaled Hosseini, Afghan-American writer, depicts the female characters whose conditionremains the same, though the country is afflicted in the war on terror or the war of lords. Nana,Mariam and Laila are not able to upgrade their status, though they struggle to speak throughresistance and agitation. The researcher will assess the resilience of female characters in theAfghan cultures which is war-ridden.Important QuestionsDuring the study of A Thousand splendid Suns some important questions arise in the mindsof the readers such as a) what kinds of gender subaltern attitude are faced by females in this novel,b) what are the attitudes of females towards the males, c) how do the differences between Mariamand Laila's upbringings affect their views on women's place in society?, and d) How do the livesof women change during the different regimes in Afghanistan?. The answer for all these questionscan show ways by which the females are made subaltern in Afghan culture and how they resistand revolt against the oppressors and oppression.This paper presents the following aspects of Hosseini’s A Thousand splendid Suns in acomprehensive way; i) Afghan culture and females as subaltern, ii) Evaluation of suppressedwomen in postcolonial perspective, iii) The problems of females in various regimes, iv) Awarenessand identity among the females, v) Subaltern speaks through resistance and revolt, vi) Struggle toparticipate in reconstruct modern Afghanistan.MariamMariam has been told before by her mom that "like a compass needle that focuses north, aman's denouncing finger dependably finds a female" (Hosseini p.7). To Jalil, Nana resembled a'mugwort', a weed, something you tear out and hurl aside. This weed was bound to a house whichNana called "rodent gap". Mariam and Nana lived in an enclosed house with high boundary wallswithout knowing anything that was going on outside the world. After Nana's passing, MariamLanguage in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 17:1 January 2017Muhammad Imran Joyia, M.Phil. English, Umer Farooq, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishSohail Ghafoor, M.Phil. Scholar in English, and Ammara Gull, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishCourageous Women: A Study of Resilience of Women in Khaled Hosseini’s Novel A ThousandSplendid Suns102
began to live in the place of her father. She felt desolate amidst a group of other family memberswho were total strangers to her. She felt as though she didn't have a place there, and recollectedher mother's words, "I'm all you have in this world, Mariam, and when I'm gone you'll havenothing. You'll have nothing. You are nothing!" (Hosseini, p.28).She was imposed on Jalil and his other three wives. Thus, they found a suitor, Rasheed, forher who was trice matured than she was. She would not like to marry such a man, who was at thatpoint already married once, and she wept for help yet nobody listened to her. She was compelledto acknowledge and embrace this catastrophe of constrained marriage. Female as a piece of man'spatrimony "is losing herself, female is lost" (de Beauvoir, p.3), since "she doesn't possess anything,female is not raised to the nobility of a man; she herself is a piece of man's patrimony, first herfather's and after that her husband's". (de Beauvoir, p.93). The recognition of constrained marriageof young females with much more aged men, basically as a 'trade', is an important point that thenovelist needs to be concerned about.Life in KabulMariam and Rasheed reached Kabul in their home which was absolutely odd, andfreighting to live in and that too with a man whom she didn't know by any stretch of theimagination. She started to cry and Rasheed would state to her irately, "That is one thing I can'tstand, the sound of a female crying. I'm sad. I have no tolerance for it" (Hosseini, p.40). She wascompelled to wear burqa (veil) which she never had worn. It resembled an enclosure to her and"the paddled headpiece felt tight and substantial on her skull, and it was peculiar seeing the worldthrough a work screen" (Hosseini, p.65).Pregnancy as an Image for TrustFollowing couple of weeks, she started to live a life of compromise with Rasheed. He tookher to a visit to the city. She even got to be pregnant. One day when she was watching the snowfalling, she recollected Nana saying that "every snowflake was a moan hurled by a bothered femalesome place on the planet As an indication of how females like us endure. How unobtrusivelyLanguage in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 17:1 January 2017Muhammad Imran Joyia, M.Phil. English, Umer Farooq, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishSohail Ghafoor, M.Phil. Scholar in English, and Ammara Gull, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishCourageous Women: A Study of Resilience of Women in Khaled Hosseini’s Novel A ThousandSplendid Suns103
we bear every one of that falls upon us." (Hosseini, p.59). Hosseini has utilized pregnancy as animage for trust all through the novel.In the beginning, it was Nana who chose to live herself in her own ways. Then Mariam'spregnancy. Presently, Rasheed started to discover fault in all that she was accomplishing for him,in spite of the fact that she attempted her level best to execute his requests. The peak of hismercilessness towards her can be seen when "he pushed two fingers in her mouth and pried it open,then constrained the chilly, hard rocks into it. Mariam battled against him, murmuring, howeverhe continued pushing the rocks in her upper lip nestled into scoff" (Hosseini, p.94). Her mouthwas loaded with blood when Rasheed constrained her to chew the stones.LailaFrom here, the account turns towards another significant character, Laila, who was a cityproduced character, lovely and youthful. She turned into another victim of Rasheed, bothphysically and mentally, and also sexually. Her parents were killed when a rocket hit their home;she came into the malignant hands of Rasheed who caught her by sending a man to her who weavesa false tale about her dearest Tariq's demise. She came to think about her pregnancy by Tariq thatleft no other choice for her however to acknowledge the Rashid's proposition to be engaged. Shewas only fourteen and Rasheed's desire for her was compounded by Mariam's position and esteemin the house. He keeps away from Mariam and misuse her as a harami (illegitimate) and dehati(villager). Mariam was a "dismal, hopeless female," (Hosseini, p.142) as Laila would state whomRasheed used to beat her with his belt. In the novel, the dread of the spouse is revealed in thesewords:Throughout the years, Mariam had figured out how to solidify herself against his disdainand censure, his criticizing and reviling. In any case, this dread she had had no influence over.Every one of these years and still she shuddered with dread when he was this way, scoffing, fixingthe belt around his clench hand, the squeaking of the calfskin, the flicker in his red eyes. It was thedread of the goat, discharged in the tiger's enclosure, when the tiger first turns upward from itspaws, starts to snarl. (Hosseini, p.145). On the other side, Laila was striking to test Rasheed'sLanguage in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 17:1 January 2017Muhammad Imran Joyia, M.Phil. English, Umer Farooq, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishSohail Ghafoor, M.Phil. Scholar in English, and Ammara Gull, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishCourageous Women: A Study of Resilience of Women in Khaled Hosseini’s Novel A ThousandSplendid Suns104
power. "Rasheed raised the belt and came at Mariam. At that point a shocking thing happened:The young female (Laila) thrusted at him. She got his arm and attempted to drag him down,however she could do close to dangle from it. She succeeded in abating Rasheed's advance towardMariam" (Hosseini, p.146). This nonstop beating and viciousness of Rasheed made Laila identifywith Mariam and brought them two near one another. They started to love each other, and theirunsuccessful fleeing from his home made Laila the casualty of Rasheed's hands also:“Laila didn't see the punch coming. One minute she was talking and the following she was on allfours, wide-looked at and red-confronted, attempting to draw a breath. It was as though an autohad hit her at full speed, in the delicate place between the lower lip of the breastbone and thepaunch catch. She understood she had dropped Aziza that Aziza was shouting. She attempted toinhale again and could just make an imposing, gagging sound. Spill swung from her mouth(Hosseini, p.160). The most vital defining moment in the novel is when Rasheed grabbed Laila'sthroat and attempted to slaughter her in any case, rather, Mariam murdered him with her full powerpass up a scoop on Rasheed's head. By offering herself to the police, Mariam made a give up ofher life to the group of Laila. She grasped the passing boldly. The life had given her onlyinterminable experiencing the hands of father to the remorseless spouse, and afterward, the generalpublic. She was constantly beaten and made to comply. Indeed, even the last words that Mariamlistened were, "stoop here, hamshira and look down". She has been given requests in her entire lifeand "one final time, Mariam did as she was told" (Hosseini, p.225).Training of Afghan FemalesInstruction, especially the training of Afghan females, is another angle that Hosseini ismanaging in his novel. The expressions of Babi tending to Laila confirm this: Marriage can holdup, instruction can't. You are a, splendid young female. Genuinely, you are. You can be anythingyou need, Laila I know this about you. What's more, I additionally realize that when this war isover, Afghanistan will require you as much as its men, possibly more. Since a general public hasno possibility of accomplishment if its females are uneducated, Laila no possibility (Hosseini,p.72).Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 17:1 January 2017Muhammad Imran Joyia, M.Phil. English, Umer Farooq, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishSohail Ghafoor, M.Phil. Scholar in English, and Ammara Gull, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishCourageous Women: A Study of Resilience of Women in Khaled Hosseini’s Novel A ThousandSplendid Suns105
Laila's father longed for the free Afghanistan where females can inhale as openly as men.For quite a while the happening to socialism made the life of females free. Again, in theexpressions of Bibi: Women have dependably had it hard in this nation, Laila, however they'remost likely more free now, under the communists, and have a bigger number of rights then they'rethan they've ever had before It is great time to be a female in Afghanistan. Also, you can exploitthat, Laila. Obviously, females' flexibility here is likewise one reason individuals out there wagedwar in any case (Hosseini, p.86). But the majority of the Bibi's convictions and thoughts about thefemales training in Afghanistan were demonstrated wrong, since now under the Taliban run thisnation, known as the 'Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan', Afghanistan endured more than some othergovernment some time recently. They have made the laws and guidelines that must beacknowledged in at any rate, and among them one is, "Young females are illegal from going toschools. All schools for young females will be shut instantly. Females are illegal from working"(Hosseini, p.166). The circumstance in Afghanistan became worse. Females were totally bannedfrom training and different exercises, which made them confined in their homes. By the Rasheed'sincomplete mentality towards Azizia, we can comprehend that the young female tyke was notwelcome in Afghanistan. He needed her to ask on roads and sent her to halfway house.Women’s PlightWomen, throughout the ages are struggling to achieve their rights in Afghanistan. Thesituation in the urban areas is better but it is complicated and pitiable in the rural areas, they arenot allowed to enjoy the basic rights, they work in crop fields, on the lands and remained with theanimals. They lend hand in agriculture but their income totally depend on the males. They areordered to wear burqa (veil). They are not allowed to wear makeup, even they are considered theproperty of males. The females are sold and bought as the bride and they are commodified(Marsden, 1998).Afghan women are oppressed but they resist revolt and avenged. A Thousand SplendidSuns is the exploration from subaltern to equal gender. Nana is the deprived generation who pointsout the follies of males before the females but does not resist. Mariam is declared the “harami, thebastard, and she with her mother are excluded from the society and both lived in kolba, which isseparated and marginalized place where no one is in their neighbor. Laila is the major resistingLanguage in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 17:1 January 2017Muhammad Imran Joyia, M.Phil. English, Umer Farooq, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishSohail Ghafoor, M.Phil. Scholar in English, and Ammara Gull, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishCourageous Women: A Study of Resilience of Women in Khaled Hosseini’s Novel A ThousandSplendid Suns106
force who motivates the previous and forthcoming generation to revolt against the patriarchalsociety which made them subaltern. In the novel female-subaltern speak through resistance andrevolt. Khaled Hosseini challenges Spivak’s theory of subaltern, can subaltern speak? She says“NO” but Hosseini says “Yes” and subaltern’s voices are heard.To ConcludeTo conclude, this paper in hands points out the shortcomings of the man-made system andprovides information about the males’ attitude in Afghanistan. The females are considered thecreatures of the lowest ranks. They are kept with the animals and excommunicated from themainstream. The researcher will also collect information about the cultural background ofsubalternity in Afghanistan and the awakening spirit among the females who are resisting andrevolt against the center. The researcher hopes that male will review on their attitude and take thefemale as the equal gender. ReferencesDe Beauvoir, S. (2011). The Second Sex. Translation. Borden, C., & Chevallier, S. Inroduction bySheila Rowbotham. London: Vintage Books, 2011 (1st Ed. 1949)Horae,et al. (1971)Prison Notebooks Of Antonio Gramsci. London: (2013) International Journalof English and Literature.p.459Husseini, K. (2007). A Thousand Splendid Suns. London: Penguin books Ltd.Null, Linda, &Alfred, S. (2008) A Thousand Splintered Hopes .The English Journal. 97.6.Silima, N. (2013). Subjugation: A Study Of the Women Characters in Khaled Hosseini’s andArundhati Roy’s Novels. International Journal of English and Literature, 4(10), 456-461Yawari, A.W. (2011).The Inner Strength Of Women In Khalid Husseini’s A Thousand SplendidSuns And Alice Walker’s The Color Purple.Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 17:1 January 2017Muhammad Imran Joyia, M.Phil. English, Umer Farooq, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishSohail Ghafoor, M.Phil. Scholar in English, and Ammara Gull, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishCourageous Women: A Study of Resilience of Women in Khaled Hosseini’s Novel A ThousandSplendid Suns107
Muhammad Imran Joyia, M.Phil. EnglishBahuddin Zakaryia University Multan, Pakistanimranjoyia76@gmail.comUmer Farooq, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishUniversity of Sargoodha, Pakistanumerrahber@gmail.comSohail Ghafoor, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishGovernment College University Faisalabad, Pakistansohailghafoor1968@gmail.comAmmara Gull, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishUniversity of Sargoodha, Pakistangullhameed129@gmail.comLanguage in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 17:1 January 2017Muhammad Imran Joyia, M.Phil. English, Umer Farooq, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishSohail Ghafoor, M.Phil. Scholar in English, and Ammara Gull, M.Phil. Scholar in EnglishCourageous Women: A Study of Resilience of Women in Khaled Hosseini’s Novel A ThousandSplendid Suns108
Splendid Suns 101 A Thousand Splendid Suns was written by Khaled Hosseini. It was published in 2007. The novel has four parts. Chapter 1 to15 tells about Nana and Mariam, 16 to 26 the focal person is Laila, 27 to 46 tells the sisterhood of Mariam
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1.1 FIVE KEY WORDS OF SUPERVISION These five words describe attributes critical to effective supervisors. Clarity Empathy Courage Attention Persistence Clear, understandable, simple Understanding, appreciation, compassion, insight “Courage is what it takes to stand up and speak; courag
Iowa, 348 P. Sharma, O. P. (1986) Textbook of algae. Tata Mcgrawhill Publishing company Ltd. New Delhi. 396. p. UNESCO (1978) Phytoplankton manual. Unesco, Paris. 337 p. Table 1: Relative abundance of dominant phytoplankton species in water sarnples and stomach/gut of bonga from Parrot Island. Sample Water date 15/1/04 LT (4, 360 cells) Diatom 99.2%, Skeletonema costatum-97.3% HT (12, 152 .
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