BOOK 1

Classical Subjects Creatively Taught Rhetoric!evilABOOK 1:PRINCIPLES OF PERSUASIONPERSUASIVE SPEECH AND WRITINGIN THE TRADITION OF ARISTOTLEAlyssan Barnes, PhD

Dedication:To Annie, June, and ZoeRhetoric Alive! Book 1: Principles of Persuasion Classical Academic Press, 2016Version 1.0ISBN: 978-1-60051-300-8All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,without the prior written permission of Classical Academic Press.Classical Academic Press2151 Market StreetCamp Hill, PA 17011www.ClassicalAcademicPress.comContent editors: Christopher Perrin, PhD; Joelle Hodge; and Stephen BarnesEditor: Sharon BergerIllustrator: David GustafsonBook designer: Robert BaddorfPGP.07.16

Table of ContentsList of Figures, Tables, and Chart. viiForeword.ixAcknowledgments.xiNote to Student. xiiOverview of Chapters. xiiiRhetoric Map.xviiSection 1: A Brief Introduction.1Chapter 1—Rhetoric and the Song of the City. 2Rhetoric Versus Dialectic. 3Why Bother with Rhetoric?. 5Relying on Common Opinion. 6Defining Rhetoric. 7Rhetoric and the Transcendentals. 8Discussion Text: Plato, The Republic (360 BC). 9Workshop 1: Imagining the Cave. 16Workshop 2: Rhetorical Analysis of an Ad. 17Presentation: Great Speech Excerpt. 20 Excerpts of speeches by Empress Theodora, Louis Pasteur, Jonathan Winthrop, Ben Franklin,Lucy Stone, Sojourner Truth, George Bernard Shaw, Queen Elizabeth, Pope Urban II,Mahatma Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Jonathan Edwards, and Frederick DouglassSection 2: The Three Rhetorical Appeals.31Chapter 2—Ethos: Revealing the Speaker’s Credibility. 33Practical Wisdom, Moral Virtue, and Goodwill. 33Saying What Needs to Be Said. 34Discussion Text: George Washington, “A Faithful Friend to the Army” (1783). 36Workshop 1: Just Trust Me!. 42Workshop 2: College Application Essay. 43Workshop 3: The Rhetoric of E-Mail. 44Presentation: Great Speech Excerpt. 46Chapter 3—Pathos: Guiding the Audience’s Emotions. 49The Legitimacy of the Emotional Appeal. 49Pain and Pleasure. 50Rational Passions?. 51Pathos and the Imagination. 53Discussion Text: Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 2. 55Workshop: Conjuring the Emotions. 66Presentations: Poetry Recitation. 70

Table of ContentsChapter 4—Logos in the Enthymeme: Abbreviating the Syllogism. 74Reasoning with Words. 75The Body of Persuasion. 76Enthymematic Reasoning. 78Rhetoric Is Not Dialectic. 79Discussion Text: Patrick Henry, “Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!” (1775). 81Workshop 1: Fashioning Enthymemes. 85Workshop 2: Fill in the Enthymeme Competition. 89Presentation: Read Aloud Story Time. 90Chapter 5—More on Logos: Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Reasoning. 91Deductive Reasoning. 94Maxims. 94Inductive Reasoning. 96Examples, Comparisons, and Fables. 97Discussion Text: Plato, Phaedrus, Excerpt (circa 360–370 BC). 100Workshop 1: A Duel between Maxims. 104Workshop 2: Emily Dickinson Imitatio. 108Workshop 3: Writing a Fable. 112Presentation: School Board Address. 114Section 3: The Five Canons of Rhetoric.116Chapter 6—Canon One, Invention: Finding Something to Say. 118The Content of the Speech. 119Commonplaces: The Topics of Invention. 119How the Mind Works. 120Topics and Subtopics. 121Discussion Text: Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from Birmingham City Jail” (1963). 124Workshop: Commonplace Competitions. 140Presentation: Ronald Reagan, “Mr. Gorbachev, Tear Down This Wall!” (1987). 143Chapter 7—Canon Two, Organization: Ordering the Content. 149Section One: OpeningIntroduction, or Exordium. 151Statement of Facts, or Narratio. 152Division, or Partitio. 154Section Two: ArgumentProof, or Confirmatio. 155Interrogation, or Refutatio. 156Section Three: ClosingConclusion, or Peroratio. 157A Persuasive Order . 158Discussion Text 1: Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from Birmingham City Jail” (1963). 159Discussion Text 2: Organizing Emily Dickinson. 162Workshop 1: Ordering an Essay. 164Workshop 2: Organization Scramble. 168Presentation: Argument Sampler . 169

Table of ContentsChapter 8—Canon Three, Style: Choosing the Language. 170Bringing Speech to Life. 173Just the Right Word. 174Appropriate Style. 175Figures of Speech. 177Fine-Tuning Style. 178Discussion Text: John F. Kennedy, “Ask Not What Your Country Can Do for You” (1961). 180Workshop 1: Figures of Speech Match-Up. 184Workshop 2: Stylish Sentences. 188Workshop 3: Figures of Speech Dress-Up. 190Presentation: Fairy Tale Retold. 191Chapter 9—Canon Four, Memory: Storing What’s Valuable. 193The Art of Memory. 196A Matter of the Soul. 197How to Remember. 199Memory and Virtue. 200Discussion Text: St. Augustine, Confessions (circa AD 400). 201Workshop 1: Memory Palace—Poetry. 206Workshop 2: Memory Palace—The Bill of Rights. 208Workshop 3: Memory Song—The US Presidents. 209Presentation: Recitation. 211Chapter 10—Canon Five, Delivery: Presenting the Whole. 212Delivery: A Matter of Ethos. 213Voice. 214Gestures. 216The Nuts and Bolts. 217Discussion Text: Broadcaster John Hilton, “A Talk about Giving a Talk” (1937). 218Workshop: Liar! Liar!. 224Presentation: Shakespearean Soliloquies and Monologues. 225Section 4: The Three Kinds of Rhetoric.238Chapter 11—Deliberative Rhetoric: Considering Goods. 242Goodness and the Quest for Happiness. 243Aristotle’s Favorite. 245Discussion Text 1: Winston Churchill, “Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat” (1940). 246Discussion Text 2: FDR, “A Day That Will Live in Infamy” (1941). 251Workshop: Sales Pitch Grab Bag . 255Presentation: Great Speech Imitatio. 256Chapter 12—Epideictic Rhetoric: Praising the Beautiful. 257The Three Kinds of Rhetoric Revisited. 260Defining a Culture’s Horizons. 261How to Praise Virtue. 262Flipping Vices into Virtues. 264Discussion Text 1: Pericles, “They Were Worthy of Athens” (Fifth Century BC). 266Discussion Text 2: General Douglas MacArthur, “Duty, Honor, Country” (1962). 271Workshop: Tribute Writing. 277Presentation: Imitatio of “Duty, Honor, Country”. 279

Table of ContentsChapter 13—Judicial Rhetoric: Judging the True. 282The Rhetoric of Wrongdoing. 286Why People Do Wrong. 286The Wrongdoer and the Wronged. 287Particular and Universal Law. 288Equity and True Justice. 290Discussion Text: Sir Thomas More, “Judges to My Condemnation” (1535). 292Workshop: You’re on Trial. 296Presentation: Mock Trial: Giant vs. Jack (2016). 297Section 5: Rhetoric Gone Wrong.312Chapter 14—Fallacies and Sophistry: Spotting Bad Arguments. 313Formal Fallacies. 313Informal Fallacies. 315Sophistry. 317Discussion Text: Gorgias of Leontini, Encomium of Helen (1999). 318Workshop: Fashioning Fallacies. 326Presentation: Fallacious Speeches. 327Section 6: A Brief Conclusion.329Chapter 15—Conclusion: The Good Student Speaking Well. 330Appendix:Sample Subject Summary. 333Sample Syllabus.

Classical Subjects Creatively Taught BOOK 1: PRINCIPLES OF PERSUASION Rhetoric e! e! Alyssan Barnes, PhD PERSUASIVE SPEECH AND WRITING IN THE TRADITION OF ARISTOTLE