Healthcare Energy Metering Guidance - NREL
GuideHealthcare Energy Metering GuidanceIntroductionThis brochure is intended to help facility and energy managers plan and prioritize investments in energy metering. It offers healthcarespecific examples of metering installations, benefits, and steps that other health systems can reproduce. It reflects collaborative inputfrom the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratories and the health system members of the DOE Hospital Energy Alliance’sBenchmarking and Measurement Project Team.If you are just starting to explore metering improvements, you can begin by taking low-cost steps to fully leverage resources in existingbuildings. Similarly, as you design new facilities, careful decisions upfront can significantly reduce metering costs later. You can followthese steps as needed with investments in data collection improvements or additional meters. With each enhancement, you shouldevaluate how the new metered data are being used to ensure that metering investments are leading to energy-saving actions orportfolio improvements. Figure 1 summarizes the overall iterative process of developing a metering program.Contents include:IntroductionBasic Stages and Stepsfor Building a MeteringProgramHospital Case 1Low-Cost/No-CostMetering With ExistingResourcesHospital Case 2Making Cost-EffectiveDecisions Early in theHospital Design ProcessHospital Case 3Getting the Most out ofPhysical MetersConsiderations WhenPrioritizing MeteringInvestmentsExample Template 1Language for a MeteringData Acquisition SystemRequest for ProposalExample Template 2Language To SupportMetering Within a Building Design Request forProposalAdditional InformationFigure 1. Basic stages and steps for building a metering program Illustration by Feitau Kung and Raymond David/NRELFirst Stage:Low/No CostSecond Stage:Early InvestmentsEstablish goals andscope for metering.In new buildings,design electricaldistribution and gasand water piping toaccommodate nearterm and long termmetering needs.See page 3 for moreinformation.In existing buildings,look for meteringcapabilities in existingequipment (e.g.automatic transferswitches, distributionpanels, motor controlcenters, variablefrequency drives).See page 2 for moreinformation.Collect data on aregular basis (e.g.monthly)Subsequent Iterations:Building Up Your Metering CapabilitiesIdentify high priority targets for: Building-level metering Metering of spaces (e.g. spaces with different functions, additions) Metering of end uses (e.g. lighting, reheat, medical equipment)See page 6 for more information.When evaluating options for metering system hardware, software, or services: understandthe provider’s cost model up front. Some cost models can make later addition of meters, orconnections of additional measurement points to software, cost prohibitive.Invest in meteringsystems, includingphysical metersand/or automationof data collection.Determine whether desired capabilities can be achievedwith virtual/indirect metering that leverages existingmetering points or whether additional physical meters areneeded.If possible, invest invirtual or indirectmetering that leveragesexisting metering points.See page 4 for moreinformation.If necessary, invest inadditional physicalmeters.Record data in a dedicated database. Check meters periodically for accuracy and recalibrate as needed.Analyze data regularly to evaluate performance and identify opportunities for energy saving actions.Invest in energy saving actions.Evaluate success of metering and consider future needs.NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Hospital Case 1Low-Cost/No-Cost Metering with Existing ResourcesPeaceHealth–St. Joseph Medical Center Location: Bellingham, WashingtonSize: 253 beds; 510,000 ft2Functions: Acute care, ambulatory surgeryPhoto by PeaceHealth, used by permission.Background high-intensity discharge lighting in the parking garage will soon beconverted to fluorescent lighting. Baseline performance determinedthrough existing panel metering is being used to both establishsavings potential and validate project effectiveness.PeaceHealth’s St. Joseph Medical Center decided to pursue meteringto enable the following actions: Confirm energy conservation project performance.tracking of individual loads for troubleshooting and Establishtargeting energy conservation opportunities. Validate seasonal load performance.a basis for raising end user awareness and possible future Establishdepartmental back billing.Recommended Steps for Hospitals The target audience for this approach includes health systems that: Are just starting their metering efforts. Have no substantial automated data collectioncapabilities in place. PeaceHealth found that searching for and fully leveraging installedmetering capabilities was an important, cost-effective first step in itsmetering efforts.Scope of Metering Staff identified energy metering capabilities present in installedequipment. They began to meter substations, automatic transferswitches, motors equipped with variable frequency drives (VFDs),and lighting panels in 2009. The metering scope involved no materialSteps to support cost-effective metering early in the designcosts; the only new cost was the staff time used to read the meters.process include:The time required to read, record, and analyze data from 70 pointsIdentify monitoring capabilities that will be desired at projectis approximately one staff day per month. Future automation of thiscompletion.function through the building automation system would substanIdentify monitoring capabilities that may be considered in thetially reducestafftime.longterm. building.ExampleSuccess Review planned and prospective additions to theReview planned and prospective changes to end uses,suchas majorequipmentor justifyprocessstaffloads.These meteringactivitiesledmedicalthe facilityowner nrequired to target money-saving actions and exercise good stewardelectrical distribution design and component selection toship. The facilityimplementeda projectto reduce fan horseenableownerboth nearand long termmetering.power in the surgery suites during unoccupied hours with the use ofWork with the design team to identify and meet needs inoccupancypipingsensordesigncontrolandof variableair volumeboxes.Effectivenesscomponentselectionto enableboth nearandlongtermmetering.was substantiated by monitoring energy use at the supply and returnEvaluate meterproductTheoptionsfor limitationsandfans’ VFD kilowatt-hourcounters.measurecost about 29,000site-specific considerations.and saved about 21,000 per year, paying back in less than 2 years.Because of this success, another patient area served by a large airhandler has since been targeted for a similar upcoming retrofit. Also,2This approach is more likely to succeed for health systems that: Assign dedicated energy management personnel, even if onlypart time. Identify staff or volunteers who are energy champions. Thesecould include personnel in executive leadership positions or a“green team” of personnel at various levels. Establish a strategic energy management plan. (See re or http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c guidelines.guidelines indexfor more information.) Low-cost/no-cost metering steps include:Look for any existing metering capabilities in your facility, and use what is in place before investing in new hardware. Anincreasing number of components in a building’s electricalsystem come with some built-in energy metering capabilities.This is particularly true for equipment manufactured in recentyears. Equipment to check includes:Automatic transfer switches at electrical substations Electrical distribution panels Motor control centers, which may monitor power to exhaust fans, chiller auxiliaries, etc.VFDs B egin a program of monthly manual meter reading and recording of data into a dedicated energy database.Analyze data regularly to evaluate performance and identify opportunities for action.Assess needs for future metering.
Hospital Case 2Making Cost-Effective Decisions Early in the Hospital Design ProcessExample: Steam Metering and GrowthAscension Health/Seton Family of Hospitals–DellChildren’s Medical Center of Central Texas In anticipation of future growth, the steam piping was sized for morethan 1 million ft2 of hospital floor area, and the steam meters forhigh-, medium-, and low-pressure steam were sized to match thepiping. Consequently, the steam meter readings will be useful in thelong term, but the flows in the near term are too low for the metersto provide accurate readings. The health system investigated solution options when the problem was discovered, but the taps weremeter specific, and the vendor was unable to offer a workaroundsolution.Location: Austin, TexasCurrent Size: 176 beds; 515,000 ft2Planned Addition (early estimate): 72 beds; 75,000 ft2Functions: Intensive care and medical/surgical patientbedsPhoto by Seton Family of Hospitals, used by permission.To improve future projects, owners should consider both present andfuture loads during piping design. In continuously operational facilities, solutions that do not require future interruption of steam supplywill be favorable. If anticipated expansion is significant, solutionsmay include adjusting the piping design or metering key branches toallow for a more complete metering approach that captures steamuse in both the near and long term.Example: Site-Specific Product ConsiderationsTurbine meters were installed to measure hot and cold domesticwater use in the existing building, but the hard water in Austin led tocalcium deposits that prevented the meters from working properly.The owner will consider alternative meter designs in future projectsto meter domestic water use as was originally intended. Throughoutan integrated building design process, considering site-specifics canimprove the success of metering efforts.Example: Anticipating Electrical Distribution Design NeedsWhen an intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) unit wasadded two years after building completion, the owners intendedto monitor its energy consumption by metering panel loads in theshielded operating room. They soon discovered, however, that theoriginal design did not account for metering due to complexities ofthe shielding. Radio frequency shielding requires all penetrations tobe isolated, and in the case of power or signal wiring penetrations,the type and location of electrical filters are determined in coordination with the shielding vendor or contractor. Without such coordination during building design, it is difficult to implement changes later.Another complication is that electronic devices, including powermonitors, cannot be placed within the shielded enclosure unless theyare compatible with the MRI system.Background When Dell Children’s Medical Center of Central Texas was completed in 2007, it received a LEED Platinum rating. One sign that thedesign has transitioned successfully to the operational phase is thatthe annual building energy consumption has been tracking withinabout 5% of design model predictions for the past two years.Additionally, Seton Network Facilities reports that because the MRIpower is coming directly from the main switchgear room rather thana new electrical room that was built for the project, metering the MRIwould be difficult and cost prohibitive after the fact. The takeawayfor other facilities is that design teams should evaluate prospectivemetering needs and plan electrical systems accordingly early in thedesign process. For example, if another facility were to encountera similar case and identify the problem early enough, one solutionIn addition to these successes, hospital engineers also facedsome challenges that have informed improvements to the healthsystem’s subsequent building designs. For example, Seton Familyof Hospitals is applying lessons learned at the existing building toimprove metering in a tower addition planned for 2013.3
Hospital Case 2Making Cost-Effective Decisions Early in the Hospital Design ProcessRecommended Steps for Hospitals could be to specify a “smart” breaker for thepanel in the main switchgear room. Dell Children’s planned tower additionwill not include major process or medicalequipment, but a related improvementin its design process is that the owner isasking the design team to dedicate separatepanels to lighting to support cost-effectivesubmetering of the lighting load. Othertarget loads, such as air handler unit energy,are under consideration for panel segregation and metering. Whether or not these loads are meteredwhen the building opens, the key is that thediscussion occurs early in the design process. By dedicating panels to a single typeof load and planning electrical distributionat the outset, the owner will be able tocost-effectively install meters either duringconstruction or as part of a future project.The target audience for this approach includes health systems that are : Considering or proposing a new construction project.Starting the schematic design phase of a project. The following approach is more likely to succeed for health systems that: Use an integrated design process. Engage their building operators early in the design process. Clearly document and communicate owner expectations to the design team. Steps to support cost-effective metering early in the design process include:Identify monitoring capabilities that will be desired at project completion. Identify monitoring capabilities that may be considered in the long term. eview planned and prospective additions to the building. R Review planned and prospective changes to end uses, such as major medical equipment or process loads. Work with the design team to identify and meet needs in electrical distribution design and component selection to enable both near and long term metering.Work with the design team to identify and meet needs in piping design and component selection to enable both near and long term metering.Evaluate meter product options for limitations and site-specific considerations. Hospital Case 3Getting the Most Out of Physical MetersBackgroundSumma Health System–St. Thomas Hospital Campus Summa Health System began installing metering systems in the mid1980s. The accumulation of metering and software investments overtime has provided Summa Health System with effective monitoringcapabilities and the ability to cost-effectively expand those capabilities.Others who are considering expanding their metering efforts can usethe lessons from this progression to inform their own plans.Location: Akron, OhioSize: 200 beds; 570,000 ft2, excluding parking deckFunctions: Inpatient, orthopedic surgery, psychiatry, transitional carePhoto by Summa Health System, used by permission.Virtual MeteringThe term virtual metering can be used in different ways.1 For thisbrochure, virtual metering is defined broadly as deriving a value for apoint without a physical meter by examining values that are physicallymonitored elsewhere. Therefore, some physical meters must first be inplace before virtual metering can be employed. Once an initial investment is made in physical meters, however, a virtual metering projectcan provide additional insight and decision-making capabilities at alower cost than adding more physical meters.One caveat is that a virtual metering solution may be less accurate thana physical one. In either case, owners should check proposed designsfor acceptable accuracy and check installed meters periodically.1. See End Notes on page 12.4
Hospital Case 3Getting the Most Out of Physical MetersIn cases where virtual data points can provide value,Summa Health System recommends installing only asmany physical meters as necessary for staff to derivevirtual values to accomplish a task. If the necessaryphysical data points are already being metered,smaller investments may include software applicationsor additional hardware such as input/output modulesor cards that enable a communications link between anew VFD and an existing direct digital control system.Converting Physical Data Into High-Impact Information and Action While an evaluation of dashboards is outside the scopeof this document, it is important to note that gettingthe full value from metering may require translatingraw data into more usable forms. For example, theSt. Thomas Hospital Campus boiler plant measuredthe amount of natural gas entering a boiler and thepounds of steam exiting the boiler. To monitor thisinformation more effectively, Summa Health Systemstaff constructed a dashboard that displays thesevalues alongside the boiler efficiency derived fromthe input and output values and other information.Current values are graphically compared to past valuesand target values so a user can more easily identifyunderperformance and take corrective action.Recommended Steps for Hospitals The target audience for this approach includes health systems thathave invested in physical metering.The following approach is more likely to succeed for health systems that have:An established process for recording metered dataStaff with assigned responsibility for regularly analyzing metered data. Steps to take to fully leverage existing physical meters include:valuate current capabilities. E dentify additional desired capabilities. I Identify relevant end use categories and parameters to track (e.g., efficiency, energy output).dentify relevant benchmarks or baselines for comparison during I operations, such as target values or values from previous operationalperiods (e.g., previous hour, previous month).Determine whether the desired capabilities can be achieved by leveraging existing data points and calculations rather than adding more physical meters.ssess whether deriving additional values from existing metered data A or changing how data are reported would enable staff to better detectproblems and take corrective action.If possible, leverage existing data points to achieve desired capabilities without adding software or hardware.f necessary, add software or small hardware investments, such as input/ I output modules or cards.M odify operational procedures to include use of the new capabilities. Where possible, document savings that were indirectly enabled by new capabilities to help support future evaluation of metering.Figure 2. Exampledashboard withcomparisons to pastand target values Photo by Mark Barich,Summa Health System,used by permission.5
ConsiderationsWhen Prioritizing Metering InvestmentsGuideHigh-Priority Buildings and Spaces Primary considerations for prioritizing buildings and spaces for metering should focus on whether additional metering would enable energysaving actions. Metered data can inform: Monitoring and verification of energy conservation measures Monitoring and verification of on-site power generation systems Improvements to operational procedures Retrofit decisions Programs to change occupant behavior A continuous improvement program that includes these elements.Other considerations include whether peer-to-peer benchmarking is a priority for an organization. If so, a secondary consideration would bewhether readily available tools such as EPA Portfolio Manager can compare the building in question to peer buildings. The March 2011 versionof Portfolio Manager allows comparisons for certain healthcare buildings. Eligible hospitals include “acute care” and “children’s hospitals” witha floor area of 20,000–5 million ft2; a licensed bed count of 15–1,510; and a floor count of 1–40. Eligible medical offices have at least 5,000 ft2 offloor area; 30–168 operating hours per week; and at least one worker on the main shift (EPA 2011).High-Priority End Uses Key Considerations When Choosing Buildings orSpaces To Meter Prior research and feedback from hospitals do not point to adefinitive order of importance among potential targets for meteringinvestments, but they do suggest a number of important considerations that should be included in the decision-making process whenhealth systems are planning their metering investments.For each building or space, consider whether any of the following conditions apply. If more of these conditions are truefor a particular building or space, it will tend to be a bettertarget for early metering investments.The building or space has known energy issues that would be One indicator of end use priority is its energy consumption relativeto other end uses. DOE is sponsoring a hospital end use monitoringstudy that will collect data in 2011–2012 and should greatly improvethe understanding of end use breakdowns and energy profiles.easier to monitor and mitigate with added metering.The building or space has implemented energy conservation measures that require monitoring and verification to ensuresuccess.In the meantime, hospitals lack reliable estimates of typical end usebreakdowns, but a few sources of rough estimates of end use energycan be used as interim guidance.Similar buildings or spaces have been observed to be relatively high energy users elsewhere in the owner’sportfolio or in peer portfolios.Modeled Estimates of End Use Energy Breakdownshe building has clear energy goals. T he building has clear “green building” certification goals. T he building is hosting an on-site power generation system. T With metered energy data, the owner could influence While end use monitoring efforts are underway, healthcare facilityowners could consider model-based estimates of end use energybreakdowns when prioritizing metering investments. One suchestimate is depicted in Figure 3. The values are derived from modeled end use estimates in the 2003 Commercial Buildings EnergyConsumption Survey (CBECS) conducted by DOE (EIA 2008). Anotherestimate is depicted in Figure 4. The values are national weightedaverages of simulated results for climate zones across the UnitedStates based on the DOE Reference Buildings for new construction(DOE 2010).behavior in:Owner-occupied buildings or spaces. eased buildings or spaces where the lease structure L causes the tenant’s energy bill to vary with tenantenergy use.he building can be compared to other buildings through: T Early Loads to Investigate for Potential Metering Pointsnternal benchmarking methods for intra-portfolio I comparison.The modeled estimates in Figure 3 and Figure 4 are not associatedwith an actual metered facility, and they are not sufficiently accurateto point to a ranked order of metering priorities. They do suggest,however, that certain loads are generally worth earlier investigation.External benchmarking tools for peer-to-peer comparisons, such as EPA Portfolio Manager.6
200,000FY05Considerations When Prioritizing100,000Metering InvestmentsFY06FY07* This increase in waste materials is due to a one-time clean up at the NWTC. Most of the materials were not recyclable.Source: by CBECS, Figure by Raymond David, NREL45%Percenrt of Building Energy ConsumptionSpaceHeaWtinatgerHeatingLightVe ingntilationCoolingCooking*CompuReterfrige sOfrafictioeEnquipmentFigure 3. Modeled estimates of healthcare end use energy(adapted from CBECS 2003) 40%35%30%25%20%Figure 4. Modeled estimates of healthcare end use energy(adapted from DOE Reference Buildings) Source: by DOE, Figure by Raymond David, NRELHospital Reference Model EstimateOutpatient Healthcare Model Estimate0%Other5%40%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%0%FansHu PummpsidificHeatioatnRejeWctatioernSysteRemfrige sration*Modeled values for outpatientcooking are not available.10%CoolingHeatEq inguipmenLig thtingOutpatient CBECS Model Estimate15%Percenrt of Building Energy ConsumptionInpatient CBECS Model EstimateWithin space heating, reheat is one of the greatest opportunitiesfor improving energy efficiency. In a study of simulated hospitaldesigns in multiple U.S. climates, researchers found that thedesign measure that saved the most energy was a change inHVAC system type that virtually eliminated reheat (Bonnema et al.2010). Similarly, in a study of northwest U.S. hospitals, researchersreported that reheat in ducted air cooling systems accountedfor most of the space heating energy consumption (Burpee etal. 2010). The tremendous benefit of reheat reduction in newconstruction suggests that reheat would also be a high priority formonitoring, control, and mitigation in existing buildings.In particular, heating, cooling, lighting, fans/ventilation, and plug/process equipment are suspected to consume greater energy thanother end uses in a typical healthcare facility. These general indications can be combined with site-specific needs to determine wherefirst efforts should be spent in conducting feasibility assessmentsand requesting quotes for metering products and services.Additional considerations include:ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC): As discussed Heating,in the PeaceHealth example, energy data for some loads can beextracted from VFDs, motor control centers, certain kinds of electrical distribution panels, and automatic transfer switches. In othercases, metering of heating, cooling, fan, and pump energy canrequire more substantial investments. Costs may be even higher ifmetering capabilities were not considered during the initial designof electrical or piping distribution systems.Submetering of lighting loads can help owners verify Lighting:that sensor-based lighting controls are functioning as intended. Itcan also help identify suboptimal behavioral patterns in areas withmanual switching. Submetering of lighting is generally easier andmore cost effective if lighting circuits were segregated from otherloads during initial electrical panel design.7
Considerations When Prioritizing Metering Investmentsequipment: The scope of metering will depend on how Medicalthe owner plans to use the metered data, as well as the electricalKey Considerations When Choosing End Uses To Meter distribution in the building. If the owner is interested in monitoring major stationary medical equipment collectively, and if allthe equipment of interest is on a segregated electrical branch orgroup of segregated panels, the metering scope may be morestraightforward than if the branches and panels host a mix of enduses.For each end use, consider whether any of the followingconditions apply. If more of these conditions are true for aparticular end use, it will tend to be a better target for earliermetering investments.It is related to known energy issues that would be easier to Alternatively, if the intent is to monitor individual equipment usage patterns or verify that certain equipment is switched off whennot in use, it may be advantageous to meter at a more detailedlevel.monitor and mitigate with added metering.etering it will support monitoring and verification efforts to M ensure success of current energy conservation measures.and local codes: Building owners in states without submeter Stateing requirements may wish to monitor trends elsewhere to informMetering it will inform energy-efficient design and imple mentation of future energy conservation measures or on-sitepower generation systems.their metering prioritization.One example of a code with more specific requirements is the2009 edition of the Washington state energy code, which wentinto effect in 2011 (State of Washington 2009). Table 12-2 of thecode lists the power thresholds that lead to required submetering:Metering it will inform the design and execution of demand response/load shedding programs.etering it will enable the owner to motivate behavioral M changes related to occupant controls.Chillers/heat pump systems 70 kW (240,000 Btu/h) cooling capacityMetering it will inform energy-efficient design and construc Packaged air conditioning unit systems 70 kW (240,000 Btu/h) cooling capacityMetering it will help operators modify procedures and meet tion of other buildings or additions in the health system.energy goals.HVAC fan systems 15 kW (20 hp) etering it will help owners meet “green building” certifica M Exhaust fan systems 15 kW (20 hp) tion goals.Make-up air fan systems 15 kW (20 hp) It is suspected of being a high energy consumer relative to Pump systems 15 kW (20 hp) other end uses.Cooling tower systems 15 kW (20 hp) Boilers, furnaces, and other heating equipment systems 300 kW (1 million Btu/h) heating capacityGeneral lighting circuits 15 kVA Miscellaneous electric loads 15 kVA. Example Template 1Language for a Metering Data Acquisition System Request for ProposalSome products and services associated with metering may require a subcontract with an external provider. Such arrangements can vary inscope and duration, ranging from meter installation only to long-term data collection and delivery. The following template (in light yellow)includes content that health systems could customize and insert into a request for proposals (RFP) for metering equipment and data acquisitionsystem (DAS) services. The language was adapted from previous RFP materials generated by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.8
Example Template 1Language for a Metering Data Acquisition System Request for ProposalX.1 Scope of WorkThe Subcontractor shall design and install a data acquisition system (DAS) for the hospital and collect and deliver to [Hospital XXXX] thedetailed energy end use data. The time series energy end use data will be collected over a period of [XXXX] and will be disaggregated bymajor end use.Note: If the hospital owner has already decided which loads to meter, the owner can list the loads here.Alternatively, if the owner has some sense of its metering priorities but also wishes the RFP respondent to exercise its own judgment inprioritizing metering, the owner could include a statement such as: In order of prio
Healthcare Energy Metering Guidance. . This brochure is intended to help facility and energy managers plan and prioritize investments in energy metering. It offers healthcare-specific examples of metering installations, benefits, and steps that other health systems can reproduce. . Steps to support cost-effective metering early in the design
Advanced metering for SMEs The Impact of advanced metering for SMEs 0 Executive summary 02 Introduction to advanced metering 7.06 The potential benefits 06 .2 Use of advanced metering in businesses 06 .3 SupplierPrinciples of advanced metering 07 .4 Analysing advanced metering data 07 .5 Sources of energy savings 08 .6 Advanced metering technology 08 .7 Advanced metering services 09
Cover Photos: (left to right) photo by Pat Corkery, NREL 16416, photo from SunEdison, NREL 17423, photo by Pat Corkery, NREL 16560, photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL 17613, photo by Dean Armstrong, NREL 17436, photo by Pat Corkery, NREL 17721. . Interior Ambient Lighting .
Cover Photos by Dennis Schroeder: (clockwise, left to right) NREL 51934, NREL 45897, NREL 42160, NREL 45891, NREL 48097, NREL 46526. NREL prints on paper that contains recycled content
free via . www.OSTI.gov. Cover Photos by Dennis Schroeder: (clockwise, left to right) NREL 51934, NREL 45897, NREL 42160, NREL 45891, NREL 48097, NREL 46526. NREL
free via . www.OSTI.gov. Cover Photos by Dennis Schroeder: (left to right) NREL 26173, NREL 18302, NREL 19758, NREL 29642, NREL 19795. NREL prints on paper that contains recycled content. . tracker designs of different dimension (e.g. 2up landscape vs - 2-up portrait) since the self-shading geometry and bifacial rear .
FIXED INSTRUMENTATION. Metering -- electrical 21 Metering -- gas 22 Metering -- liquid 23 Metering -- oil 24 Metering -- pressure 25 Metering -- steam 26 Metering -- temperature 2
Phone: 800.553.6847 or 703.605.6000 Fax: 703.605.6900 Email: orders@ntis.gov Cover Photos by Dennis Schroeder: (left to right) NREL 26173, NREL 18302, NREL 19758, NREL 29642, NREL 19795. NREL prints on paper that contains recycled content. iii
PROF. P.B. SHARMA Vice Chancellor Delhi Technological University (formerly Delhi College of Engineering) (Govt. of NCT of Delhi) Founder Vice Chancellor RAJIV GANDHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (State Technical University of Madhya Pradesh) 01. Name: Professor Pritam B. Sharma 02. Present Position: Vice Chancellor Delhi Technological University (formerly Delhi College of Engineering) Bawana Road .
