Mchips - Ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
UMTS StandardizationUMTS Release 99 (2000) Based on GSMGSM, Backward compatible with GSM,Interoperation between UMTS and GSM, Definition of the UTRAN UTRA UMTS FDD (W-CDMA)UMTS Release 4 (2001) Separation of user data flows and control mechanisms, UMTS TDD Time Division CDMA (TD-CDMA), High data rate with UMTS TDD 33.8484 Mchips/s,Mchips/sNarrowband TDD with 1.28 Mchips/s,Position location functionality.Mobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication90
UMTS StandardizationUMTS Release 5 (2002) End-to-end packet switching based on IP (IMS) Downlink data rate of over 10 Mbps (HSDPA), GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN).UMTS Release 6 (2004) IMS "Phase 2" (IMS messaging, conferencing and Group Management), High Speed Uplink (HSUPA) , MultimediaM lti di BroadcastB dt / MulticastM ltitSServicei (MBMS) , WLAN interworking .Mobile CommunicationWireless TelecommunicationGeneration 3 (3G)91
UMTS StandardizationUMTS Release 7 (2007) Enhanced UplinkUplink, other spectrumspectrum, Multiple Input Multiple Output antennas (MIMO), IMS Emergency Call handling.3GPP Release 8 (2009) 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) , Successor to UMTS, Sometimes called 3.9G.3GPP Release 10 (expected in 2011) Longg Term Evolution Advanced 4G,, Full ITU-R 4G requirement compliant (peak download rate 1Gbit/s) Possible technologies: Scalable spectrum 20-100Mhz, Cognitive Radio Mobile CommunicationWireless TelecommunicationGeneration 3 (3G)92
HSPAHigh Speed Packet Access An extension with increased data rates for UMTS consisting of HSDPAand HSUPA OptimizationOti i ti isi achievedhid by:b Up to 14 Mbps downlink and 5.8 Mbps uplink Lower delayy ((latency)y) HSPA can usually be achieved through a software upgrade to existingUMTS networks Most GSM/UMTS network operators have already introduced HSPA.Mobile CommunicationWireless TelecommunicationGeneration 3 (3G)93
HSDPAHigh Speed Downlink Packet Access Enables in current specification of UTRAN up to 14 Mbit/s downlinkdata rates First,First network operators offered a 33.66 Mbit / s version Since 2008, network operators also offer 7.2 Mbit / s Part of Release 5 of 3GPP Can be used for UTRAN FDD and TDD Uses the 16QAM modulation scheme HSDPA requires a 5 MHz band (already used in Germany for UMTS) Transmission power in a whole cell is optimized and the data rateadjusted accordingly, rather than just for one channel, all possiblechannels are used for data transmission Voice traffic has always higher priorityMobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication94
HSDPAModulation FEC codingQSPK16QAMMobile Communication5 channels10 channels15 channels1/40,6 Mbit/s1,2 Mbit/s1,8 Mbit/s2/41,2 Mbit/s2,4 Mbit/s3,6 Mbit/s3/41,8 Mbit/s3,6 Mbit/s5,4 Mbit/s2/42,4 Mbit/s4,8 Mbit/s7,2 Mbit/s3/43,6 Mbit/s7,2 Mbit/s10,7 Mbit/s4/44,8 Mbit/s9,6 Mbit/s14,4 Mbit/sWireless Telecommunication95
HSUPAHigh Speed Uplink Packet Access Part of 3GPP Release 6Increases the maximum uplink rate of UMTS up to 5.8 MbpsEmploys up to 6 codes simultaneouslyLess error-prone BSPK is usedMobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication96
HSPAUMTSHSPAHSPAHSPAMobile CommunicationDownlink0,384 Mbit/sUplink0,064 Mbit/sDownlink1,8 Mbit/sUplink0,384 Mbit/sDownlink3,6 Mbit/sUplink1,8 Mbit/sDownlink7,2 Mbit/sUplink3,6 Mbit/s2004200620072008Wireless Telecommunication97
HSPALatency (ping) comparisonGPRS600 ms and moreEDGE (EGPRS)400 to 500 msUMTS200 to 300 msUMTS withith HSPA100 tot 200 msMobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication98
HSPA / HSPA EvolutionTransmission technologies for more effizient spectrum utilization 64QAM in downlink16QAM in uplinkMIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)Introduction by T-Mobile, Vodafone and O2 in 2009 in Germany andSpainMobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication99
LTE - Long Term EvolutionInnovations 20MHz-wide channels (UMTS only 5 MHz) in 2.6 GHz bandFrequency allocation in 2010OFDMA with 64QAMMIMO (such as HSPA and 802.11n)Target real-world data rates of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps .Theoretically 326.4 Mb/s for 4x4 antennas and 172.8 Mbit/s for 2x2antennas are possible on a 20 Mhz band. easy integration into existing UMTS / GSM networks and simplearchitecture with self-configuring base stationsMobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication100
Femtocells: Small UMTS „customer premesis„ BTS short-range, for example 10-20 m Increased service provision in buildings, Decreased spectrum pollution of regular (macro) cells by indoorusers. although operated by the mobile network operator (MNO), the femtocell conects through the user‘s private DSL/Cable as backhaul to theMNOs core network.Source: femtoforum.orgMobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication101
Femtocells: Small UMTS „customer premesis„ BTS Alternative to WiFi at homes of private customers, but due to usageoff licensedlid spectrum,tonlyl availableil bl as a MNO service.i Advantages: homogeneousgnetwork infrastructure facilitates uninterruptedphandover no dual-mode (WLAN / UMTS) terminals required Challenges: femto-femto interference an femto-macro interference Dual-mode handsets (smartphones) are highly prevalent asoff 2010 Recent discussion: Instead of femto cells,, available 802.11 networks can beused with dual mode handsets to carry encapsulated UMTSpackets via IP tunnel to MNOs core network.g effect Similar ((macro)) cell offloadingMobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication102
Fourth-generation cellular networks (4G)The term 4G is associated with the integration of WLAN, WiMAX and LTEin cellular networks and the availability of much higher bandwidth (1001000 Mb/s in real terms)ITU (International Telecommunication Union) defines 4G as follows: 100 Mb / s, fully mobile use 1 Gbit / s in nomadic useThe spectrum for 4G was set by WRC (World RadiocommunicationConference) in October 2007http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press releases/2007/36.htmlSamsung demonstrated in 2006 at a 4G Forum in Jeju Island, Korea a 4Gbus with 100 Mbit/s at 60 km/h and 1 Gbit/s nomadic throughputthroughput.CompetingCpg technologies:gWiMAX and 3G3GPP LTEMobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication103
Comparison of 3G and 4G3G Backward compatible to 2G Circuit and Packet SwitchedNetwork Combination of existing &evolved equipment Data rate up to 2MbpsMobile Communication4G Convergence of WLAN withcellular networks completely Packet SwitchedNetwork (All-IP) All network elements are digital Higher bandwidth, for example100-1000Mbps Expansion of 3G capacity With LTE possibly backwardscompatible elements of 3GnetworksWireless Telecommunication104
Generation 4 (4G) evolution paths to 4GMobile CommunicationWireless TelecommunicationGeneration 1 (1G)105
Innovations for 4G Modulation and multiple access techniques Particular combination of OFDM with CDMA and TDMA Multiple antenna techniques Minimization of multipath and similar problems by using multiple antennas atbase stations and mobile stations All IP networks Starting point: many private wireless access networks, usually based on 802.11,etc. IP as a common platforml tf Commercial use based on AAA protocols (Authentication, Authorization andAccounting) NewsNon 4G e.g. http://www.4g.co.uk/htt //4k/Mobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication106
Innovations for 4G Components of 4G Standardization: UWB802 11n802.11nSDR802.16-2005 (formerly 802.16e)802 16m802.16m3GPP LTE (evolution of UMTS)Mobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication107
5th Generation 5G is a research term, not currently used for a certain specification, It is expected in year 2020 with following possible properties All IPv6One unified global standardSSeamlesslVVerticalti l hhandoverd(5G – WLAN/WPAN)Multiple concurrent data transfer pathsHigh Altitude stratospheric Platform Stations (HAPS) QuasiQi stationaryt tiaircraftsift att 20 kkm altitudeltit d High throughput mobile data services. Mesh like interconnection of HAPS Lower cost than satellites and shorter round trip time.Mobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication108
5th Generation – Examples of HAPSsource: NASA , Lockheed Martin 's Flickr PageMobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication109
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems many different radio carriersassign single carrier for a short period to one user/group of userstaxi service, fleet management, rescue teamsinterfaces to public networks, voice and data servicesvery reliable, fast call setup, local operationTETRA - ETSI standard formerly: Trans European Trunked Radiopoint-to-point and point-to-multipointencryption (end-to-end, air interface), authentication of devices, users andnetworkstkgroup call, broadcast, sub-second group-call setupad-hoc (“direct mode”), relay and infrastructure networkscall queuing with pre-emptive prioritiesMobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication110
TETRA – Network ArchitectureTETRA infrastructureswitchPSTN, ISDN,Internet, PDNNMSswitchswitchBSotherTETRAnetworksBSBSAI: Air InterfaceBS BaseBS:BStationSt tiDMO: Direct Mode OperationISI: Inter-System InterfaceNMS: Network ManagementSystemPEI: Peripheral EquipmentInterfaceMobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication111
TETRA – Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most importantdifferences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM,cdma2000 or UMTS.networkI di id l CallIndividualC ll“DualDual WatchWatch” – alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hocnetworkAuthorizingAth i imobile stationGroup CallMobile CommunicationManaged Direct ModeWireless Telecommunication112
TETRA – Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (e.g. policecar)networkDirect Mode with RepeaterDi t MDirectModed withith GGatewaytnetworktknetworkAuthorizingRepeaterDirect Mode with Repeater/GatewaypyMobile CommunicationManaged Repeater/GatewayWireless Telecommunication113
TETRA – TechnologyServices Voice Data (V D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO) Short data service (SDS)Frequencies Duplex: FDD, Modulation: DQPSK Europe (in MHz, not all available yet) 380-390 UL / 390-400 DL; 410-420 UL / 420-430 DL,DL 450-460 UL / 460-470 DL;870-876 UL / 915-921 DLOther countries 380-390 UL / 390-400 DL; 410-420 UL / 420-430 DL,DL 806-821 UL / 851-866 DLMobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication114
TDMA structure of the voice data systemhyperframeyp012.57585961.2 s1516171.02 smultiframeltif012.CFframe00Mobile Communication1slot2350956.67 msControl Frame14.17 msWireless Telecommunication115
TETRA – Data RatesInfrastructure mode, V D in kbit/sNo. of time slots12N protectionNot ti727.214 414.4Low protection4.89.6High protection2.44.8321 621.614.47.2428 828.819.29.6TETRA Release 2 – Supporting higher data rates TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service) up to 100 kbit/s backward compatibilityMobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication116
TETRA – Contracts by Sector (percentage)Used in over 70 countries, more than 20 device manufacturersIndustrial; 1Oil/Gas; 3PAMR; 6others; 6Public safety &security; 39Military; 6Government; 7Utilities; 8Transportation; 24Mobile CommunicationWireless Telecommunication117
UMTS FDD (W-CDMA) UMTS Release 4 (2001) Separation of user data flows and control mechanisms, UMTS TDD Time Division CDMA (TD-CDMA), zHigh data rate with UMTS TDD 3 84 Mchips /s z High data rate with UMTS TDD 3. 84, z Narrowband TDD with 1.28 Mchips/s, Position location functionality. Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 90
UMTS FDD (W-CDMA) UMTS Release 4 (2001) Separation of user data flows and control mechanisms, UMTS TDD Time Division CDMA (TD-CDMA), zHigh data rate with UMTS TDD 3 84 Mchips /s z High data rate with UMTS TDD 3. 84, z Narrowband TDD with 1.28 Mchips/s, Position location functionality. Mobile Communication Wireles
implementation of the state IBR standard and specification; 2. Contributing LE agencies, with at least initial priority for NCS-X sample agencies, to ensure that participating agencies can properly submit IBR data to the state UCR Program. b. Information systems and software needs - Based upon approved technical
Oct 04, 2021 · IBR approved for §1915.505(e). (5) NFPA 1983–2001, Standard on Fire Service Life Safety Rope and System Components, IBR approved for §1915.505(e). (6) NFPA 10–2002 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, IBR approved for §1915.507(b). (7) NFPA 14–2003 Standard for the Ins
If you are considering using IBR in a regulation, your regulation drafters and agency liaisons should contact us as early as possible. Since this is a technical subject area, contacting the OFR . 5 Although the Director doesn't formally approve IBR for proposed rules, we still informally review the proposal to make sure it meets the requirements of
The "Cogs" of TC Programs S ProcessProcess Curriculum tructure 2. Dwayne Simpson, Ph.D., IBR Director Raisin' TCs: Challenges to Change . Web site: www.ibr.tcu.edu Page 2 of 9 The "Weaker" Muscles 1.1. Process monitoring Process monitoring 9TC philosophy/fidelity 9Client needs/progress 9Retention/care planning
(15)ANSI B20.1-1957, Safety Code for Conveyors, Cableways, and Related Equipment, IBR approved for § 1926.555(a). (16)ANSI B56.1-1969, Safety Standards for Powered Industrial Trucks, IBR approved for § 1926.602(c). (17)ANSI J6.1-1950 (R1971), Rubber Insulating Line Hose, IBR approved for § 1926.951(a). (18)ANSI J6.2-1950 (R1971), Rubber
(15) ANSI B20.1-1957, Safety Code for Conveyors, Cableways, and Related Equipment, IBR approved for § 1926.555(a). (16) ANSI B56.1-1969, Safety Standards for Powered Industrial Trucks, IBR approved for § 1926.602(c). (17) ANSI J6.1-1950 (R1971), Rubber Insulating Line Hose, IBR approved for
Develop and sustain contacts with Russian-language and other digital communication practitioners across a range of relevant bodies, including from the Alliance and connected entities, IGOs, NGOs, academia, media and political institutions, with the aim of both knowledge-sharing and mutual expansion of reach of activities. Brief NATO staff on developments and activities in the Russian- language .
