All Levels Of Education
CHAPTER 1All Levels of EducationThis chapter provides a broad overview of education inthe United States. It brings together material from preprimary, elementary, secondary, and postsecondary education,as well as from the general population, to present a composite picture of the American educational system. Tables feature data on the total number of people enrolled in school,the number of teachers, the number of schools, and totalexpenditures for education at all levels. This chapter alsoincludes statistics on education-related topics such as educational attainment, computer and internet usage, family characteristics, and population. Economic indicators and priceindexes have been added to facilitate analyses.The U.S. system of education can be described as havingthree levels of formal education (elementary, secondary, andpostsecondary) (figure 1). Students may spend 1 to 3 yearsin preprimary programs (prekindergarten and kindergarten),which may be offered either in separate schools or in elementary schools that also offer higher grades. (In Digest ofEducation Statistics tables, prekindergarten and kindergarten are generally defined as a part of elementary education.)Following kindergarten, students ordinarily spend from 6 to8 years in elementary school. The elementary school program is followed by a 4- to 6-year program in secondaryschool. Students normally complete the entire programthrough grade 12 by age 18. Education at the elementary andsecondary levels is provided in a range of institutional settings—including elementary schools (preprimary schools,middle schools, and schools offering broader ranges of elementary grades); secondary schools (junior high schools,high schools, and senior high schools); and combined elementary/secondary schools—that vary in structure fromlocality to locality.High school graduates who decide to continue their education may enter a technical or vocational institution, a 2year community or junior college, or a 4-year college or university. A 2-year college normally offers the first 2 years ofa standard 4-year college curriculum and a selection of terminal career and technical education programs. Academiccourses completed at a 2-year college are usually transferable for credit at a 4-year college or university. A technicalor vocational institution offers postsecondary technicaltraining leading to a specific career.An associate’s degree requires at least 2 years of collegelevel coursework, and a bachelor’s degree normallyrequires 4 years of college-level coursework. At least 1 yearof coursework beyond the bachelor’s is necessary for amaster’s degree, while a doctor’s degree usually requires aminimum of 3 or 4 years beyond the bachelor’s.Professional schools differ widely in admission requirements and program length. Medical students, for example,generally complete a bachelor’s program of premedical studies at a college or university before they can enter the 4-yearprogram at a medical school. Law programs normally require3 years of coursework beyond the bachelor’s degree level.Many of the statistics in this chapter are derived from thestatistical activities of the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). In addition, substantial contributions havebeen drawn from the work of other groups, both governmental and nongovernmental, as shown in the source notes of thetables. Information on survey methodologies is contained inAppendix A: Guide to Sources and in the publications citedin the table source notes.EnrollmentTotal enrollment in public and private elementary andsecondary schools (prekindergarten through grade 12) grewrapidly during the 1950s and 1960s, reaching a peak year in1971 (table A, table 3, and figure 2). This enrollment risewas caused by what is known as the “baby boom,” a dramatic increase in births following World War II. From 1971to 1984, total elementary and secondary school enrollmentdecreased every year, reflecting the decline in the size of theschool-age population over that period. After these years ofdecline, enrollment in elementary and secondary schoolsstarted increasing in fall 1985, began hitting new recordlevels in the mid-1990s, and continued to reach newrecord levels every year through 2006. Enrollment in fall2008 (55.2 million) was slightly lower than in fall 2006(55.3 million); however, enrollment in fall 2008 washigher than in fall 2007, and enrollments are projected tocontinue rising.DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 20109
10CHAPTER 1: All Levels of EducationSOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,1949–50;1959 through 1972; CommonCore of Data (CCD), 1984 through 2008; Private School Universe Survey (PSS),1997–98 through 2007–08; andFrom 1985 to 2009, total public and private school enrollment rates changed by 2 percentage points or less for 5- and6-year-olds (96 percent in 1985 vs. 94 percent in 2009), 7- to13-year-olds (99 percent in 1985 vs. 98 percent in 2009), and14- to 17-year-olds (95 percent in 1985 vs. 96 percent in2009) (table 7). Since these enrollment rates remained relatively steady between 1985 and 2009, increases in public andprivate elementary and secondary school enrollment havebeen driven primarily by increases in the number of childrenin these age groups. Between 1985 and 2009, the number of5- and 6-year-olds increased by 20 percent, the number of 7to 13-year-olds increased by 23 percent, and the number of14- to 17-year-olds increased by 13 percent (table 20).Increases in the enrollment rate of prekindergarten age children (ages 3 and 4) from 39 percent in 1985 to 52 percent in2009 (table 7) and in the number of 3- and 4-year-olds from7.1 million to 8.4 million (table 20) also contributed to overall prekindergarten through grade 12 enrollment increases.Public school enrollment at the elementary level (prekindergarten through grade 8) rose from 29.9 million in fall1990 to 34.2 million in fall 2003 (table 3). After a decreaseof less than 1 percent between fall 2003 and fall 2004, elementary enrollment generally increased to a projected totalof 34.7 million for fall 2010. Public elementary enrollmentis projected to continue a pattern of annual increases through2019 (the last year for which NCES has projected schoolenrollment). Public school enrollment at the secondary level(grades 9 through 12) rose from 11.3 million in 1990 to15.0 million in 2008, with a projected enrollment of 14.7million for 2010. Public secondary enrollment is projectedto show a decrease of 3 percent between 2008 and 2011, andthen increase again through 2019. Public secondary schoolenrollment in 2019 is expected to be about 4 percent higherthan in 2010. Total public elementary and secondaryenrollment is projected to set new records every year from2010 to 2019.The percentage of students in private elementary and secondary schools declined from 11.4 percent in fall 1998 to10.8 percent in fall 2008 (table 3). In fall 2010, a projected6.0 million students were enrolled in private schools at theelementary and secondary levels.Total public and private college and university enrollmentreached 14.5 million in fall 1992 and decreased to 14.3 million in fall 1995 (table 3). Total college and university enrollment increased 43 percent between 1995 and 2009 (to 20.4million), and a further increase of 15 percent is expectedbetween fall 2009 and fall 2019. The percentage of collegeand university students who attended private colleges anduniversities rose from 24 to 27 percent between 1999 and2009. In fall 2009, about 5.6 million students attended privatecolleges and universities, with about 3.8 million in not-forprofit institutions and 1.9 million in for-profit institutions(table 197). Enrollment increases in colleges and universitieshave been driven by both increases in population andincreases in enrollment rates. For example, the percentage of18- and 19-year-olds enrolled in colleges and universitiesrose from 44 to 50 percent between 1999 and 2009, while theenrollment rate of 20- to 24-year-olds rose from 33 percent to39 percent (table 7). During the same period, the number of18- and 19-year-olds rose 10 percent, and the number of 20to 24-year-olds rose 16 percent (table 20).Educational AttainmentThe percentages of adults 25 years old and over completinghigh school and higher education have been rising. In 2010,some 87 percent of the population 25 years old and over hadcompleted at least high school, and 30 percent had completed abachelor’s or higher degree (table 8 and figure 3). These percentages are higher than in 2000, when 84 percent had completed at least high school and 26 percent had completed abachelor’s or higher degree. In 2010, about 8 percent of people25 years old or over held a master’s degree as their highestdegree, 2 percent held a professional degree (e.g., medicine orlaw), and 1 percent held a doctor’s degree (table 9 and figure 5).Teachers and FacultyA projected 3.6 million elementary and secondary schoolfull-time-equivalent (FTE) teachers were engaged in classroom instruction in the fall of 2010 (table 4), an increase ofabout 8 percent over 2000. The number of FTE public schoolteachers in 2010 was about 3.2 million, and the number ofFTE private school teachers was about 0.5 million. FTE faculty at postsecondary degree-granting institutions totaled aprojected 1.0 million in 2010, including 0.6 million at publicinstitutions and 0.3 million at private institutions (table 1).ExpendituresExpenditures of educational institutions rose to an estimated 1.1 trillion for the 2009–10 school year (table 29). ElementaryDIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2010
CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Educationand secondary schools spent about 59 percent of this total( 650 billion), and colleges and universities spent the remaining 41 percent ( 461 billion). After adjustment for inflation,total expenditures of all educational institutions rose by an estimated 34 percent between 1999–2000 and 2009–10. Inflation-adjusted expenditures of elementary and secondary schoolsrose by an estimated 23 percent during this period, while thoseof colleges and universities rose by an estimated 52 percent. In2009–10, expenditures of educational institutions were an estimated 7.9 percent of the gross domestic product (table 28).Postdoctoral study and researchDoctor's degree studyMaster’sdegreeMaster's degree studyProfessionalschools(medicine,theology,law, etc.)654Bachelor’sdegreeAssociate’sdegree rinstitutions154-yearhigh Combinedjunior/seniorhighschools10987659487Typical grade configurations ofelementary (or primary) schools421653KKindergartensNursery schoolsElementary(or primary) education10Secondary education(academic, vocational, technical)Highschooldiploma7Postsecondary education(college, university, professional, vocational,technical)Ph.D. oradvancedprofessionaldegree11PK3AgeGrade/yearof collegeNOTE: Figure is not intended to show relative number of institutions nor relative size of enrollment for the different levels of education. Figure reflects typical patterns of progression ratherthan all possible variations. Adult education programs, while not separately delineated above, may provide instruction at the adult basic, adult secondary, or postsecondary education levels.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual Reports Program.DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2010
12CHAPTER 1: All Levels of EducationEnrollment, in millionsSchool year beginningExpenditures, in billions of constant 2008–09 dollarsSchool year beginningPercent of GDPSchool year beginningNOTE: Expenditure data for school years 2008 and 2009 (2008–09 and 2009–10) are estimated. Enrollment data for school year 2009 (2009–10) for elementary and secondary are projected.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems, 1965–66 through 1969–70;1965 through 1980;1970–71 through 1986–87; Common Core of Data(CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary and Secondary Education,” 1985–86 through 2008–09; “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 1986–87 through 2007–08;1970–71 through 1979–80; Private School Universe Survey (PSS), 1989–90 through 2007–08; Higher Education GeneralInformation Survey (HEGIS), Fall Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education, 1965–66 through 1985–86; Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education, 1965–66 through1985–86; 1986–87 through 2009–10 Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:86–99), “Finance Survey” (IPEDS-F:FY87–99),and Spring 2001 through Spring 2010; and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts Tables, retrieved September 17, 2010,from p?Selected N.DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2010
CHAPTER 1: All Levels of EducationPercentYearSOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau,, Vol. I, Part 1; J.K. Folger and C.B. Nam,sus Monograph);, Series P-20, various years; and Current Population Survey (CPS), March 1961 through March 2010.(1960 Cen-PercentYearSOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau,, Vol. I, Part 1; J.K. Folger and C.B. Nam,sus Monograph);, Series P-20, various years; and Current Population Survey (CPS), March 1961 through March 2010.DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2010(1960 Cen-13
14CHAPTER 1: All Levels of EducationFigure 5. Highest level of education attained by persons 25 years old and over: March 2010Doctor’s degree, 1.4%Professional degree, 1.5%Master’s degree, 7.6%Less than high school completion, 12.9%Bachelor’s degree, 19.4%High school completion, 31.2%Associate’s degree, 9.1%Some college, 16.8%NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), March 2010.DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2010
CHAPTER 1: All Levels of EducationEnrollment, Teachers, and Schoolss l ooh cS dn a, s r ehca e T15, t n em l l o r n ETable 1. Projected number of participants in educational institutions, by level and control of institution: Fall 2010[In millions]All levels(elementary,secondary, ntary and secondary schoolsTotalPostsecondary degree-granting Total.85.962.455.66.823.516.86.7Enrollment .75.955.449.46.020.614.95.7Teachers and faculty.4.63.63.20.51.00.60.3Other professional, administrative, andsupport staff.5.43.43.10.41.91.30.7NOTE: Includes enrollments in local public school systems and in most private schools(religiously affiliated and nonsectarian). Excludes federal schools. Excludes private preprimary enrollment in schools that do not offer kindergarten or above. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aidprograms. Data for teachers and other staff in public and private elementary and secondaryschools and colleges and universities are reported in terms of full-time equivalents. Detailmay not sum to totals because of rounding.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Projections of Education Statistics to 2019; and unpublished projections and estimates. (Thistable was prepared September 2010.)Table 2. Enrollment in educational institutions, by level and control of institution: Selected years, fall 1980 through fall 2010[In thousands]Level and controlof 0713Fall200814Projectedfall 200915Projectedfall 58775,90064,28111,619Elementary andsecondaryschools1 .Public.Private 48 250,75944,8405,91853,37347,2046,169 253,99247,6726,32054,40348,1836,220 254,63948,5406,09954,88248,7956,087 255,18749,1136,07355,30749,3165,991 255,20349,2935,91055,23549,2665,969 255,28249,3125,97055,35049,3865,964Prekindergarten to grade 8.Public 9,8764,512 237,09432,3384,75638,59233,6864,906 238,95933,9365,02339,02934,1144,915 238,98934,2014,78838,93334,1784,756 238,92834,2044,72438,86634,2354,631 238,75134,2054,54638,86034,2864,574 239,08634,5054,58039,31234,7304,582Grades 9 to 12.Public 1,3411,136 213,66512,5021,16314,78113,5171,264 215,03213,7361,29615,37414,0691,306 215,65114,3391,31115,94914,6181,331 216,25814,9091,34916,44115,0811,360 216,45115,0871,36416,37514,9801,395 313,97212,59120,428 314,811 313,387 ,3815,1313,7751,424 35,617 34,179 ,1991,2421,2911,3561,438 31,5391Includes enrollments in local public school systems and in most private schools (religiously affiliated and nonsectarian). Excludes homeschooled children who were not alsoenrolled in public and private schools. Based on the National Household Education Survey,the homeschooled children numbered approximately 1.5 million in 2007. Private elementary enrollment includes preprimary students in schools offering kindergarten or highergrades.2Estimated.3Data are actual.NOTE: Data through 1995 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are fordegree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higherdegrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes more 2year colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant degrees.8Fall2003All levels.Public.Private ndergraduate .First-professional andgraduate.Private .Undergraduate .First-professional andgraduate.4Fall199516(See Appendix A: Guide to Sources for details.) Detail may not sum to totals because ofrounding. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems, 1980; Common Core of Data(CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary and Secondary Education,” 1985–86through 2008–09; Parent and Family Involvement in Education Survey of the NationalHousehold Education Surveys Program (PFI-NHES:2007); Private School Universe Survey(PSS), 1995–96 through 2007–08; Projections of Education Statistics to 2019; Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education” surveys, 1980 and 1985; and 1990 through 2009 Integrated PostsecondaryEducation Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:90–99), and Spring2001 through Spring 2010. (This table was prepared November 2010.)DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2010
16CHAPTER 1: All Levels of EducationEnrollment, Teachers, and SchoolsTable 3. Enrollment in educational institutions, by level and control of institution: Selected years, 1869–70 through fall 2019[In thousands]Public elementary and secondary schoolsTotalPrekindergartenthroughgrade 8Grades 9through �40.1949–50.Fall 1959 .Fall 1969 18245,55019,37821,27918,83219,38726,91132,513Fall 1970 .Fall 1971 .Fall 1972 .Fall 1973 .Fall 1974 0,44550,07345,89446,07145,72645,44545,073Fall 1975 .Fall 1976 .Fall 1977 .Fall 1978 .Fall 1979 7,63746,651Fall 1980 .Fall 1981 .Fall 1982 .Fall 1983 .Fall 1984 .58,30557,91657,59157,43257,150Fall 1985 .Fall 1986 .Fall 1987 .Fall 1988 .Fall 1989 .Totalenrollment,all levelsElementaryand secondary, 09–10.Year1Private elementary and secondary schools1Postsecondary degree-granting institutions2TotalPrekindergartenthroughgrade 8Grades 9through ,27113,0371,6992,6512,6113,3805,6755,500 31,4862,3102,1532,7084,6404,200 32143414586721,0351,300 130,97113,33613,75313,84814,04414,1035,3635,200 35,000 35,000 35,000 34,0523,900 33,700 33,700 33,700 31,3111,300 31,300 31,300 31,300 4,20314,08813,6165,000 35,1675,1405,0865,000 33,700 33,8253,7973,7323,700 31,300 31,3421,3431,3531,300 45,3315,500 35,600 35,7155,700 33,9924,100 34,200 34,3154,300 31,3391,400 31,400 31,4001,400 012,38812,33312,07611,68711,3935,5575,452 35,4795,242 35,5994,1954,116 34,2324,036 34,4681,3621,336 31,2471,206 310,16110,5782,7682,7902,7932,8942,961Fall 1990 .Fall 1991 .Fall 1992 .Fall 1993 .Fall 1994 55,648 35,6815,870 36,0675,994 34,512 34,5504,746 34,9504,856 31,136 31,1311,125 31,1181,138 1,18911,1342,9743,0493,1033,1163,145Fall 1995 .Fall 1996 .Fall 1997 .Fall 1998 .Fall 1999 15,9185,933 35,9445,988 36,0184,7564,755 34,7594,776 34,7891,1631,178 31,1851,212 ,19611,13811,3093,1693,2473,3063,3693,482Fall 2000 .Fall 2001 .Fall 2002 .Fall 2003 .Fall 2004 86,169 36,3206,220 36,0996,087 34,906 35,0234,915 34,7884,756 31,264 31,2961,306 31,3111,331 2,85912,9803,5603,6953,8604,0534,292Fall 2005 .Fall 2006 .Fall 2007 .Fall 2008 .Fall 20094 76,0735,991 35,9105,969 35,9704,7244,631 34,5464,574 34,5801,3491,360 31,3641,395 ,49113,97214,8114,4664,5794,7575,1315,617See notes at end of table.DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2010
CHAPTER 1: All Levels of EducationEnrollment, Teachers, and Schools17Table 3. Enrollment in educational institutions, by level and control of institution: Selected years, 1869–70 through fall 2019—Continued[In thousands]Public elementary and secondary schoolsTotalPrekindergartenthroughgrade 8Grades 9through 54,927Totalenrollment,all levelsElementaryand secondary, total2Fall 20104 .Fall 20114 .Fall 20124 .Fall 20134 .Fall 20144 .Fall 20154 .Fall 20164 .Fall 20174 .Fall 20184 .Fall 20194 .Year1Private elementary and secondary schools1—Not available.1Beginning in fall 1980, data include estimates for an expanded universe of privateschools. Therefore, direct comparisons with earlier years should be avoided.2Data for 1869–70 through 1949–50 include resident degree-credit students enrolled atany time during the academic year. Beginning in 1959, data include all resident andextension students enrolled at the beginning of the fall term.3Estimated.4Projected from Projections of Education Statistics to 2019. Fall 2009 data for degreegranting institutions are actual.NOTE: Data for 1869–70 through 1949–50 reflect enrollment for the entire school year.Elementary and secondary enrollment includes students in local public school systemsand in most private schools (religiously affiliated and nonsectarian), but generallyexcludes homeschooled children and students in subcollegiate departments of collegesand in federal schools. Based on the National Household Education Survey, the homeschooled children numbered approximately 1.5 million in 2007. Excludes preprimarypupils in private schools that do not offer kindergarten or above. Postsecondary datathrough 1995 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are for degreegranting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees andPostsecondary degree-granting institutions2TotalPrekindergartenthroughgrade 8Grades 9through articipate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting classification isvery similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant degrees. (SeeAppendix A: Guide to Sources for details.) Some data have been revised from previouslypublished figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,Annual Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1870 to 1910; Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1919–20 through 1949–50; Statistics of Public Elementaryand Secondary School Systems, 1959 through 1980; Common Core of Data (CCD),“State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary and Secondary Education,” 1981–82through 2008–09; Parent and Family Involvement in Education Survey of the Nationa
year community or junior college, or a 4-year college or uni-versity. A 2-year college normally offers the first 2 years of a standard 4-year college curriculum and a selection of ter-minal career and technical education programs. Academic courses completed at a 2-year college are usually transfer-able for credit at a 4-year college or university.
Proficiency bands Following the introduction to the language element, learning sequences with targeted strategies are provided for 4 proficiency bands: LEAP Levels 1-4 and leaping to levels 5-6 LEAP Levels 5-6 leaping to levels 7-9 LEAP Levels 7-9 leaping to levels 10-12 LEAP Levels 10-12 leaping to levels 13-14.
All books are leveled using our Eggspress Reading levels and certified Lexile levels. Reading Eggs & Reading Eggspress Reading levels Lexile levels My lessons F & P levels RR levels DRA Reading Stages Kindergarten BR Reading Eggs Maps 1 - 80 1 1 Emergent BR 1 1 BR 2 2 10 - 39L A 3 2 40 - 79L B 4 3 80 - 119L C 5 4 Grade 1 120 - 159L .
competitive levels. The girls start with competing at Level 3 and go up to Level 10. Levels 3, 4, 5, and 6 are compulsory levels. Levels 8, 9, and 10 are optional levels. Level 7 is an optional level with certain compulsory skills required on each event. The Elite Level is for athletes beyond Level 10. Levels 3 and 4.
South Africa. The focus of the investigation is on the development of education to ensure that the system becomes more responsive to the diverse needs of all learners. 1.1.2 Scope 1.1.2.1 All Aspects and Levels or Bands of Education This investigation covers all levels or bands of education: early childhood development, general education and
Levels of Ecological Organization Ecosystems can be studied at small levels or at large levels. The levels of organization are described below from the smallest to the largest: A species is a group of individuals that are ge
THE DOTA HERO BUILDS LIST, BY COOCST4R (VIGTIGT@HOTMAIL.COM) s. 5 AIUSHTHA , ENCHANTRESS Skill Build: Item Build: Level 1: Nature's Attendants Levels 2 – 3: Impetus Level 4: Enchant Level 5: Impetus Level 6: Enchant Level 7: Impetus Levels 8 – 9: Stats Levels 10 – 11: Untouchable Levels 12 – 13: Enchant Levels 14 – 15: Nature's
levels. Yo u’ve read about species and genus, the most specific levels of the classification system most scientists use today. There are seven levels that describe a species. The largest level is the kingdom, the group containing the most species. The seven levels of classification for a spotted turtle and a housecat are listed below.
Grades 6-8 Boys Athletics, Grades 7-8 Girls Athletics, Grades 7-8 Art, Levels 1-2 HS Art I Band, Levels 1-3 Mariachi, Levels 1-3 Choir, Levels 1-3 Theatre Arts, Levels 1-3 Spanish 1, Grades 7-8 Spanish 1 for Native Speakers, Grades 7-8 Spanish II, Grade 8 Leadership Grade 6 Intro to Comp. Sci., Grade 6 AVID, Grades 7-8 Multimedia Grades 7-8 .
