The GIIN
Sizing the ImpactInvesting Market
AcknowledgmentsAuthorsAbhilash Mudaliar, GIIN Research DirectorHannah Dithrich, GIIN Research Senior AssociateReviewersSeveral members of the GIIN team reviewed and provided comments on this report,including: Amit Bouri, Sapna Shah, Laura Gustafson, Rachel Bass, and Noshin Nova.The authors also thank Hannah Schiff, Director of Impact and Responsible Investing atNuveen, and Catherine Clark, Faculty Director of the Center for the Advancement ofSocial Entrepreneurship at Duke University Fuqua School of Business, who both providedvaluable inputs on a draft version of the report.A group of academic and practitioner researchers in the impact investing ecosystemprovided feedback on a presentation of preliminary methodology and findings.About the Global Impact Investing NetworkThe Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN) is the leading global champion of impactinvesting, dedicated to increasing the scale and effectiveness of impact investing aroundthe world. The GIIN builds critical infrastructure and supports activities, education, andresearch that help accelerate the development of a coherent impact investing industry. April 2019 Global Impact Investing Network
Statement from the CEODear Reader,The impact investing industry is experiencing significant momentum.Major firms, large and small, are entering the impact investing market everyweek, and the industry has received a swell of support from governments,academics, and business leaders. And around the world, people are shiftingtheir attitudes about the role capital should play in our society — frombuilding stronger communities locally to mitigating climate change globally.But as the market expands, we need to be sure those making impactinvestments remain committed to driving intentional and measurable impact.For this reason, our team at the Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN) willfocus our efforts on a key theme for our industry-building work in the nextthree years: scale with integrity.The first step in this initiative is to determine the current scale of the impactinvesting market and examine what that may mean for future growthand development. There has been strong demand for this data, and wehave leveraged our dataset and collaborated with partners to provide arigorous, comprehensive estimate of the market size. This research is criticalto understanding where we are as a market, which can lead to deeperconversations about where we may be going and how we get there.As you read this brief, I expect it will help you gain a better understanding ofthe impact investing market as it stands today. I hope it will also inspire youto look ahead to the future and to envision the powerful potential impactinvesting has to drive progress for our communities and our planet.Amit BouriCo-Founder and CEO, Global Impact Investing Network@AmitKBouri
ContentsExecutive Summary3Introduction and Motivation4Key Findings5Methodology8Interpreting the Findings10Conclusion11
Executive SummaryThis whitepaper presents the first rigorous analysis and estimate of the size ofthe impact investing market. It estimates that over 1,340 organizations currentlymanage USD 502 billion in impact investing assets worldwide. This researchalso underscores the diversity of the market, capturing data from many types ofinvestors — from family offices to foundations to banks to pension funds — whoare based in every region of the world and investing worldwide. Over 800 assetmanagers account for about 50% of industry assets under management, while31 development finance institutions (DFIs) manage just over a quarter of totalindustry assets. Most impact investing organizations are relatively small, withabout half managing less than USD 29 million each, yet there are also many largeplayers managing over USD 1 billion each.Overall, this research indicates that a significant amount of capital is at workto address the world’s social and environmental challenges. And the marketcontinues to grow rapidly, with new investors entering to establish impactinvesting practices and to allocate additional capital to positive impact.Over 1,340 organizations currentlymanage usd 502 billion in impactinvesting assets worldwide.
Introduction and MotivationAn accurate estimate of marketsize is in high demand. Thisreport provides the mostrigorous estimate of thecurrent size of the impactinvesting market.Over the past decade, impact investing has gained significant momentum asboth an investment strategy and an approach to addressing pressing social andenvironmental challenges. Through impact investments, investors seek to generateboth a financial return and positive, measurable social and environmental impact.One of the most fundamental data points about any industry is its current size.However, a well-defined estimate of the size of the impact investing market doesnot exist, and is often the subject of speculation and debate. To date, industrypractitioners and stakeholders have relied on proxies, such as aggregate assetsunder management (AUM) figures from the GIIN’s Annual Impact InvestorSurvey or estimates of the size of related markets (such as ESG or sociallyresponsible investing). Neither, of course, are accurate or complete indicators ofthe current impact investing market size.1An accurate estimate of market size is in high demand. Not only does it act as acentral point of reference, but it enables comparison across various dimensions: tocompare the size of the impact investing market to that of analogous markets, tocompare the volume of assets allocated to impact investment with the estimatedneed for impact capital, to help assess its potential future size, and lastly, tocompare the impact investing market to itself over time.14 GLOBAL IMPACT INVESTING NETWORKAlthough extensive, the GIIN’s Annual Impact Investor Survey captures only the assets managed by a sample ofinvestors — it does not encompass all impact investing organizations. Access the full report here: thegiin.org/assets/2018GIIN Annual Impact Investor Survey webfile.pdf
Key FindingsApproach and Sample CharacteristicsImpact investing is defined as investments made with the intention to generatepositive, measurable social and environmental impact alongside a financial return.Impact investments are made in both emerging and developed markets as well asacross all asset classes, including private and public markets. Impact investors alsotarget a range of financial returns from below market to market rate, depending ontheir strategic goals.2This report examines the current supply of capital allocated to impact investing,using aggregate impact investing AUM as the indicator of market size. To calculatethis figure, the Research Team built and analyzed a comprehensive databaseof impact investing organizations and their AUM. (A detailed methodology isdescribed in the next section, including assumptions used to estimate various inputs.)The database captures many types of organizations. Over 60% are asset managers.About one in five are foundations, and the rest include banks, development financeinstitutions (DFIs), family offices, and institutional asset owners (Figure 1).FIGURE 1:Organizations by typen 1340; includes all organizations in the database.Permanent investment companies1%Pension funds or insurance companies1%Family ifiedfinancial institutions4%Foundations21%Note: ‘Other’ includes corporations,community development finance institutions,and non-governmental organizations.Source: GIIN2Impact investing is distinct from philanthropy in that investors target a financial return (or at least a return of capital). Itis different from negative screening strategies, which seek to minimize negative impacts by eliminating certain harmfulinvestments (e.g. tobacco or firearms). It is also different from strategies that assess environmental, social and governance(ESG) factors in investment decisions; impact investments proactively target positive impact.SIZING THE IMPACT INVESTING MARKET 5
FIGURE 2:Organizations’ headquarters locationn 1102; excludes organizations for which headquarters location was unknown.Western, Northern,& Southern Europe21%Eastern Europe, Russia,& Central Asia1%Middle East &North Africa1%East Asia2%U.S. & Canada58%South Asia3%Latin America & Caribbean(including Mexico)4%No Single Headquarter Location1%Sub-Saharan Africa6%Southeast Asia2%Oceania1%Source: GIINThe database also includes a global group of investors. The majority are based indeveloped markets, including the U.S. and Canada (58%) and Western, Northern& Southern Europe (21%), shown in Figure 2. It also includes investors based inregions like Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America & the Caribbean, the Asia-Pacific,and the Middle East & North Africa.usd 502billionThe impact investing market size,estimated as of the end of 20186 GLOBAL IMPACT INVESTING NETWORKMarket SizeThe overall impact investing industry AUM is estimated at USD 502 billion as ofthe end of 2018. While aggregate AUM is estimated at USD 502 billion, individualinvestor portfolios vary widely in size. Whereas the median investor AUM is USD29 million, the average is USD 452 million, indicating that while most organizationsare relatively small, several investors manage very large impact investing portfolios(Figure 3).Overall, asset managers account for about 50% of estimated AUM, reflectingthe fact that many impact investors choose to channel capital via specializedmanagers. These include managers of many types, such as those investing inventure capital, private equity, fixed income, real assets, and public equities(Figure 4). DFIs account for just over a quarter of total AUM. Others includebanks, pension funds, insurance companies, foundations, and family offices.
FIGURE 3:Distribution of organizations' impact investing AUMn 752 organizations with known AUM data, showing directly invested capital only, as of end 2018.Showing 5th through 95th percentiles. All figures in USD millions.0200400600ORGANIZATIONS ’ IMPACT INVESTING AUM5th Percentile25th PercentileUSD 7 millionMedian (50th Percentile)USD 29 million14001600( USD MILLIONS )75th PercentileUSD 138 million95th PercentileMeanUSD 452 millionNote: Twenty organizations invest 100% of their capital indirectly and thus have a direct AUM of USD 0.Source: GIINFIGURE 4:AUM by organization typen 1,340; figures represent direct investments only, as of the end of 2018.Permanent investment companies0.2%Family offices0.4%Other2%Foundations2%Pension funds orinsurance companies6%Asset managers51%Banks/diversifiedfinancial institutions12%DFIs27%Note: Total AUM represented in chart is USD 418 billion, which is the aggregate AUM before accounting for organizations not included in the database. (See Methodology for more details).‘Other’ includes corporations, community development finance institutions, and non-governmental organizations.Source: GIINSIZING THE IMPACT INVESTING MARKET 7
MethodologyTo calculate the current supply of capital allocated to impact investing, the GIINResearch Team examined aggregate impact investing AUM as the indicator ofmarket size. The team used the following steps in the process:1. Compiled a database of impact investing organizationsThe Research Team compiled a database of 1,340 impact investors (includingonly organizations, not individual investors). To build the list, the team drewfrom a variety of sources, including datasets owned by the GIIN from pastresearch studies and the GIIN’s own membership network.3 The list also includesorganizations that are members of other impact investing networks worldwide,such as the New Ventures Network, Mission Investors Exchange, and the IndianImpact Investors Council.2. G athered data on impact investing AUM for as many of theseorganizations as possibleFrom this list of 1,340, the team attained impact investing AUM informationfor over 750 organizations. AUM data were identified from various sources,including data submitted by investors to various research studies conducted bythe GIIN, information submitted by investors to online platforms, data submittedby investors to network organizations to which they belong, and online researchof public sources.4 The GIIN did not determine which investments to include orexclude; rather investors self-reported their impact investing AUM.8 GLOBAL IMPACT INVESTING NETWORK3Such as GIIN Annual Impact Investor Surveys ), The State of ImpactMeasurement & Management Practice (thegiin.org/research/publication/imm-survey), the GIIN regional landscapingstudies ast-asia), and its Impact Investing Benchmarks. Thelatter includes Introducing the Impact Investing Benchmark (specific to private equity and venture capital, mpact-investing-benchmark), The Financial Performance of Real Asset ImpactInvestments ct-investments), and The Financial Performance ofImpact Investments through Private Debt or 38% of the organizations, the team obtained data as of year-end 2018, while others were from previous years. For earlierAUM figures (data was accepted from the past five years), the team estimated AUM as of the end .of 2018 by applying agrowth rate to investor portfolios based on industry averages. See the 2018 GIIN Annual Impact Investor Survey, page 12, atthegiin.org/assets/2018 GIIN Annual Impact Investor Survey webfile.pdf.
3. Counted only directly invested assets (to eliminate potentialdouble‑counting)The database includes both asset managers and asset owners. It includes thosethat make only direct investments into projects and organizations, those that makeonly indirect investments through funds or other vehicles, and those that do both.This means that the AUM of some organizations likely includes investments intoother organizations in the database.5 Based on multiple years of investor portfoliodata, the GIIN has detailed estimates of the proportion of assets invested directly/indirectly by various organization types and applied these to the analysis toestimate only direct investments.64. Estimated the AUM of organizations for which AUM figureswere unknownNext, the team estimated the assets managed by the remaining nearly 600organizations for which AUM figures were unknown. The team identified eachinvestor by their organization type and then applied the average direct AUM ofeach organization type (drawing from averages of those with known AUM).75. Estimated the proportion of the full universe capturedWhile the Research Team made best efforts to build as comprehensive a databaseof active impact investors as possible, there are undoubtedly actors that have notbeen captured. The market is fast-growing and dynamic, and new investors areentering the market frequently all over the world. Based on an understanding ofthe GIIN’s own coverage of the market, the team estimated what proportion of theuniverse it might not have captured in the database and extrapolated an overallmarket size.85For instance, a family office might invest in a fund manager who then invests into a social enterprise. The family office mightbe in the database as well as the fund manager managing a portion of the family’s assets. To avoid such cases of potentialdouble-counting, the team sought to include only the proportion of assets invested directly by each organization, versusthose invested indirectly.6The total estimated direct AUM for these 753 organizations was USD 361 billion.7The team excluded large outliers to be more conservative and realistic with its estimates. The total estimated direct AUMfor all 1,340 organizations in the database was USD 418 billion.8The extrapolation added USD 84 billion to the above estimated AUM (roughly 20%).SIZING THE IMPACT INVESTING MARKET 9
Interpreting the FindingsTo interpret the analysis in this report accurately and responsibly it is useful tounderstand how data were gathered and analyzed.First, it is important to note that all data is self-reported. While investors have sharedAUM information based on the GIIN’s definition of impact investing (see page 5),there is some subjectivity involved in determining what counts and what doesn’t. Forinstance, some organizations include all their green or climate bond investments asimpact investments. Others include some and many don’t include any. Elsewhere,DFIs — who are among the largest investors in the impact investing ecosystem — thinkabout impact investing in quite diverse ways. Some only consider a small portionof what they do to be ‘impact investing’, believing most of what they do to be‘development finance’.9 Others consider everything they do to be ‘impact investing’.Practically, this means that some activity may be underreported in ourdatabase — such as that of green bonds or renewable energy — where investorsare being truly intentional about solving a social or environmental problem, butperhaps do not self-identify the allocation as ‘impact investing’. At the same time,some allocations may also be overreported, such as some investors counting ESGinvesting or development finance as ‘impact investing’.These definitional challenges are not unique to this report, of course; they are afeature of the industry at large. The GIIN provides the greatest clarity to date on thebaseline expectations of impact investing in its newly completed Core Characteristicsof Impact Investing.10 The core characteristics outline the elements that define impactinvesting and distinguish it from other complementary investment approaches, soinvestors entering the market will know exactly what sound impact investing is.Second, this estimate is based on an extensive database as well as a handful ofassumptions, each of which has some degree of uncertainty around it. Thus, theteam conducted sensitivity analysis on each assumption — such as the yearly AUMgrowth rate, proportion of investments that are direct/indirect, and extrapolationof AUM for organizations for which AUM was not known — varying them in eachdirection to determine how it would affect the estimate of market size. In eachcase, doing so had only marginal impact on final estimates, not causing the finalnumber to change by more than 10%.9Development finance can be seen differently from impact investing in that it intends to create broad-based economicdevelopment (through boosting the economies of developing countries) but does not always necessarily intend to addressor solve specific social or environmental challenges.10 See a full description of the Core Characteristics of Impact Investing here: thegiin.org/characteristics.10 GLOBAL IMPACT INVESTING NETWORK
ConclusionSince the term ‘impact investing’ was formally coined in 2007, the industry hasgrown in leaps and bounds. With a growing recognition of the power of investmentcapital to address pressing social and environmental challenges, impact investinghas attracted the attention of an increasing number of investors of all types andfrom all over the world. Indeed, over 50% of active impact investing organizationsmade their first investment in the past decade.11In order to meet global need,much more capital will needto be unlocked for impactinvesting — but there is goodreason to be optimistic.This research shows that there are over 1,340 active impact investing organizationsacross the world who collectively manage USD 502 billion in investments intendedto bring about positive change. These figures are a snapshot as of the end of 2018,yet the market is quickly growing and will continue to do so. Indeed, it must: trillionsof dollars are needed to effectively address the critical social and environmentalchallenges that face the world today, such as those outlined in the SustainableDevel
The Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN) is the leading global champion of impact investing, dedicated to increasing the scale and effectiveness of impact investing around the world. The GIIN builds critical infrastructure and supports activities, education, and research that help accelerate the development of a coherent impact investing .
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
The Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN) is the global champion of impact investing, dedicated to increasing the scale and effectiveness of impact investing around the world. The GIIN builds critical infrastructure and supports activities, education, and research that help accelerate the development of a coherent impact investing industry.
Literary Studies. London: Longman, 1993. INTRODUCTION While most of you have already had experience of essay writing, it is important to realise that essay writing at University level may be different from the practices you have so far encountered. The aim of this tutorial is to discuss what is required of an English Literature essay at University level, including: 1. information on the .
