Biology 2020 – Assessment Guide
Biology 2020 – Assessment GuideSection A – Multiple-choice QuestionsVCAA KeyKnowledgeQuestionAnswer guidethe structure ofDNA and the threeforms of RNAincludingsimilarities anddifferences in theirsubunits, and theirsynthesis bycondensationpolymerisationQuestion 1Nitrogen is found in which of the following?A. amino acids and waterB. RNA bases but not DNA basesC. DNA bases but not RNA basesD. both DNA and RNA basesDBoth DNA and RNA arecomposed of nitrogenouscontaining bases –adenine, guanine,cytosine, thymine oruracil. Water does notcontain nitrogen.the functionalimportance of thefour hierarchallevels of proteinstructureQuestion 2There are four levels of protein structure. When two ormore polypeptides are joined, this refers toA. primary structure.B. secondary structure.C. tertiary structure.D. quaternary structure.DQuaternary structure iswhen two or morepolypeptides join, mostoften to form afunctional protein.Use the following information to answer Questions 3 and 4.1 viruses2 prokaryoticcells3 prions4 eukaryoticcellsthe structure ofDNA and the threeforms of RNAincludingsimilarities anddifferences in theirsubunits, and theirsynthesis bycondensationpolymerisationQuestion 3DNA and/or RNA can be found inA. 1 only.B. 1 and 2 only.C. 1, 2 and 4 only.D. 1, 2, 3 and 4.CPrions are made ofprotein and therefore donot contain DNA and/orRNA. All other optionscan contain DNA and/orRNA.the synthesis of apolypeptide chainfrom amino acidmonomers bycondensationpolymerisationQuestion 4Polypeptides could be found inA. 1 only.B. 1, 2, 3 and 4.C. 3 only.D. 1 and 2 only.BAll of the optionsprovided containpolypeptides/proteins.Biology – Assessment Guide ACED 2020. This exam is only licenced to the purchasing school. Page 1 of 30
the role creticulum, Golgiapparatus andassociated vesiclesin the export of aprotein productfrom the cellthroughexocytosisQuestion 5In relation to the production, transport and export of aprotein from a cell, which of the following organellescorrectly matches its function?OrganelleFunctionpackages proteins intoA. golgi bodyvesiclesB. ribosomemodifies proteinsC. endoplasmic reticulumsynthesises proteinstransports proteinsD. cell membranearound the cellARibosomes synthesiseproteins, endoplasmicreticula transport andmodify proteins, and thecell membrane isinvolved in the export ofa protein out of the cell.Use the following information to answer Questions 6 and 7.Thelma and Louise were discussing movement through theplasma membrane of an animal cell. Louise suggested thatthere are many molecules that can move through thephospholipid bilayer without requiring energy and also donot require the use of protein channels.the fluid mosaicmodel of thestructure of theplasmamembrane andthe movement ofhydrophilic andhydrophobicsubstances acrossit based on theirsize and polarityQuestion 6The correct processes that the molecules Louise wasreferring to may utilise includeA. osmosis, simple diffusion and active transport.B. osmosis and simple diffusion.C. osmosis and exocytosis.D. simple diffusion, exocytosis and endocytosis.BAll other options includeprocesses that requireenergy – activetransport, exocytosis andendocytosis.the fluid mosaicmodel of thestructure of theplasmamembrane andthe movement ofhydrophilic andhydrophobicsubstances acrossit based on theirsize and polarityQuestion 7Examples of molecules that can move through thephospholipid bilayer and do not require protein channelsincludeA. water only.B. water and oxygen only.C. water, oxygen and carbon dioxide.D. oxygen and carbon dioxide only.CAll three of thesemolecules can movethrough the phospholipidbilayer and do notrequire a proteinchannel.Biology – Assessment Guide ACED 2020. This exam is only licenced to the purchasing school. Page 2 of 30
the mode ofaction of enzymesincludingreversible andirreversibleinhibition of theiraction due tochemicalcompetitors at theactive site, and byfactors includingtemperature,concentration andpHQuestion 8AWith the x-axis labelledsubstrate concentration,this is not an appropriateoption. Temperature andpH are not appropriatefactors for the y-axis fora graph such as this.CEnzymes are organiccatalysts that loweractivation energy andassist reactions toproceed.Source: he y-axis variable in the enzyme graph above is most likelyto beA. rate of reaction.B. temperature.C. pH.D. substrate concentration.the role ofenzymes asprotein catalystsin biochemicalpathwaysQuestion 9Enzymes activation energy.A. increaseB. neutraliseC. lowerD. removeBiology – Assessment Guide ACED 2020. This exam is only licenced to the purchasing school. Page 3 of 30
Use the following information to answer Questions 10 and11.BASource: espirationQuestion 10The molecules that best align with A and B are:ABOxygenCarbon dioxideA.GlucoseWaterCarbon dioxideOxygenB.WaterGlucoseOxygenGlucoseC.Carbon dioxideWaterATPCarbon dioxideD.OxygenATPAOxygen and glucose areboth an output ofphotosynthesis and aninput for cellularrespiration. Both carbondioxide and water are anoutput of cellularrespiration and an inputfor photosynthesis.the purpose ofphotosynthesisQuestion 11Photosynthesis is a/n reaction and cellularrespiration is a/n reaction.A. catabolic; anabolicB. anabolic; anabolicC. catabolic; catabolicD. anabolic; catabolicDPhotosynthesis combinessmall molecules to createa larger molecule, whichis anabolic. Cellularrespiration breaks alarge molecule intosmaller molecules, whichis catabolic.the cycling ofcoenzymes (ATP,NADH, andNADPH) as loadedand unloadedforms to moveenergy, protonsand electronsbetween reactionsin the cell.Question 12CoenzymesA. perform the same function as enzymes in cellularrespiration.B. are not made of protein.C. perform no role in photosynthesis.D. that are involved in photosynthesis are only ATP andNADH.BCoenzymes are nonprotein molecules thatassist enzymes tocatalyse reactions. Forexample, ATP andNADPH are the loadedcoenzymes involved inphotosynthesis.inputs andoutputs of thelight dependentand lightindependent(Calvin cycle)stages ofphotosynthesis inC3 plantsthe main inputsand outputs of theKrebs (citric acid)cycle and electrontransport chainincluding ATP yieldBiology – Assessment Guide ACED 2020. This exam is only licenced to the purchasing school. Page 4 of 30
difference insignaltransduction forhydrophilic andhydrophobicsignals in terms ofthe position ofreceptors (on themembrane and inthe cytosol) andinitiation oftransductionQuestion 13CAt point X, the hormonereceptor complex hasentered the nucleus andwould combine withDNA.Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topicsAt point X in the diagram, theA. hormone binds with the receptor.B. secondary messenger binds to DNA.C. hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA.D. cell response is complete.the stimulusresponse modelwhen applied tothe cell in terms ofsignaltransduction as athree-step processinvolvingreception,transduction andcellular responseQuestion 14Receptor proteinsA. always bind with molecules on the surface of a cell tocause changes within that cell.B. cannot initiate the process that leads to cell death.C. enable communication between cells to stimulatechange in target cells.D. always bind with molecules inside a cell to causechanges within that cell.CThere are receptors oncells that can initiativeapoptosis, so B isincorrect. A and D areincorrect as receptorsmay be found on the cellmembrane or in thecytosol. C is correct asreceptors play a role insignal transduction,allowing cells tocommunicate with oneanother which can leadto a cellular response.the sources andmode oftransmission ofvarious signallingmolecules to theirtarget cell,including plantand animalhormones,neurotransmitters, cytokines andpheromonesQuestion 15The presence of mitochondria in the axon terminal of aneuron assists with cellular signalling, because themitochondria can provide energy forA. the movement of neurotransmitters across thesynapse through diffusion.B. the release of neurotransmitters from the axonterminal via exocytosis.C. the movement of neurotransmitters across thesynapse through active transport.D. the release of neurotransmitters from the axonterminal via endocytosis.BNeurotransmitters moveacross the synapse viadiffusion which does notrequire energy as this is apassive process.Neurotransmitters arereleased from the presynaptic terminal viaexocytosis, an energyrequiring process.Biology – Assessment Guide ACED 2020. This exam is only licenced to the purchasing school. Page 5 of 30
the differencebetween naturaland artificialimmunity, andactive and passivestrategies foracquiringimmunityQuestion 16DIn relation to active and passive immunity, which of thefollowing options correctly matches the type of immunitywith its function?Passive immunityActive immunitycan result in a long-lasting involves complementA.memory of pathogensproteins and neutrophilsinvolves the production of involves the production ofB.antibodiesB memory cellscan result in theinvolves the same generalC. inflammatory responseresponse for eachbeing activatedpathogen encounteredD.involves complementproteins and neutrophilscan result in a long-lastingmemory of pathogensPassive immunityinvolves complementproteins and neutrophils,however no antibodiesare produced, nor isthere any memory of apathogen. Activeimmunity initiates aspecific response foreach pathogen, and thistypically results in thebody remembering thispathogen and initiating afaster response uponfuture reencounter.vaccinationprograms andtheir role inmaintaining herdimmunity for aparticular diseasein the humanpopulationQuestion 17Herd immunityA. can be obtained through both natural infection andvaccination.B. can be obtained only through natural infection.C. cannot be obtained through either vaccination ornatural infection.D. can be obtained only through vaccination.ABoth vaccination andnatural infection canlead to the production ofB memory cells. When asignificant number ofindividuals in apopulation possessthese, herd immunityexists.invading cellularand non-cellularpathogens as asource of non-selfantigens, andpreventativestrategiesincluding physical,chemical andmicrobiologicalbarriers in animalsand plants thatkeep them outQuestion 18The following is a list of the main steps in the life cycle of avirus in no particular order.DThe steps outlined inoption D outline thetypical steps in viralreplication.Step A: Viral proteins and nucleic acids are assembled inthe host cell.Step B: The virus binds to the host cell.Step C: The virus injects its nucleic acid into the host cell.Step D: The host cell releases viral particles.Step E: The host cell produces viral nucleic acids andproteins.Which of the following lists these steps in the order inwhich they occur in the life cycle of a virus?A. D – A – E – C – BB. C – A – B – D – EC. B – C – E – D – AD. B – C – E – A – DBiology – Assessment Guide ACED 2020. This exam is only licenced to the purchasing school. Page 6 of 30
the characteristicsand roles ofcomponents ofthe adaptive(specific) immuneresponseincluding theactions of T helperand T cytotoxiccells in cellmediatedimmunity.Question 19T helper cellsA. directly attack cells infected with viruses.B. release cytokines which stimulate B cells.C. produce antibodies.D. interact with antigens presented on cytotoxic T cells.BT helper cells ‘help’ toregulate the immuneresponse by releasingcytokines whichstimulate B cells.the use ofmonoclonalantibodies intreating cancer.Question 20Monoclonal antibodiesA. directly attack cancer cells.B. can deliver radiation to cancer cells.C. can deliver chemotherapy to cancer cells.D. all of the above.DMonoclonal antibodiescan be designed totarget cancer cells inmany ways, including alloptions listed.ALymph nodes are whereantigen recognitionoccurs by lymphocytes.There is no pump in thelymphatic system.Use the following information to answer Questions 21 and22.Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph node#/media/File:Diagram of a lymph node CRUK 022.svgthe role of thelymphatic systemin the immuneresponse includingthe role ofsecondarylymphoid tissue(with reference tolymph nodes) asthe site of antigenrecognition bylymphocytesQuestion 21The diagram above is whereA. antigen recognition occurs by lymphocytes.B. pumping occurs to move fluid through vessels.C. fluid drains back into the circulatory system.D. the allergic response is initiated.Biology – Assessment Guide ACED 2020. This exam is only licenced to the purchasing school. Page 7 of 30
the role of thelymphatic systemin the immuneresponse includingthe role ofsecondarylymphoid tissue(with reference tolymph nodes) asthe site of antigenrecognition bylymphocytesQuestion 22The diagram above representsA. quaternary lymphoid tissue.B. primary lymphoid tissue.C. secondary lymphoid tissue.D. tertiary lymphoid tissue.CLymph nodes aresecondary lymphoidtissue (as indicated in theVCAA Biology keyknowledge point).the qualitativetreatment of thecauses ofchanging allelefrequencies in apopulation’s genepool includingtypes of mutations(point, frameshift,block) as a sourceof new alleles,chromosomalabnormalities(aneuploidy andpolyploidy)Question 23DThe diagram representsdifferent examples ofblock mutations thatmay occur to sections ofDNA in chromosomes.the manipulationof gene poolsthrough selectivebreedingprograms.Question 24Selective breedingA. will always reduce genetic diversity in a population.B. will always increase genetic diversity in a population.C. can be used as a method to increase the survivalchances of an endangered species.D. is only used to increase the survival chances of anendangered species.CSelective breeding iswhen humans choosewhich individualorganisms mate andpass on their genes tofuture generations. Thisapproach is often used incaptive breedingprograms to increase thechances of survival of anendangered species.Source: https://www.pathwayz.org/Tree/Plain/CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONSThe diagram above representsA. the polymerase chain reaction.B. point mutations.C. frameshift mutations.D. block mutations.Biology – Assessment Guide ACED 2020. This exam is only licenced to the purchasing school. Page 8 of 30
evidence ofevidence ofbiological changeover timeincluding frompalaeontology(the fossil record,the relative andabsolute dating offossils, types offossils and thesteps infossilisation),developmentalbiology andstructuralmorphologyQuestion 25BImage 2 representsanalogous structures(given the wings of theinsect do not containbones) and image 1represent homologousstructures; both of theseare examples ofstructural morphologicalevidence of biologicalchange over time.BThe islands separated thelizards, so the differentselection pressures onthe islands wouldcontribute to changes inthe traits of the lizardson the two islands, andconsequently differentspecies evolve, whichthen would havecontributed toreproductive isolation.12Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ (biology)Which of the following is true of the images above?A. both 1 and 2 represent analogous structuresB. both 1 and 2 represent structural morphologicalevidence of biological change over timeC. both 1 and 2 represent homologous structuresD. 1 represents analogous structures and 2 representshomologous structuresprocesses ofevolutionincluding throughthe action ofmutations anddifferent selectionpressures on afragmentedpopulation ion) thatprevent gene flowQuestion 26Two species of lizards live on separate islands. These twospecies evolved from a common ancestor by allopatricspeciation. The likely order of events in the speciation,from first to last, would have beenA. geographical isolation, reproductive isolation, naturalselection.B. geographical isolation, natural selection, reproductiveisolation.C. natural selection, geographical isolation, reproductiveisolation.D. natural selection, reproductive isolation, geographicalisolation.Biology – Assessment Guide ACED 2020. This exam is only licenced to the purchasing school. Page 9 of 30
molecularhomology asevidence ofrelatednessbetween speciesincluding DNA andamino acidsequences,mtDNA (themolecular clock)and the DNAhybridisationtechniqueQuestion 27If the rate of gene flow between two populations is high,then it is likely thatA. speciation will not occur.B. speciation will occur.C. the selection pressures in the two populations are thesame.D. there are long distances between the two populations.AHigh rates of gene flowbetween two populationsreduces the likelihoodthat genetic differenceswill build between thetwo populations, and thisreduces the likelihood ofspeciation.sharedcharacteristicsthat defineprimates,hominoids andhomininsQuestion 28AOld World monkeysevolved approximately27 million years agoaccording to the timelineand New World monkeysevolved approximately32 million years ago.CHominoids and humansdo not have tails. Theyboth have opposablethumbs. Hominoids suchas the gorilla are notbipedal, and they also donot use tools to makefire.Source: ding to this cladogramA. Old World monkeys evolved after New Worldmonkeys.B. Orangutans evolved before Gibbons.C. Tarsiers are more closely related to humans than NewWorld monkeys.D. Lemurs and lorises are the least closely related.sharedcharacteristicsthat defineprimates,hominoids andhomininsQuestion 29Hominoids and homininsA. lack opposable thumbs.B. are all bipedal.C. lack tails.D. could all use tools to make fire.Biology – Assessment Guide ACED 2020. This exam is only licenced to the purchasing school. Page 10 of 30
the human fossilrecord includingwhether Homosapiens and Homoneanderthalensisinterbred and theplacement of theDenisovans intothe Homoevolutionary tree.Question 30What evidence would support the notion thatinterbreeding occurred between Homo neanderthalensisand Homo sapiens?A. they were both alive during the same period of timeB. they both shared cultural traditionsC. they both possess similar structural traits such as alarge brain caseD. modern day homo sapiens possess Neanderthal DNADIf modern day homosapiens possessNeanderthal DNA, thiswould indicate thatinterbreeding occurredbetween Homoneanderthalensis andHomo sapiens as theDNA would have thenbeen passed on throughthe generations from thisinterbreeding.the human fossilrecord as anexample of aclassificationscheme that isopen tointerpretationsthat arecontested, refinedor replaced whennew evidencechallenges themor when a newmodel has greaterexplanatorypower, includingwhether Homosapiens and Homoneanderthalensisinterbred and theplacement of theDenisovans intothe Homoevolutionary tree.Question 31The diagram below is one depiction of an aspect of thehuman family tree.BAs indicated by thetimeline, Neanderthalsand Denisovans divergedapproximately 0.3 millionyears ago.Source: uploads/2012/12/fig1.pngThe family tree indicates that Neanderthals and Denisovansdiverged approximatelyA. 0.5 million years ago.B. 0.3 million years ago.C. 0.1 million years ago.D. 0.6 million years ago.Biology – Assessment Guide ACED 2020. This exam is only licenced to the purchasing school. Page 11 of 30
the use ofenzymes includingendonucleases(restrictionenzymes), ligasesand polymerasesQuestion 32DNA polymerase and RNA polymeraseA. are both involved in DNA replication.B. are both involved in transcription.C. differ as DNA polymerase is involved in DNAreplication and RNA polymerase is involved intranslation.D. differ as DNA polymerase is involved in DNAreplication and RNA polymerase is involved intranscription.DDNA polymerase isinvolved in DNAreplication and RNApolymerase is involved intranscription.the use ofenzymes includingendonucleases(restrictionenzymes), ligasesand polymerasesQuestion 33The following diagram demonstrates the recognitionsequence for four different restriction enzymes.BThe diagram indicatesthat EcoR V and Hae IIIwill produce blunt endsand Pst I and Not I willproduce sticky ends.DDNA is negativelycharged and thereforemoves towards thepositive electrode on agel electrophoresismachine.Source: 6205359Based on the stimulus material, all cuts will lead toA. only sticky ends being produced.B. two sticky and two blunt ends being produced.C. only blunt ends being produced.D. neither sticky nor blunt ends being produced.the use of gelelectrophoresis insorting DNAfragments,includinginterpretation ofgel runsQuestion 34Which of the following is true of gel electrophoresis andthe way in which it sorts DNA fragments?A. DNA is positively charged and therefore movestowards the positive electrodeB. DNA is negatively charged and therefore movestowards the negative electrodeC. DNA is positively charged and therefore movestowards the negative electrodeD. DNA is negatively charged and therefore movestowards the positive electrodeBiology – Assessment Guide ACED 2020. This exam is only licenced to the purchasing school. Page 12 of 30
the use ofrecombinantplasmids asvectors totransformbacterial cells.Question 35A recombinant plasmidA. can act as a vector.B. is only found in eukaryotic cells.C. can only contain DNA from the same species.D. cannot be used to transform bacterial cells.ARecombinant plasmidscan act as vectors totransform bacterial cells.Recombinant plasmidsare typically found inprokaryotic cells but canbe incorporated ineukaryotic cells also.Recombinant plasmidscan contain DNA fromdifferent species.techniques thatapply DNAknowledge(specifically genecloning) includingsocial and ethicalimplications andissuesQuestion 36In relation to gene cloning, heat-shock may be applied tobacteria in order toA. prevent them from taking up recombinant DNA.B. kill the bacteria.C. encourage them to take up recombinant DNA.D. encourage the bacteria to replicate.CHeat shock encouragesbacteria to take uprecombinant DNArequired for genecloning.strategies thatdeal with theemergence of newdiseases in aglobally connectedworld, includingthe distinctionbetweenepidemics andpandemics, theuse of scientificknowledge toidentify thepathogen, and thetypes oftreatmentsQuestion 37A pandemicA. is easier to contain than an epidemic.B. typically has a shorter duration than an epidemic.C. cannot be prevented through herd immunity.D. is the spread of a pathogen and the associatedcondition that covers several countries or spreadsfrom one continent to another.DOption D describes apandemic. Epidemics aretypically localised to aregion/smaller numberof people within apopulation and aretherefore easier tocontain, than pandemics.As pandemics spreadwidely, they typically arelonger in duration thanepidemics.systematicallygenerate, collect,record andsummarise bothqualitative andquantitative dataQuestion 38Qualitative dataA. is always numerical in nature.B. is often based on an experiment with a measurementtool (e.g. a thermometer).C. always involves large sample sizes in studies.D. is typically descriptive in nature.DQualitative data istypically based onobservation orinterviews, and thereforeis typically descriptive innature or involves words.Biology – Assessment Guide ACED 2020. This exam is only licenced to the purchasing school. Page 13 of 30
take a qualitativeapproach whenidentifying andanalysingexperimental datawith reference toaccuracy,precision,reliability, validity,uncertainty anderrors (randomand systematic)Question 39Suzie and James were conducting an experiment todetermine the effects of carbon dioxide concentration onthe rate of photosynthesis in hydrangeas (a type of plant).CA systematic error is aconsistent, repeatableerror that is oftenassociated with faultyequipment. Themeasurement error foreach group would havebeen consistent due tothe uncalibratedapparatus.BSample size is not directlyrelated to validity; withgreater sample sizereliability increases, asthere is more data thatcan be collected andcompared to determine ifconsistent results aredemonstrated.They decided to measure the rate of photosynthesis usinga newly developed oxygen concentration apparatus. Thepacket the apparatus came in mentioned that it requiredcalibration before use, to ensure it was making accuratemeasurements, however, James forgot to calibrate theinstrument before he and Suzie started their experiment.Their experiment involved five separate groups ofhydrangeas, and all of the measurements taken involvedthe uncalibrated apparatus.The type of error demonstrated in the scenario isA. a random error.B. a personal error.C. a systematic error.D. a notational error.take a qualitativeapproach whenidentifying andanalysingexperimental datawith reference toaccuracy,precision,reliability, validity,uncertainty anderrors (randomand systematic)Question 40An increase in the sample size of an experiment willA. not affect the reliability or validity of the experiment.B. be more likely to increase the reliability of theexperiment than its validity.C. increase the reliability and decrease the accuracy ofthe experiment.D. increase the validity of the experiment but not thereliability.Biology – Assessment Guide ACED 2020. This exam is only licenced to the purchasing school. Page 14 of 30
Section B – Short Answer QuestionsVCAA KeyKnowledgeQuestionAnswer guidethe genetic code as adegenerate triplet codeand the steps in geneexpression includingtranscription, RNAprocessing ineukaryotic cells andtranslation.Question 1a (1 mark)The image abovedepicts what processinvolved in proteinsynthesis?Answer: Translationthe structure of DNAand the three forms ofRNA includingsimilarities anddifferences in theirsubunits, and theirsynthesis bycondensationpolymerisationQuestion 1b (4 marks)Draw a labelleddiagram, in two steps,that demonstrates theprocess involved injoining two aminoacids. Name theprocess you havedrawn.Answer: A diagram with two steps, as outlined below, is required:Source: pter/structure-and-function-of-rna/Marking protocol:One mark for the above point.(Amino acid 1 joins with Amino acid 2.)(A dipeptide is formed, and a water molecule is generated.) Condensation polymerisationMarking protocol:One mark for two correctly drawn amino acids in step 1.One mark for a correctly drawn dipeptide in step 2, and anadditional mark for a water molecule written/drawn in step 2.A final mark for naming the process condensationpolymerisation.Biology – Assessment Guide ACED 2020. This exam is only licenced to the purchasing school. Page 15 of 30
the genetic code as adegenerate triplet codeand the steps in geneexpression includingtranscription, RNAprocessing ineukaryotic cells andtranslation.Question 1c (3 marks)Answer:Draw an arrow on the The ribosome will stop when it reaches a stop codon sequencediagram above (in thein the mRNA stimulus material) that this does not contribute an amino acid to the polypeptideindicates the directionchain.in which the ribosomeis moving as it readsthe mRNA. Explain howthe ribosome knowswhen to stop thismovement and thecontribution thismakes to thepolypeptide chain.Marking protocol:One mark for an arrow on the diagram that indicates theribosome is moving in the 5’ to 3’ direction (from right to left).One mark for each of the above points.Cellular respiration is a vital process in humans that facilitates the breakdown of glucose and its conversioninto a usable form of cellular energy – ATP. Energy is released from ATP when it is converted to ADP and Pi.Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration are possible in humans, however, the inputs and outputs of thesetwo forms of cellular respiration differ.the purpose of cellularrespirationQuestion 2a (2 marks)Describe the structuraldifference betweenATP and ADP and howenergy is releasedduring ATP’sconversion to ADP.Answer: The structural difference is that a molecule of ATP consists of achain of three phosphates, whereas a molecule of ADP onlycontains a chain of two phosphates. Due to the high energy in the bonds between each phosphatein a chain, energy is released when the bond holding the thirdphosphate group in ATP is broken, leaving a chain of twophosphates in ADP.Marking protocol:One mark for each of the above points.Biology – Assessment Guide ACED 2020. This exam is only licenced to the purchasing school. Page 16 of 30
the fluid mosaic modelof the structure of theplasma membrane andthe movement ofhydrophilic andhydrophobicsubstances across itbased on their size andpolarityQuestion 2b (4 marks)Name two processesby which glucose canenter a cell anddescribe the differencebetween these twoprocesses.Answer: Active transport Facilitated diffusion Active transport is the movement of a substance across amembrane from a region of low concentration to highconcentration that requires the input of energy, whereas facilitated diffusion is the movement of a substance througha channel protein from a region of high concentration to lowconcentration that does not require the input of energy.Marking protocol:One mark for each of the above points.the location of, and theinputs and outputs of,glycolysis including ATPyieldthe location ofanaerobic cellularrespiration, its inputsand the difference inoutputs betweenanimals and yeastsincluding ATP yieldQuestion 2c (2 marks)Once glucose hasentered the cell, whatstage of aerobiccellular respiration is itan input for, andwhere does this stagetake place?Answer: Stage: Glycolysis Location: The cytosolMarking protocol:One mark for each of the above points.Question 2d (2 marks) Answer:Explain why lactic acid Vigorous exercise can contribute to a lack of adequate oxygenmay accumulate in theto be delivered to the cells to meet energy needs via aerobicbody of a
energy –referring to active transport, exocytosis and endocytosis. The correct processes that the molecules Louise was may utiliseinclude A. osmosis, simple diffusion and active transport. B. osmosis and simple diffusion. C. osmosis and exocytosis. D. simple diffusion, exocytosis and endocytosis
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