Table Of Contents - Spinal Cord
Title Goes Here (cont.)Table of ContentsIntroduction . 03Basic SCI Vocabulary . 04Emergency Interventions When a SCI is Suspected . 06What Causes Spinal Cord Injuries? . 07Understanding Spinal Anatomy . 08Treatment for Spinal Cord Injuries . 10Choosing a Treatment Provider . 13Do Your Research . 15Legal Issues for Spinal Cord Injury Survivors . 16Resources for Spinal Cord Injury Survivors and Their Loved Ones . 19Legal Options Following a Spinal Cord Injury . 20Our Client Success Stories . 21Over 276,000 Americans are currently livingcord injury, you may not know anyone else whoNational Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center.may be unsure where to turn to get help. Whilewith spinal cord injuries according to theHowever, only 12,500 new cases occur eachyear, making spinal cord injuries relatively rare.If you or someone you love is living with a spinalhas survived such a disastrous trauma, and youa spinal cord injury (SCI) can change your lifeforever, it doesn’t have to ruin your life.Spinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 2
IntroductionThe spinal cord is like the body’s switchboard,Generally speaking, the higher up the injuryvirtually everything you do. From the itch onconsequences will be, since higher injuriescarrying messages to and from the brain aboutyour toe to flicking away the spider who causedthe itch, your spinal cord receives the message,sends it to your brain, then processes thesignal your brain sends in response, ensuringa quick reaction. When you have a reflexiveresponse, the signal doesn’t even have to goto your brain; the spinal cord takes care of it foryou. This is why spinal cord injuries sometimesdestroy reflexive responses.When your spinal cord is injured, your abilityto receiver signals from your body and sendthem from your brain is diminished. Mostis in your spinal col-umn, the worse itsinhibit your spine’s ability to send and receivemore signals.This can be scary, but consider this: since the1970s, the prognosis for spinal cord injurysur-vivors has markedly improved. Back then,an injury sufferer could expect to spend 24days in the hospital and 98 days in intensiverehabilitation. Today, the figure is 11 days in thehospital followed by 36 days in rehabilitation.For many injury sufferers, some movement andsensation even returns over time.spinal cord injury survivors have some mobilityimpairments and many end up paralyzed.Spinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 3
Introduction (cont.)Basic SCI VocabularyTo help them better assess the severity and significance of spinal cord injuries, doctors rely ona host of terminology. Some of the terms you can expect to hear as you navigate the re-coveryprocess include:Vertebra:The vertebrae (singular: vertebra) are the column of butterfly-shapedbones surrounding your spinal cord. You can feel them when yourun your hands up the center of your back. Your doctor will tell youthe site of your spinal cord injury by giving you a letter indicating theregion (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, or sacral) and a number indicatingthe specific vertebra implicated (i.e. C1 or T2).Incomplete spinal cord injury:Thanks to better medical management, incomplete spinal cordinjuries, which result in a partially compressed—rather than fullysevered—spinal cord are now more common than complete injuries.The prognosis for recovery from these injuries is generally better.Complete spinal cord injury:A complete spinal cord injury occurs when the spinal cord is eitherfully severed or fully com-pressed, significantly limiting sensationand movement. These injuries can improve over time, particularly asswelling goes down, but generally have a worse prognosis.Quadriplegia:Resulting from injuries relatively high on the spine, quadriplegiainhibits movement and sensation in all four limbs.Paraplegia/Tetraplegia:The product of lower spinal cord injuries, paraplegia and tetraplegiainhibit movement and sensation in the legs, and may also underminebowel and bladder function.Spinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 4
Introduction (cont.)Potential SCI ComplicationsIn addition to paralysis and mobility impairments, spinal cord injuries often lead to a number ofcomplications and nervous system issues. There is no such thing as a “typical” spinal cord injury, soyou should not rely on someone else’s experience as a guide for what might happen to you.Talk to your doctor, and know that with hard work and a little luck, your prognosis can change. Someof the complications you can expect as a result of your injury include:tt Changes in your emotions, including anxietytt Difficulty controlling your own bowels andtt Phantom pain below the injurytt Difficulty breathing on your owntt Infections near the injury, or in other injuredtt Changes in sensations in your arms andand depressionareasbladderlegs, even if you retain some feelingtt Bedsores and other skin problems,particularly if you are bedridden Sexualfunction issuesSpinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 5
Emergency Interventions When a Spinal CordInjury is SuspectedTwo generations ago, a spinal cord injury was a death sentence, and a generation ago, it inevitablymeant paralysis. Today, even severely injured people are sometimes able to walk, run, and even playsports again. There’s no guarantee that good medical care will produce these outcomes, but promptintervention when a spinal cord injury is suspected is of the utmost importanceIf you suspect you or someone you love has suffered a spinal cord injury:tt Call 911 for emergency assistance.tt Do not move the person. Instead, try placingheavy towels on either side of the neck andbody to keep them still, but do not prop upthe neck or any other part of the body.tt If you must move the person, do so in onesmooth motion, with the assistance of atleast one other person.tt Do not allow the person to go to sleep or toreturn to regular physical activities until heor she has been examined by a doctor.tt Offer reassurance, and encourage theperson to take slow, deep breaths.Spinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 6
What Causes Spinal Cord Injuries?Any activity that can cause trauma to the back or neck can damage your spinal cord. Spinalinfections can also cause spinal cord injuries, as is the case with an untreated hemorrhage (caudaequina syndrome). For this reason, it’s critically important to seek prompt medical care if you sufferfrom unexplained back pain, decreased sensation in your spine, or any other unusual symptoms. Formost spinal cord injury survivors, though, the injury was caused by a physical trauma.The leading causes of spinal cord injuries are:30% Falls14% Violence9% Sports5% Medical/Surgical4% Other38% VehicularSpinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 7
Understanding Spinal AnatomyIf you don’t know the basics of spinal cordThe cord is then encased in 31 vertebrae,even the most basic of information from yourback. Doctors divide the spinal cord into fouranatomy, you may struggle to understandphysician. The spinal cord is a complex organ,consisting of a bundle of nerves protected by asheath of myelin.which you can easily feel when you touch yourdistinct regions, from top to bottom, and assignto most injuries a letter indicating the regionand a number indicating the affected vertebra.For instance, an injury to C1 is an injury to thetopmost vertebra in the cervical spinal cord.Spinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 8
Understanding Spinal Anatomy (cont.)The leading causes of spinal cord injuries are:Cervical spinal cord: The cervical spinal cord, which spans theconnection of the brain to the spinal cord and consists of eightvertebrae: C1-C8.Thoracic spinal cord: The thoracic spinal cord, making up themiddle of the spinal cord, and containing 12 vertebrae: T1-T12.Lumbar spinal cord: The lumbar spinal cord, correlatingto the curve in your lower back, and consisting of fivevertebrae: L1-L5.Sacral spinal cord: The sacral spinal cord, which is thelowest portion of the spinal column, consisting of fivevertebrae: S1-S5.Coccygeal region: The coccygeal region, or the tail bone(coccyx), is made up of a single vertebra.Spinal cord injuries can also affect bundles of nerves. For instance, injuries to the cauda equinaresult in cauda equina syndrome, which can inhibit sexual, bladder, and bowel function, but whichdoes not typically interfere with movement.Lower injuries are generally better because they result in less diminished function. Higher injuriesare more difficult to recover from, and may even be fatal. Injuries to C1-C3 are rarely survivable.Spinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 9
Treatment for Spinal Cord InjuriesUnlike most other injuries and illnesses, there is no single “preferred” treatment for spinal cordinjuries, and no pill or surgery that will cure all spinal cord injury survivors. Indeed, in many cases thesymptoms cannot be cured at all, but can only be managed. Thus every spinal cord injury survivorshould work alongside his or her doctor or develop a personalized treatment plan that is reflectiveof your values and treatment goals, ambitious enough to give you a shot at full recovery, and backedby the latest research.Some options for spinal cord injury recovery include:Palliative care to manage your pain and other symptoms.This includes the use of painkillers to dullyour recovery. For instance, if controlling yourwheel-chairs and catheters. In some cases,for you, your doctor might encourage you topain, as well as assistance devices such asyour medical team may encourage you touse assistance devices even when they’reno longer absolutely necessary, since doingbowels and bladder is a challenging processcontinue to use a catheter during physicaltherapy sessions.so can help you focus on other aspects ofSpinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 10
Treatment for Spinal Cord Injuries (cont.)Antibiotic care to prevent infections.Experimental treatments.Depending on the source of your spinalNanotechnology, artificial intelligence, andswelling and infections, or to reduce the riskthe landscape of spinal cord injury recovery.cord injury, you may need antibiotics to treatof these symptoms. For instance, a gun shotwound survivor is at a heightened risk ofinfection, particularly if the wound is open andexposed to the air.other exciting developments are changingYour doctor may refer you to an experimentaltreatment program, or you may be a goodcandidate for an assistance device offered atyour hospital or rehabilitation center. Let yourdoctor know you’re interested in experimentaltreatments. Keep abreast of spinal cord injurynews, since you may find the media reportingon a promising new treatment even before yourdoctor learns of it.Surgery to address your individualtreatment needs.In some cases, such as a bullet lodged in ornear the spine, you may have surgery imme-diately to reduce your risk. In other cases, youmay need surgery to cope with symptoms asthey arise, such as when a spinal cord injurycauses a bulging disc. Some surgeries mayhelp eliminate symptoms, as when spinaldecompression surgery endeavors to reversecauda equina syndrome.Spinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 11
Treatment for Spinal Cord Injuries (cont.)Physical and rehabilitative therapy.The spine and brain are remarkable organs that can recover from even the most catastrophicinjuries. Physical therapy isn’t just exercise; it works to rewire your brain and spinal cord to workaround your injury. The more physical therapy you can do, the better. Don’t be afraid to pushyourself, even when things get tough. In the first weeks, physical therapy may be painful anddifficult, but it gets easier over time; it’s also a key ingredient in the recovery recipe.Research consistently shows that a positive attitude can increase your odds of recovery. Of course,remaining positive in the face of a potentially permanently altered life isn’t easy—es-pecially inthe early weeks after your injury. For this reason, mental health care figures promi-nently in thetreatment journey. Consider therapy, and invite your family to participate in family support sessions,too. The more support you and your family have, the more your stress will be reduced and your oddsof recovery will be increased.Activity Based TherapyActivity-based therapy (or ABT) is a therapeutic activity used in recovery andrehabilitation to improve strength and regain motor function after a traumatic injury.Learn more about Activity Based Therapy Centers across the United States.Spinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 12
Choosing a Treatment ProviderThe treatment provider you choose will heavilyThe Model Systems Knowledge Transitionnosis. It’s not enough to just select a doctorfacilities that are “model systems.” Hallmarks ofinfluence your treatment options and prog-you like. Your family doctor might be perfectlynice, but without access to the latest research,a high-tech hospital, and other tools, he or shewon’t be able to provide you with adequatetreatment.Center publishes a list of spinal cord injurythese systems include holistic treatment thataddress-es emotional, physical, and lifestyleneeds, as well as cutting-edge treatment andtreatment protocols that are supported byextensive research. Pursuing treatment at amodel systems facility is your best option forlong-term recovery.Spinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 13
Choosing a Treatment Provider (cont.)The list of model systems may change from time to time, so check with the Model SystemsKnowledge Transition Center for an updated list. As of 2015, the best places to pursue treatment fora spinal cord injury according to that list are:tt University of Alabama at Birmingham Spinaltt Spaulding-Harvard Spinal Cord Injurytt Southern California Spinal Cord Injury Modeltt New England Regional Spinal Cord Injurytt The Rocky Mountain Regional Spinal Injurytt University of Michigan Spinal Cord Injurytt South Florida Spinal Cord Injury Modeltt Northern New Jersey Spinal Cord Injurytt Southeastern Regional Spinal Cord Injurytt Regional Spinal Cord Injury Center of thett Midwest Regional Spinal Cord Injury Carett University of Pittsburgh Model Center ontt Kentucky Regional Model Spinal Cord Injurytt Northwest Regional Spinal Cord InjuryCord Injury Model SystemSystemSystemSystemCare SystemSystemSystemSystemCenter NetworkModel SystemSystemDelaware ValleySpinal Cord InjurySystemYou should select a treatment facility where you feel comfortable, welcomed, and that yourvalues are respected. For instance, a transgender person with a spinal cord injury shouldnot have to put up with his or her gender identity being questioned.See our full list of hospital and rehabilitation centersSpinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 14
Choosing a Treatment Provider (cont.)Do Your ResearchNo matter how good the hospital or doctor is, do your research and seek insight from otherpatients. Some questions to consider asking include: tt What types of treatments do you recommend?tt Is there anything I can do to improve my prognosis?tt What is my prognosis?tt What are the worst and best case scenarios?tt Will I ever walk again?tt How certain are you about the prognosis?tt Can you work with my other providers?tt Are there any experimental treatments or programs that can help me?tt Is there anything that would cause you to refer me to another doctor or facility?tt What portion of my treatment will be covered by insurance?tt Can you work with my family to keep them informed?Consider also whether you feel respected and cared for by the doctor. No matter how good a doctoris, if he or she makes you feel discarded or uncared for, your recovery will be slower.Spinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 15
Legal Issues for Spinal Cord Injury SurvivorsSpinal cord injury survivors face a number of legal issues. For this reason, it’s wise to consult witha lawyer if you have any questions regarding your rights. Every situation is different, and the advicebelow should not be construed as legal advice. Generally speaking, though, spinal cord injurysurvivors have the following rights:You have a right to be free from discrimination.A number of laws, including the Americans With Disabilities Act, prohibitdiscrimination on the basis of disability, including spinal cord injuries. Youremployer cannot fire you because of your injury, nor can an educational institutionrefuse to accept you solely because of the injury. Additionally, most workplacesand educational institutions must make “reasonable accom-modations” to enableyou to continue your work. For instance, your boss might be required to give youtime off to attend doctor’s appointments, or your school might be required toprovide you with a note-taker if you cannot take notes on your own.Spinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 16
Legal Issues for Spinal Cord Injury Survivors (cont.)You have the right to inclusive, accessible housing, workplaces,and educational institutions.Federal law requires that most buildings be accessible to people with disabilities,through an elevator, ramp, or some other adjustment. The law does not specificallystate which adjust-ments a building must offer, but if you cannot get into abuilding, you have a right to request an accommodation—such as a ramp orhandicapped parking space—to make it accessible.You have the right to quality medical care.Everyone has a right to quality medical care, even when full recovery is notpossible. A doctor who ignores your pain, does not offer standard treatment,or who injures you may have com-mitted medical malpractice. If a doctor’snegligence is the cause of your injuries, you may be able to sue.“I decided that day, that I didn’t want to do anything else,that I was going to be the champion, of people - like mybrother - who had been catastrophically injured in badaccidents. I was going to be the guy that would take casesthat nobody else would take and figure out a way to winthem. And I’ve been doing it ever since.” Dale SwopeSpinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 17
Legal Issues for Spinal Cord Injury Survivors (cont.)You have the right to health insurance.There is no fundamental right to have your health insurance covered, but theAffordable Care Act removes the ability of insurers to decline you based on apreexisting condition. Even if you do not currently have health insurance, a healthinsurer cannot turn you down solely because of your spinal cord injury.You have the right to seek compensation for another person’snegligence.If your spinal cord injury is due in part or full to the negligence of someone else,you have the right to sue him or her for your pain, suffering, lost wages, medicalbills, and other expenses. If the responsible party is an individual, he or she maynot have much money, but if it is a company, insurance may kick in to cover thecosts. You’ll need to act quickly, since most states have a two-year statute oflimitations on personal injury claims. Talk to a lawyer before you file a claim andbefore you accept any settlement from an insurance company.You retain all of your other rights.A spinal cord injury may interfere with your ability to move, feel things, or evenmaintain your relationships. But it does not rob you of your humanity or yourcitizenship. You are still legally en-titled to all the rights you had before yourinjury, including the right to vote, make medical deci-sions, do as you see fit withyour finances, and decline medical treatment. If a caregiver is abus-ing you orattempting to undermine your full expression of your human rights, contact alawyer or talk to your doctor. Most medical providers are legally required to reportcaregiver abuse.Spinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 18
Resources for Spinal Cord Injury Survivorsand Their Loved OnesYou are your own best advocate. Good advocates have clear information, so remaining edu-cated iskey to your ongoing recovery. To get up-to-date research and news on spinal cord injuries, considersubscribing to the blog on SpinalCord.com.Some other resources that may help you include:The Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation,Foundation for Spinal Cord Injury Prevention,information to spinal cord injury survivors andand maintains a detailed list of resources.which offers research, advocacy, and othertheir loved ones.Care, and Cure, which publishes new researchUnited Spinal Association Spinal CordThe National Spinal Cord Injury Statisticalinformation from around the web.on spinal cord injury survivors.Resource Center, which culls research andCenter, which maintains up-to-date statisticsSpinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 19
Legal Options Following a Spinal Cord InjuryDetermining if a Lawsuit is FeasiblePersonal injury cases involving spinal cordOr, maybe a tree that fell should have beenof moving parts that have to be considered.These are some non-obvious instances ofinjuries are incredibly complicated, with a lotNot only do you need evidence, it’s importantto be familiar with spinal cord injury claim lawand recent legal rulings that might create newprecedents.Determining whether or not you have a feasiblecase can be difficult, which is why it’s soimportant to talk to a lawyer who specializesin SCI cases—one who is willing to go into theminor details of your case to determine if therewas negligence on the part of anyone involved.For example, in an auto accident, it’s possibleremoved earlier to prevent such an incident.negligence that could be cause for legal actionthat an experienced attorney might be able touncover.Getting some input from an experienced spinalcord injury attorney is crucial for determiningwhether or not you have a case for filing apersonal injury claim.Don’t wait until it’s too late. Speak to a spinalcord injury specialist lawyer as soon aspossible.that the guard rail that was hit was actuallysupposed to have been removed by the state.Spinal Cord Injuries: An Overview 20
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Thoracic spinal cord: The thoracic spinal cord, making up the middle of the spinal cord, and containing 12 vertebrae: T1-T12. Lumbar spinal cord: The lumbar spinal cord, correlating to the curve in your lower back, and consisting of five vertebrae: L1-L5. Sacral spinal cord
spinal cord injury 101 2 Some information about the Spinal cord Your neck and backbones (also called vertebrae) surround and protect your spinal cord. The main job of your spinal cord is to be the communication system between your brain and your body. You can break your neck or back bones and not hurt your spinal cord. If the spinal cord
SPINAL CORD INJURY FACTS. Spinal Cord Injuries A spinal cord injury is caused by trauma or disease to the spinal cord, most often resulting . in paralysis (loss of strength), loss of sensation (feeling), and loss of control of bodily functions. Currently, there are approximately 273,000 pe
Oct 09, 2019 · Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves and Somatic Reflexes Spinal cord Spinal nerves Somatic reflexes 1. alnips 2. bamrul 3. trevarbe 4. veern 5. crumas 6. lexref . Spinal Tracts Ascending & descending tract head up or down while
Bowel Management in Adults With Spinal Cord Injury Spinal Injuries Association Factsheet – Bowel Management www.spinal.co.uk 4 Introduction If you have a spinal cord injury (SCI), a reliable bowel management routine is vitally important, both physically and socially. Establishing an effective routine is essential in
Using exercise and massage to help regain movement. Spinal cord Bundles of spinal nerves. The spinal cord starts at the bottom of the brain and runs to the lower back. The spinal cord moves messages between the brain and the body. Spinal disc Soft pad of cartilage between each vertebra o
Ker words: Spinal cord injury, pathophysiology INTRODUCTION The spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by the loss or degradation of motor, sensory and autonom-ic functions as a result of the wholly or partly dam-age in the spinal cord for reasons such as trauma. This
12.DO NOT damage the power cord:)a DO NOT pull or carry appliance by the cord or use the cord as a handle. b) DO NOT unplug by pulling on cord. Grasp the plug, not the cord. c) DO NOT stand the appliance on the power cord, close a door on the cord, pull the cord around sharp corners, or leave the cord near heated surfaces.
Anatomi jalan lahir penting untuk keberhasilan kelahiran . Jalan Lahir Bagian tulang terdiri atas tulang- tulang panggul. - os coxae - os sacrum - os coccygis Bagian lunak (Diafragma pelvis )terdiri atas otot- otot , jaringan, dan ligament. - Pars muskulus levator ani - Pars membranasea - Regio perineum Tulang panggul terdiri atas a. os. Coxae (inominata) - os. Ilium - os. Ischium - os. Pubis .
