Renaissance And Reformation Lesson 1 The Renaissance

NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksRenaissance and ReformationLesson 2 New Ideas and Art,Identifying5. Who paid artists tocreate works duringthe Renaissance?MakingConnections6. How could studyingscience have helpedRenaissance artists?Comparing7. What was similarabout the work ofda Vinci andMichelangelo?ContinuedItaly’s Renaissance ArtistsRich Italian families and church leaders paid artists tomake paintings, sculptures, and buildings. Renaissanceartists followed examples of the ancient Romans andGreeks. They also expressed new humanist ideas.Renaissance painters painted in new ways. They usedperspective, a way of showing things as they appear atdifferent distances. Artists studied the human body to helpthem draw more accurately. They used light and shadowsinstead of hard outlines to separate objects. This is calledchiaroscuro. Chiaro means “clear or light” in Italian andoscuro means "dark."RenaissanceArtNew TechniquesNew Ideas Perspective givesthree-dimensionallook Show how peoplelook in real life Chiaroscuro addsdrama andemotion Show people’sfeelingsCopyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.The golden age of Renaissance art lasted from 1490 to1520. Famous artists of the time were Leonardo da Vinci,Michelangelo Buonarroti, and Raphael Sanzio.ReadingCheck8. What is thetechnique ofchiaroscuro?One of da Vinci's most famous works is the Mona Lisa.He also painted The Last Supper, which shows Jesus withhis disciples. Da Vinci showed the feelings of the disciplesthrough their positions and gestures.Michelangelo painted and sculpted. He tried to showrealistic human beings with feelings and emotions.Michelangelo also painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapelin Rome with images from the Christian Bible. The figureshe painted have muscular bodies that show their power.Raphael was one of the best painters in Italy. He is bestknown for a fresco called the School of Athens. It showsmany Greek philosophers.Some women, like the daughters of nobles, contributedto the arts. Artemisia Gentileschi was one of the firstwomen to paint important historical and religious scenes.259

NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksRenaissance and ReformationLesson 2 New Ideas and Art,ContinuedThe Northern RenaissanceIn the late 1400s, the Renaissance spread to northernEurope and later to England. War, trade, travel, and theprinting press spread humanist ideas.The Northern Renaissance took place in present-dayBelgium, Luxembourg, Germany, and the Netherlands.Northern artists painted with oil paints. Oils created richercolors and allowed more detail. Jan van Eyck was a Flemishpainter. His best-known painting is The Arnolfini Portrait. Itshows a newly married couple. Every fold in their richclothes and every detail in the room are visible.Albrecht Dürer was an important Renaissance artist fromGermany. He is best known for his engravings. Anengraving is made from an image carved in metal, wood,or stone. Ink is put on the surface, then the image isprinted on paper. Dürer’s Four Horsemen of the Apocalypseshows four men on horses who announce the end of theworld.Explaining9. How didRenaissance ideasarrive in northernEurope?ReadingCheck10. How did northernRenaissancepainters differ fromItalian Renaissancepainters?The greatest playwright of the time was WilliamShakespeare. He wrote comedies, historical plays, andtragedies. A tragedy is a play in which the main charactersuffers great loss or pain. Some of Shakespeare's mostfamous works are Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet.Shakespeare’s plays are still very popular.Check for UnderstandingList three features of Renaissance art.Glue Foldable here1.2.3.For each of these categories, name threeRenaissance artists.4. Writers5. Painters26011. Place a two-tabFoldable along thedotted line to coverthe Check forUnderstanding. Titlethe anchor tabRenaissanceChanges. Label thetop tab writers andtheir work and thebottom tab artistsand their work.Write what youremember aboutimportant writersand artists duringthis time and theirworks.Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.In England, the Renaissance theater was very popular.Playwrights, or writers of plays, wrote about people’sstrengths, weaknesses, and feelings.

NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksRenaissance and ReformationLesson 3 The Reformation BeginsTerms to KnowESSENTIAL QUESTIONReformation a religious movement thatchanged the Catholic Church and createdProtestant churchesindulgence a pardon, or forgiveness, of sinpredestination a religious belief that Godhas already decided who will go to heavenannul to declare not validHow do religions develop?GUIDING QUESTIONS1.Why was the Church under pressureto reform itself?2.How did Luther’s reforms lead to anew form of Christianity?3.How did the teachings of Protestantreformers shape the western world?4.How did the Reformation shapeEngland and later its Americancolonies?Where in the world?ASIAEUROPENORTHAMERICAAT L AN T I CO CE ANMediterraneanSeaAFRICACopyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.PACI FI CO CE ANSOUTHAMERICAI N D IANO CE ANNWKEYEWestern EuropeSWhen did it happen?150015251517 Martin Lutherchallenges authorityof Catholic ChurchYou Are Herein History1521 Germanprinces meetat Diet ofWorms15501534 Henry VIIIbecomes head ofChurch ofEngland15751558 Elizabeth Ibecomes Queenof England1555 Peace ofAugsburgsigned261

NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksRenaissance and ReformationLesson 3 The Reformation Begins,ContinuedEarly Calls for ReformIn 1517 a German monk named Martin Luther challengedthe Catholic Church. At first, Martin Luther wanted only toreform, or change, the Catholic Church. This is why theseevents are called the Reformation. By the end of theReformation, Europe had many new Christian churches.Church officials had grown rich by selling indulgences.An indulgence was a certificate that said a person wouldnot be punished for his or her sins. Many Catholics becameangry at the Church for focusing on money.In the 1370s, an English priest named John Wycliffe saidthat Jesus was the head of the Church, not the pope.Wycliffe wanted everyone to read the Bible, so hetranslated parts of it from Latin into English. After he died,his followers finished translating it.Renaissance humanism led to Christian humanism. Itsgoal was to restore the simple faith of the early Church. ADutch scholar named Desiderius Erasmus wrote that peopleshould use their reason to become better Christians. Hebelieved that people should be good in their everyday lives.Summarizing1. What was the majorcomplaint peoplehad about theCatholic Church?Defining2. What is anindulgence? The Church focuses on money. Wycliffe says that Jesus, not thepope, is the head of the Church. Erasmus is angry that popes are rich. Wycliffe believes people should readthe Bible in their own language.Luther's ReformationMartin Luther's disagreement with the Catholic Church ledto a big change in Christianity. Luther decided that CatholicChurch teachings were wrong. He said that a personneeded only faith, and not good works, in order to go toheaven.In 1517 Pope Leo X told church leaders to sellindulgences to get money for a new cathedral. Luther wasangry. He wrote a list of 95 reasons why indulgences werewrong. The list became known as the Ninety-Five Theses.People across the German kingdoms read them.262ReadingCheck3. What were the goalsof the Christianhumanists?Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.Complaints About theCatholic Church

NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksRenaissance and ReformationLesson 3 The Reformation Begins,Summarizing4. What were the threemain beliefs ofLutheranism?Luther began to attack other Catholic beliefs. He saidpopes could make mistakes. He argued that all Christianshad a right to read the Bible. He said Christians couldconfess their sins to God without the help of a priest.Pope Leo X thought Luther was dangerous. He madeLuther leave the Catholic Church. Luther’s ideas led to anew branch of Christianity, called Lutheranism. It was thefirst Protestant church. It was based on three main ideas. ReadingCheck5. How did the NinetyFive Theses affectthe Catholic Churchin Germany?Continued Belief in Jesus, not good works, brings a place inheaven.The Bible is the final source for truth about God.The church includes all believers, not just the clergy.Many German rulers made their kingdoms Lutheran.They took land from Catholic monasteries. In addition,rulers could set their own church taxes and keep themoney for themselves. Protestant rulers became stronger.The Catholic Church became weaker.These changes angered the the Holy Roman EmperorCharles V. Charles V went to war with the LutheranGerman rulers, but could not defeat them. Finally, anagreement named the Peace of Augsberg made most ofnorthern Germany Protestant territory. The south stayedCatholic. This division still exists today.IdentifyingCopyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.6. According to Calvin,who should controlthe church?ReadingCheck7. How did Calvinisminfluence ideasabout government?The Reformation SpreadsMartin Luther’s reformation spread across Europe. JohnCalvin studied law, humanism, and religion in Paris. Calvinagreed with Martin Luther and added other ideas, too.Calvin’s main idea was that God has decided who will go toheaven and who will not. This belief is calledpredestination. This means that no matter what peopledo, God has decided the final outcome of all events.Another important idea of Calvinism is that kings andbishops should not control the church. The people of thechurch should choose their own elders and ministers. Hisideas influenced people in England, Scotland, and theNetherlands. Calvinism began to give people the idea thatthey could elect government leaders.Important Ideas from Calvin God has already decided who is going to heaven. Kings and bishops should not control the church. People should choose the clergy.263

NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksRenaissance and ReformationLesson 3 The Reformation Begins,ContinuedThe Reformation in EnglandIn England, King Henry VIII was stubborn and impatient.He wanted a son to rule after him. Unfortunately, he hadonly a daughter with his wife Catherine. Henry wanted toannul, or end, his marriage. An annulment says that themarriage never happened. Then he could remarry.The pope refused. So Henry had the highest-rankingchurch official in England end his marriage to Catherine. Hethen married Anne Boleyn. Because of that, the popeexcommunicated Henry from the Catholic Church. Henryhad Parliament pass the Act of Supremacy. This made theking, not the pope, the head of the Church of England.Henry ordered all priests and bishops to accept himas the new head of the church.Some who refused were killed.Defining8. What was a Puritan?ReadingCheck9. Why did Henry VIIIseize Catholicchurch lands inEngland?Henry took the Catholic Church’s land in England.He gave some of the land to his nobles so theywould stay loyal to him.Glue Foldable hereA group of Protestants called Puritans wanted to purifythe Anglican Church of its Catholic ways. Queen Elizabeth Iput up with the Puritans, but James I did not. James I andthe king who came after him, Charles I, mistreated thePuritans. Many Puritans moved to America so they couldpractice their religion freely. These colonies became thestates of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, andRhode Island.Check for UnderstandingList two contributions of Martin Luther.1.2.Name two facts about the Puritans.3.4.26410. Place a two-tabFoldable along thedotted line to coverthe Check forUnderstanding.Label the two tabsLutheran Churchand Puritanism.Use both sides ofthe tabs to recordwhat you rememberabout the roles ofeach in theReformation. Usethe Foldable to helpanswer Check forUnderstanding.Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.When Henry’s oldest daughter Mary became queen, shewanted to make England a Catholic country again. Maryarrested or executed many Protestants. When she died,her half-sister Elizabeth became queen. She was aProtestant, so she brought back the Anglican Church.

NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksRenaissance and ReformationLesson 4 Catholics and ProtestantsESSENTIAL QUESTIONWhy does conflict develop?Terms to Knowseminary a school for religious trainingheresy a religious belief that goes againstwhat the church says is trueGUIDING QUESTIONS1.How did the Catholic Church respondto the spread of Protestantism?2.How did wars of religion affectEurope?When did it happen?15001502 Muslimsexpelled fromSpain15501540Jesuitorder isfounded1545 Councilof Trent meetsfor first time16001588 SpanishArmada isdefeatedYou Are Herein History16501618 ThirtyYears' Warbegins1648 Peace ofWestphalia endsThirty Years' WarCopyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.What do you know?Read each statement. Circle T if you think the statement is true. Circle F if you think thestatement is false.1. A priest could learn about the Bible at a seminary.TF2. The Spanish Armada defeated the English navy.TF3. The Catholic Church lost members after the Reformation.TF4. All countries in Europe became Protestant.TF5. The Reformation led to war between the countries of Europe.TF265

NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksRenaissance and ReformationLesson 4 Catholics and Protestants,ContinuedThe Catholic ReformationIn the 1500s and 1600s, the Catholic Church tried to stopProtestantism. This was called the Catholic Reformation. Ithelped the Catholic Church get back some areas of Europethat it had lost to Protestants.The Catholic Church knew it needed to change. PopePaul III called a church meeting at Trent, Italy. The Councilof Trent made Catholic beliefs clear. It also ended manyabuses. For example, the Catholic Church stopped sellingindulgences. The council set up strict rules for how bishopsand priests should act. They were told to work harder atteaching the faith. The Catholic Church set up seminariesto train priests. A seminary is a special school foreducating priests.Stop sellingindulgencesNew order ofpriests called theJesuitsCatholicReformationDrawingConclusions2. How would theseminaries helpreform the CatholicChurch?Strict behaviorrules forbishops andpriestsMarkingthe TextOpen seminariesSpain was formed in 1469 when King Ferdinand andQueen Isabella married and joined their two kingdoms.They wanted a strong nation. They thought if everyone inSpain were Catholic, Spain would be united and loyal.Muslims had ruled much of Spain during the Middle Ages.Catholics, Jews, and Muslims lived together with fewproblems at that time. Non-Muslims had to pay specialtaxes, but were allowed to practice their own religions.Christians and Jews also did not have as many rights.This religious harmony ended when Catholics took overSpain. Jews and Muslims were no longer welcome. Spain'srulers set up the Spanish Inquisition to find out people’sreligious beliefs. The Spanish Inquisition was a Catholiccourt. It was designed to uncover heresy, or beliefs thatoppose church teachings. The Spanish Inquisition usedtorture and executions. About 2,000 Spaniards were killed.2661. What did Catholicleaders discuss atthe Council of Trent?3. Circle the names ofthree religions thatlived side by side inSpanish kingdomsbefore the marriageof Ferdinand andIsabella.Identifying4. What was theSpanish Inquisition?Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.Teresa of Avilaopens newconvents inSpainExplaining

NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksRenaissance and ReformationLesson 4 Catholics and Protestants,ReadingCheck5. What was the goalof the SpanishInquisition?ContinuedIn 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella ordered all Jews tobecome Catholic or leave the country. Ten years later, theyordered Muslims to do the same.Church and government controls did not stop writers andartists in Catholic Spain. Miguel de Cervantes was a writer.He wrote the novel Don Quixote about a funny knight andhis servant.Events in Catholic Spain after 1469Isabella and Ferdinand marry and form a unitedCatholic country.Paraphrasing6. How did warbetween Spain andEngland start?Spain forces Jews to leave the country.Spain forces Muslims to leave the country.Spain begins Inquisition to uncover heresy.Markingthe TextCopyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.7. Underline thedescription of theships in the SpanishArmada.Explaining8. Why did Frenchnobles rebel againstthe Catholic king?Religious WarsBy the mid-1500s, Christians in Europe were divided. Mostnorthern Europeans were Protestant. Most southernEuropeans were Catholic. Differences in religions led towars in Europe. These wars lasted until about 1650.During the rule of Queen Elizabeth I, England was thestrongest Protestant power in Europe. Spain, led by KingPhilip II, was the strongest Catholic power. When Elizabethhelped the Protestant Dutch rebel against Spain, Philipgrew angry. He decided to invade England.In 1588 Philip sent a huge fleet, called the SpanishArmada, to England through the English Channel. This isthe narrow body of water between England and Europe.The Spanish ships were large and had many guns.However, they were hard to steer. The smaller Englishships moved faster. They drove back the Armada. Thenthere was a great storm and many Spanish ships were lost.The Protestant English had defeated the Catholic Spanish.During the 1500s, most people in France were Catholic.Wealthy people, though, became Protestant. They werecalled Huguenots. They followed the ideas of John Calvin.Many French nobles wanted to be able to practice theirreligion freely. They also wanted to weaken the power ofthe king of France.267

NAME DATE CLASSnetw rksRenaissance and ReformationLesson 4 Catholics and Protestants,ContinuedA civil war broke out between Protestants and Catholicsin France. The Huguenots were led by Henry of Navarrewho became King Henry IV of France. He wanted people tobe loyal to him. He decided to change his religion, orconvert, to Catholicism. He thought that being the king ofFrance was more important than being Protestant.Henry worked to end the religious war in France. Heissued an edict, or order, when he visited the city ofNantes. The Edict of Nantes said that Catholicism was theofficial religion of France. However, it also gave Huguenotsthe right to worship as they wanted.Catholic and Protestant Conflicts England destroyed the Spanish Armada. The Huguenots fought the Catholic rulers ofFrance. The Thirty Years’ War started in Bohemia andspread through Europe.The German people suffered greatly in the war. Finally,in 1643, the Holy Roman Emperor asked for peace. To endthe war, the countries signed the Peace of Westphalia.After the war, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire wereweaker. France was a stronger nation.Glue Foldable hereCheck for UnderstandingList two

Renaissance and Reformation netw rks Marking the Text 1. Underline the reason this period of time is called the Renaissance, or “rebirth.” Identifying 2. Where did the Renaissance begin? Defining 3. What is an urban area? Reading Check 4. Why did wealthy Italians support artists during the Renaissance? The Renai