DNA And Individuality
GENEEXPRESSIONIndividuality & Mutations
I. Are all genes turned on in all cells? Theanswer is NO! Everybody cell contains your DNA (geneticmake-up) Cells “use” only genes specific for function EX. Red blood cells use only genes thatmake it carry oxygen Canyou list more examples ofproteins made? Enzymes, insulin, cell membrane, hair, muscles
**THEREFORE, NOT ALL DNA ISEXPRESSED (MADE INTO PROTEIN)IN EVERY CELL!**
4Turning genes on video (5 0.sci.life.evo.fruitfly/ Thisvideo segment investigates why onespecies of fruit fly has wing spots whileanother genetically similar one does not.As the video explains, although twoorganisms may both possess the samegene linked to a particular trait, this traitmay not be expressed unless the gene isturned on
II. Review: Determining Sex Human Chromosomes 46 in a normal human cell! 44 in each BODY CELL; 22 in eachGAMETE (sex cell) Twotypes:a) Normal chromosomes:b) Sex chromosomes: 2 in each BODY CELL; 1 in eachGAMETE (sex cell) MALE:X and Y FEMALE: X and X
KaryotypeIs this amale or afemale?
Chances for having a boy or girl? 50% OFCOURSE LET’S SEE!XXXYXXXYXXXY
DNA fails to copy accurately etics/geneticmutatio (2:33)ns
III. Mutations: What happens when DNA goes wrong Achange in the genetic material which effectgenetic information and traitsNot all mutations are bad, some are beneficial Ultimate source of genetic variation(depends on environment) MUTATIONSMUST OCCUR IN SEX CELLS INORDER FOR THEM TO BE PASSED ON TO NEXTGENERATION!!!!!!!!!! When do mutations occur? Duringreplication (meiosis / mitosis) andprotein synthesis
Mutations caused by Mutagenic Agents:1. Radiation x- rays, UV, radioactivesubstances2. Chemicals formaldehyde, benzene,asbestos fibers, nicotine
A. Chromosomal Mutations Changein number of chromosomes or structure Ex: normal human body cell 46Human Karyotype Arrangement of a male
Types of Chromosomal Mutations1. Deletion A portion of a chromosome is takenaway form a chromosome2. Duplication A portion of one chromosomebreaks off and is attached to itshomologous chromosome giving itan extra copy3. Inversion A portion of a chromosome breaksoff and then becomes reattached tothe same chromosome in aninverted (upside down) fashion4. Translocation transfer of one section of achromosome
Genetic Disorders Relating tochromosomal mutations DownSyndrome Due to nondisjunction failure of homologouschromosomes toseparate duringmeiosis An extrachromosome 21
KlinefelterSyndrome XXY abnormalsexualdevelopmentand infertility
B. Gene Mutations Arandom change in DNA sequence**Review** What does DNA ultimately code for?Proteins!!! Is construction of protein based on original DNA strand? Yes! (b/c it is what codes for mRNA) What would happen to the protein if DNA sequencewas changed? Wrong protein made Wrong shape of protein This would make protein unusable DNA MUTATION VIDEOhttp://www.bing.com/videos/search?q mutation videos&FORM VIRE6#view detail&mid 0F73B8E85CE1098084470F73B8E85CE109808447
Types of GeneA. POINT MUTATION: affects 1 nucelotide (base)Example: CTC on DNA makes mRNA GAG codes forGLUTAMINE MutationsIf T changed to A, would have GUG which codes for VALINEWrong AMINO ACID is coded for which means, wrongPROTEIN is made
B. FRAME-SHIFT: A base is deleted or added Example: TCA-TTT on DNA;mRNA AGU-AAA on codes for Serine Lysine If the T is deleted in the DNA, the mRNA would nowread GUA-AA rRNA will CODE “GUA” first which is for ValineSimilar if a base is addedWrong AMINO ACID is coded for wrong PROTEIN ismade OR Translation will abruptly STOP 1.2.
Disorders from Gene Mutations Sicklecell anemia – Sickle shapedcells get caught in capillaries (can’ttransport oxygen sufficiently)Normal redblood cells (top)and sickle cells(bottom) CysticFibrosis- affects recessive allelemutating the CFTR gene
IV. Environmental Expression Somegenes are “turned on”under certain environmentalconditions. EX. Himalayan Rabbit: Furchanges color due toTEMPERATURE change WARM White fur (no pigmentproduced) COLD Black fur Why does this make sense? Becauseblack absorbs the heat,helping little bunny rabbit to staywarm
V. The Human Genome How do we know that traits and diseases aregenetically related? THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT What is it? Project to identify the location of 30,000genes Why do it? To identify the locations of geneticdiseases and possibly control and/or eliminatethem How far along are we? The map was completedin 2004
Class and/or Homework:Topic 3 RB pages 50-52 Readthese pages andanswer questions 23-31on loose leaf paper
Topic 3 RB pgs 50-52 23)4 24)a gene mutation is a change in theinstructions of the gene. The nitrogenous basesforms the code instructions, so changing thissequence would alter the amino acid/protein 25) 3 26) 2 27) 4 28) 1 29) 1 30) 4 31) 1
III. Mutations: What happens when DNA goes wrong A change in the genetic material which effect genetic information and traits Not all mutations are bad, some are beneficial Ultimate source of genetic variation (depends on environment) MUTATIONS MUST OCCUR IN SEX CELLS IN ORDER FOR THEM TO BE PASSED ON TO NEXT
Individuality, Conformity and Freedom in Mass Society: A Millian Perspective Revisited George Mousourakis University of Auckland, New Zealand Abstract: J. S. Mill thinks of individuality as the most essential of human interests. Individuality is equivalent to freedom as self-determination – the
Genetic transformation and DNA DNA is the genetic material in bacterial viruses (phage) The base-pairing rule DNA structure. 2. Basis for polarity of SS DNA and anti-parallel complementary strands of DNA 3. DNA replication models 4. Mechanism of DNA replication: steps and molecular machinery
Recombinant DNA Technology 3. Recombinant DNA Technology 600 DNA ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION Basic to all biotechnology research is the ability to manipulate DNA. First and foremost for recombinant DNA work, researchers need a method to isolate DNA from different organisms. Isolating DNA from bacteria is the easiest procedure because bacterial cells
Computational Methods for Determining Individuality Sargur Srihari Department of Computer Science and Engineering University at Buffalo, The State University of New York . Individuality "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed
DNA cytosine methylation is a major epigenetic mark in eukaryotes. In plants, the DNA methyla-tion level in the genome is controlled by de novo DNA methylation, maintenance DNA methylation and DNA demethylation. De novo methylation is mediated by RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM), which can occur at all cytosine contexts,
DNA Structure and Replication 3 Model 2 - DNA Replication Direction of DNA helicase DNA helicase Free Nucleotides 11. Examine Model 2. Number the steps below in order to describe the replication of DNA in a cell. _ Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form. _ Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break. _ Strands of DNA separate.
2. At the end of DNA replication, (four/two) new strands of DNA have been produced, giving a total of (four/six) strands of DNA. 3. New DNA is replicated in strands complementary to old DNA because production of new DNA follows the rules of (base pairing/the double helix). Identifying Structures On the lines corresponding to the numbers on the .
The Insider’s Guide to DNA 1 Family history is in our DNA We all have DNA. It’s the genetic code that tells your body how to build you. You inherit half of your DNA from each parent: 50% from Mom and 50% from Dad, though exactly which DNA gets passed down is random. Because they inherited their DNA in the same way from their parents, your .
