AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY - West Linn-Wilsonville School District
AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHYPOLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
1. Political GeographyThe study of human politicalorganization of the earth.Study political organization at threescalesSupranationalNational (country)Subnational (local)
2. TerritorialityCreating ownership over a definedspaceCan be your backyard or an entirecountry
NOT ASTATE
3. StateA political unit with a permanentpopulation, territorial boundariesthat are recognized by other statesan effective government, a workingeconomy and sovereignty.State Countrystate sub-state
4. SovereigntyA recognized right to control aterritory both politically and militarilyUnder international law states aresovereign
Qualifications for Statehood Has space or territory with recognizedboundaries Has a permanent population Has economic activity and an organizedeconomy – regulates foreign and domestic tradeand issues money Has the power of social engineering, such aseducation Has a transportation system Has a government which provides publicservices and police power Has sovereignty. No other state exercisescontrol over the territory Has external recognition by other states
5. Microstate A very small State, such as Singapore.
Is Sealand a State?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v P LnPYRSLIc
History of SealandEstablished by Britain during WWIIPurpose to guard the Thames estuaryWell-equipped Military installation200 menAfter the war it was abandoned1966 - British family took possession andrestored the platform1967 declared itself a nationHas become recognized internationallyEuropean states have given it de factorecognition
Prince Roy andPrincess Joan ofSealand.
Stamps and Coins
MORE MICRONATIONS25 Micros:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v tL8R199K66sThe Republic of Molossia:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v 01RI75llvtU
6. Territorial integrityThe right of a state to defendsovereign territory against incursionfrom other states
d Territoryand GovernmentRecognized byother States
TerritoryStateSovereignty
How many States (countries) in theworld? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v 4AivEQmfPpk
What did we have before States?7. EMPIRES
Examples of EmpiresRoman EmpireOttoman EmpireHan DynastyMayan EmpireKingdom of France
Why are Empires not States?Territory is not clearly defined –boundaries were not set orrecognized.Included a large amount of ethnicand cultural groups
8. Peace of WestphaliaMarks the beginning of the modern statesystemTreaty between princes of the statesmaking up the Holy Roman EmpireEnded destructive religious war – TheThirty Year WarRecognized the rights of rulers withindefined territories
Peace of WestphaliaFundamental shift in how wethought about territoryPreviously where a society lived wasit’s territoryAfter Westphalia territory definedthe society
StatesPoliticalDivisionsNationStatesNations
9. NationA group of people who think ofthemselves as one based on ashared culture and history.May share religion, language, anethnicity, etc.
CulturallyDefinedSharedCultureNationNot definedby territory“An ImaginedCommunity”
TheFrenchNationsNativeAmericans
ItalyNations?GreatBritain
ItalyNotNationsGreatBritain
10. Nation-StateA politically organized area in whicha nation and state occupy the samespace.An ATTEMPT to marry the conceptsof nation and state into one bighappy territory.
Dates to the FrenchRevolutionCreated to inspirenationalism withina stateNationStateLargely an idealrather than factUnifies groups thatmay destroy thestate
11. Multinational StateA state that contains more than onenation within its borders
12. Multistate NationWhen a nation stretches acrossborders and across states
13. Stateless NationWhen a nation does not have aterritory to call its ownExamples Assyrian Christians of Iraq Kurds in the Middle East Ughirs in Western China
Native AmericansStateless Nations ?
s A state with more than one nation insideits borders. Nearly every State in the world is amultinational state. Iraq: Sunnis, Kurds, Shiites A nation that stretches across borders. A nation that does not have a state. Palestinians, Kurds
14. BoundaryA vertical plane that cuts throughthe airspace and ground todetermine ownership
15. Geometric BoundaryBoundaries drawn based on a gridsystem – such as line of latitude orlongitude.
16. Physical Political BoundaryBoundaries that follow an agreedupon feature in the naturallandscape.
17. Defining (boundaries)Boundaries are normally created ina treaty like legal document.
18. DelimitingThe drawing of a boundary on amap.
19. DemarcatingCreating visible means to mark aboundary – steel posts, fences,walls, etc.
20. Median LinePrinciple Waters will bedivided evenlybetween two ormore countries.
21. Antecedent Boundaries Boundary lines that existed before humancultures developed into their current form. Many physical boundaries grew fromantecedent boundaries– Kentucky and Indiana grew as distinct culturesaround an already existing divider – the OhioRiver.
22. Subsequent Boundaries Divided space resulted from humaninteraction and negotiation after settlement.
23. Superimposed Boundaries forcibly put on the landscape byoutside parties, such as invaders orsupranational organizations. Example - The UN created borders of Israel.
24. Relict Boundary that no longer functions as a border. Example – The Berlin Wall
25. Definitional Boundary DisputesDispute based on the legal languageof a boundary.Example: Japan and Russia havenot agreed to the definition of theboundaries surrounding islandsnorth of Japan.
26. Locational Boundary DisputesCountries agree on the definition,but not on where the boundaryexists on the earth or on a map.Example: Saudi Arabia and Yemenhave agreed to a border, but not toexactly where that border is located.
27. Operational Boundary DisputesDisputes over how a border shouldbe operated or controlled.Example: The US/Mexican Border inregards to immigration andtransport of goods.
28. AllocationalBoundary DisputesDisputes over naturalresources (mineraldeposits, fertile farmland,or rich fishing groups) thatlie in the border area.Example: The US andCanada have fought overfishing grounds in theAtlantic Ocean
29. Territorial MorphologyThe relationship between a state’sgeographic shape, size, relativelocation and its political situation.
30. FragmentedStatesGeographically existsin several piecesIndonesia isfragmented into over16,000 islands
31. Elongated StatesState that is long and thinin shape.
32. Compact StatesState that does not vary greatly indistance from its center to any pointon its border.
33. Prorupt StatesState that has a piece thatprotrudes from its corearea, like an arm or legjutting out.
34. Perforated StatesState that has a hole punched inthem by another state. Aperforated state completelysurrounds another state.
35. Landlocked StatesCountries that have no access to a coastal areaor large body of water.
36. Political EnclaveA state or part of a state surroundedcompletely by another state.
37. Political ExclaveA part of a state almost completely separatedfrom the rest of the country.
The Most Complex Borders in the World – Part 1:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v gtLxZiiuaXsThe Most Complex Borders in the World – Part 2:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v 3ZdkqqjosCM
38. BufferStateAnindependentcountrylocatedbetween twolargercountries thatare in conflict.
39. SatelliteStatesA countrycontrolled byanother, morepowerful state.
40. ShatterbeltA state or group ofstates that existwithin a sphere ofcompetitionbetween largerstates and is oftenculturally,economically andpoliticallyfragmented.
41. FrontiersRegions whereboundaries areweaklydeveloped,territoriality isunclear and notwell established.
THE APHG GAMEWrite a definition and give one real worldexample for each of the following terms1. State2. Nation3. Multi-state Nation4. Antecedent Boundary5. Operational Boundary Dispute6. Irredentism7. Median Line Principle8. Prorupt State9. Compact State10.Political Enclave
COLONIALISMA STORY ABOUT STUFForHow to steal stuff from other territoriesand make yourself filthy rich.
42. ColonialismEstablishing a new territory by a group ofpeople who keep their ties to their homegovernment.The control of one state over another placeOften the colonizer has a moreindustrialized economyMajor factor in colonialism was theindustrial revolution
ColonialismAge of European Colonialism lasted from16th century until end of WWIITwo Major Periods First occurred after European explorersdiscovered land in the western hemisphere(15th century) Second – Late 1800’s when Euro powerscompeted to carve up Africa* France and England wouldcontrol 70% of Africa
43. MercantilismAn economic system where a stateacquires colonies that provide it withthe raw materials to ship back homeand use in making products for thepopulation of the mother country
44. ImperialismThe process of establishing political,social and economic dominance overa colonized area
What’s the DifferenceMERCANTILISM, COLONIALISM, IMPERIALISM ?Mercantilism:Economic System – Make money by establishingcolonies and using the resources to makeproducts and goods back home.Colonialism:The act of establishing the territoryImperialism:The act of dominating the territory
45. Scramble forAfrica:Period between 1880and 1914 whenEuropean countriescompeted to claimterritory in Africa.
46. Berlin Conference (1884):Called together all the European powers tolay down rules for the division of Africa.Agreed that any European power could claimland in Africa by notifying other nations oftheir claims and showing they could controlthe area
47. European Motives forImperialismMotive #1 - Industry and TechnologyTo improve their economies they needed newmarkets and raw materials.Technological advances led to the Europeansability to dominate (maxim guns,steamboats, quinine)
Motive #2 - NationalismPride in one’s country led to a heatedcompetition among the European nations.The more lands you controlled showed howstrong you were as a country.
Motive #3 - Racism and SocialDarwinismSocial Darwinism : Idea that one race isbetter than anotherSurvival of the fittest: Those who are thefittest would enjoy wealth and success.If others suffered or were exterminated thatwas nature.
Motive #4 - Civilizing MissionMissionaries wanted to Christianize and“civilize” the peoples of non-Europeanssocieties.
Superimposed Borders andColonialismColonialism in 10 Minuteshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v Pw12KGSj53k
Continued Borders Issues in -archibaldmapsalot-iii
48. UnitaryA form of government organization.The state has strong centralizedgovernmentExercises power equally over allparts of the country
49. FederalOrganizes the State into regions(provinces, cantons, “states”)Central government tends to controlareas of common interest such asdefense and foreign affairs.Regional governments have powerto create their own laws and policies
50. DemocracyThe idea that the people are theultimate sovereignThe people are the nation and haveultimate power over what happensin the state
51. Territorial RepresentationSystem where each representative iselected from a territorially defineddistrict.
52. ReapportionmentProcess where representativedistricts are switched according topopulation shifts so that eachdistrict has approximately the samenumber of people.
53. GerrymanderingRedistricting to create an advantagefor one political partyDivides districts to give one party amajority in most districts.
54. SplittingProcess where the majority andminority populations are spreadevenly across districts – ensuringcontrol of the majority.
55. Majority-Minority DistrictsDrawing districts so that a majorityof the population in that district isactually from the minority
What are the criteria for drawing district lines?The criteria for consideration by the Legislative Assembly or theSecretary of State for redistricting legislative and congressionaldistricts are listed in ORS 188.010. The criteria require thateach district, as nearly aspracticable, shall: Be contiguous; Be of equal population; Utilize existing geographic or political boundaries; Not divide communities of common interest; and Be connected by transportation links.
56. CentripetalThe forces within a state that unifythe people
NationalismFlags, Symbols,HolidaysCommunicationCentripetal ForcesSchools andEducationTransportationChurch andReligion
57. CentrifugalForces within a state that divide thepeopleExamples?
orcesPeripheralLocations
58. EthnonationalismA powerful emotional attachment toone’s nation. Occurs when aminority nation within a state feelsdifferent from the rest of the state’speople.
59. IrrendentismA movement by a nation to reuniteits parts when they have beenspread across borders.
60. DevolutionProcess where regions within a statedemand and gain political strengthand autonomy at the expense of thecentral government.
61. Balkanization The process of fragmentation or division of aregion or state into smaller regions.
62. DeterritorializationThe movement of social, political andeconomic out of the hands of states.Modern trade, communication and travelhas lessened the effects of boundariesExample: Schengen Area - 26 Europeancountries that have abolished passport andany other type of border control at theircommon borders.
63. ReterritorializationActions taken by a state to solidifycontrol over its territory.US building a fence along theMexican border.
64. GeopoliticsInternational relations, as influenced bygeographical factors.
65. Classical GeopolitcsSchool of geopolitics whichfocused on how to becomepowerful and strategies formaintaining power.
66. Ratzel’s Organic TheoryStates are like living organisms.They hunger for land and want togrow larger and larger. To a stateLand Food.Hitler believed in and acted on thistheory.
67. Heartland TheoryHalford MackfinderEra of sea power was ending andcontrol over land would be the keyto power.Controlling Eurasia would be the keyto dominating the world.
68. Rimland TheoryTheory that the rimland of Euroasiawas the key to powerRimland was the periphery – extendingfrom Western Europe, Southeast,South and East Asia.Important to balance power in therimland to prevent a global power fromemerging
69. Critical GeopoliticsSchool of geopolitics that focuses onexplaining the geographicalassumptions and perspectives ofinternational actors.Analyzes why countries act. Used topredict what will happen in a regionand how government should respond.Determines a countries foreign policydecisions.
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70. The Domino TheoryCold War TheoryDemocratic allies must protect lands fromfalling to the communists, because if onecountry (domino) fell under the power ofcommunism others in the region wouldalso fall.Believed that this would result incommunist domination of the world.Led to Vietnam war.
71. UnilateralismWorld order in which one dominantstate makes political decisions and itsallies follow.Allies have no say in the decisionmaking processUS decided to invade Iraq – expectedallies to support and even join in theinvasion.
72. Supranational OrganizationAn entity composed of three ormore states that forge anassociation and form anadministrative structure for mutualbenefit and to pursue shared goals.
Power of PlaceSupranationalism and ce/page3.htmlExamples / Information from video will be fair game for exam!- General knowledge and how it applies to HG
73. Global Commons The ‘Global Commons’ refers to resources orareas that lie outside of the political reach of anyone nation State. International law identifies four global commons:––––The High SeasThe AtmosphereAntarcticaOuter Space.
74. Law of the Sea A collection of international laws and treatiesthat set rules for how States will use theoceans.
75. UNCLOS – UN Convention on theLaw of the Sea Coastal States have claim to the sea up to 12nautical miles from the shoreline Must allow commercial ships from othercountries to pass through these waters Coastal state can claim up to 200 nauticalmiles as an exclusive economic zone, overwhich it has control of resources (oil, fish,etc.) If there is not 200 nautical miles betweentwo or more countries than the median lineprinciple will be used.
A. Give a specific real world example for each of thefollowing terms. Use the example to define and explainthe concept (2-3 sentences for each orializationSupranationalismImperialismB. Discuss one political change that has occurred inEurope resulting from devolution (1 paragraph).C. Discuss one economic change that has occurred inEurope resulting from suprnationalism (1 paragraph).D. Using an example from Africa, discuss one long-termeconomic effect of Imperialism (1 paragraph).BE PREPARED TO REPORT OUT YOUR RESPONSES IN THE LAST10 MINUTES OF THE CLASS PERIOD.
Territory size & shape caninfluence political stability – bothinternally and externally (border).A. Choose the state shape that you believewould be the least stable and explainwhy. Use at least one real worldexample to make your point.B.Choose the state shape that you believewould be the most stable and explainwhy. Use at least one real worldexampleBe sure to address both internal and borderstability.
Peace of Westphalia. Fundamental shift in how we thought about territory . Boundary lines that existed before human cultures developed into their current form. Many physical boundaries grew from . the raw materials to ship back home and use in making products for the population of the mother country 43. Mercantilism
Abernathy, David 09 Mar. 1851 Pennsylvania 03 Jan. 1925 Linn Loeper 057-1850 D2299 Abernathy, Howard Leslie 23 Aug. 1920 Canada 07 Dec. 1931 Linn Brown C57-0615 D2646 . Allen, Bessie H. 23 Nov. 1892 Iowa 01 Aug. 1939 Linn Unknown 57C-0446 D2903 Allen, Clara Adah 07 Dec. 1860 Pennsylvania 16 May 1937 Linn Stephenson C57-0208 D2835
4 Syllabus Paper-II : Human Geography Section-A Definition, aims and scope of Human Geography, relation of Human Geography with other social sciences. Principles of Human Geography. Essential facts of Human Geography according to Brunhes and Huntington. Schools of thought in Human Geography : Determinism, Stop and go determinism and
B. Geography . 3 H u m a n / P h y s i c a l TEACHER’S NOTE: Prior to the comple-1. Elements of geography . Geography tion of the two-year global history and a. Human geography . Movement of . geography program, students should . b. Physical geography . People and have a clear understanding of the human c. Political geography . Goods . and .
systematic geography is divided into four main branches. GEOGRAPHY MODULE - 1 The study of Geography as a discipline Notes 5 Nature of Geography as a discipline (i) Physical geography, (ii) Biogeography, including environmental geography, (iii) Human geography, (iv) Geographical methods and techniques
LINN COUNTY FAIR & RODEO Friday, August 6 - Saturday, August 14 Linn County Fairgrounds Mound City, KS . Baldwin City, Adrian & Nevada, Mo. Midwest Fertilizer & Propane - Hammond Naomi Read Photography - Linn County Park
2 1. Geography is the study of places and people. 2. Studying location is important to both physical and human geography. 3. Geography and history are closely connected. Physical geography and human geography contribute to the study of history. Main Ideas The Big Idea Key Terms geography, p.
the geography discipline consists of two main subfields: physical geography and human geography. While physical geography is the study of the natural environment, human geography is the study of the relationship between humans and their natural environment (National Geographic n.d.). With human geography as a framework, the focus shifts
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