2019 Offshore Wind Technology Data Update
2019 Offshore Wind TechnologyData UpdateWalter Musial,1 Philipp Beiter,1 Paul Spitsen,2Jake Nunemaker,1 Vahan Gevorgian,1Aubryn Cooperman,1 Rob Hammond,1 andMatt Shields11National Renewable Energy LaboratoryDepartment of Energy2 U.S.NREL/TP-5000-77411October 2020
Table of ContentsSlide Numbers1Data and Methodology3‒62U.S. Offshore Wind Data7‒253Global Offshore Wind Data26‒364Global Floating Offshore Wind Data37‒4752019 Offshore Wind Technology Trends48‒6262019 Offshore Wind Cost Data63‒707References71‒777Notice and Acknowledgments78
Data and Methodology
Data SourcesThis update draws data from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) National RenewableEnergy Laboratory’s (NREL’s) internal offshore wind database, which is built on internalresearch and a wide variety of data sources, including peer-reviewed literature, pressreleases, industry news reports, manufacturer specification sheets, and global offshore windproject announcements. For the database, NREL has verified and sourced data from thefollowing publications: The 4C Offshore Wind Database (4C Offshore 2020) Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) Renewable Energy Project Database (BNEF2020) 4C Offshore Vessel Database (4C Offshore 2020) Wood Mackenzie Wind Turbine Trends (Wood Mackenzie 2020). Link to 2019 Data TableNREL 4
Scope and Pipeline Definitions This work defines the offshore wind project pipeline as potential offshore wind developmentindicated by developer announcements or by areas made available for offshore winddevelopment by regulatory agencies.The scope of this report covers the global fleet of projects in the pipeline through December31, 2019.This report also covers recent developments and events in the United States through March31, 2020, projects that have been completed before March 31, 2020, and selectively coverssignificant industry events through August 2020.Any estimates of capacities and project dates are shown as reported by project developers orstate/federal agencies.All dollar amounts are reported in 2019 U.S. dollars, unless indicated otherwise.In this analysis, the U.S. pipeline capacity includes the sum of project-specific capacities andthe undeveloped lease area potential capacities based on a project density of 3 megawatts(MW)/km2.For further discussion on methodology and data sources, please refer to the “2018 OffshoreWind Technologies Market Report” (Musial et al. 2019).NREL 5
Project Pipeline Classification SystemThe following classification was used for global and U.S. pipeline capacity estimates (see Musial et al. 2019 for more details). Theoffshore wind pipeline is based on publicly available information.StepPhase Name1Planning2Site Control3Permitting Site Control OfftakePathway4Approved5Financial Close6Under Construction7Operating8Decommissioned9On Hold/CancelledStart CriteriaEnd CriteriaStarts when a developer or regulatory agency initiates the formal sitecontrol processEnds when a developer obtains control of a site (e.g., through competitive auctionor a determination of no competitive interest in an unsolicited lease area [UnitedStates only])Begins when a developer obtains site control (e.g., a lease or othercontract)Ends when the developer files major permit applications (e.g., a construction andoperations plan for projects in the United States) or obtains an offtake agreementStarts when the developer files major permit applications (e.g., aconstruction and operations plan or an offtake agreement forelectricity production)Ends when regulatory entities authorize the project to proceed with constructionand certify its offtake agreementStarts when a project receives regulatory approval for constructionactivities and its offtake agreementEnds when a sponsor announces a “financial investment decision” and has signedcontracts for construction work packagesBegins when a sponsor announces a financial investment decision andEnds when a project begins major construction workhas signed contracts for major construction work packagesStarts when offshore construction is initiatedEnds when all turbines have been installed and the project is connected to andgenerating power for a land-based electrical gridCommences when all turbines are installed and transmitting power toEnds when the project has begun a formal process to decommission and stopsthe grid; commercial operation date (COD) marks the official transitionfeeding power to the gridfrom construction to operationStarts when the project has begun the formal process todecommission and stops transmitting power to the gridEnds when the site has been fully restored and lease payments are no longer beingmadeStarts if a sponsor stops development activities, discontinues leasepayments, or abandons a prospective siteEnds when a sponsor restarts project development activityNREL 6
U.S. Offshore Wind Data
Breakdown of U.S. Offshore Wind Pipeline(28,521 MW)UnsolicitedProject Applications9.1% (2,350 MW)Installed0.1% (30 MW)Projects Permittingwith Site Control& Offtake Agreements7.9% (2,043 MW)UnleasedWind Energy Areas8.7% (2,250 MW)UnsolicitedProject Applications8.2% (2,350 MW)Installed0.1% (30 MW)Under Construction0.04 % (12 MW)Projects Permittingwith Site Control& Offtake Agreements22.6% (6,439 MW)UnleasedWind Energy Areas7.9% (2,250 MW)Lease Areas withSite Control74.2% (19,151 MW)2018 (25,824 MW) Lease Areas withSite Control61.2% (17,440 MW)2019 (28,521 MW)From 2018 to 2019, U.S. projects with site control and offtake agreements grew over 200%.Up to 61% of the U.S. offshore wind pipeline is still made up of unspecified lease area potential.NREL 8
U.S. Offshore Pipeline by StatusStatesProject NameMaineNew England Aqua Ventus IVineyard WindVineyard Wind ResidualMayflower WindMayflower Wind ResidualBeacon WindLiberty WindBay State WindBlock Island Wind FarmRevolution WindRevolution WindPark City WindSouth ForkEmpire WindEmpire Wind ResidualSunrise WindOcean WindOcean Wind ResidualAtlantic Shores Offshore WindGarden State Offshore EnergySkipjackMarWinMarWin ResidualCoastal Virginia Offshore WindDominionKitty HawkWilmington East Wind Energy AreaWilmington West Wind Energy AreaIcebreakerCastle WindRedwood CoastOahu NorthOahu SouthProgressionMassachusettsRhode IslandConnecticutNew YorkNew JerseyDelawareMarylandVirginiaNorth CarolinaOhioCaliforniaHawaiiCommercialOperation BD2023TBDTBDTBDTBDTBDOperating (MW)UnderConstruction 012024812Site Control (MW)12Note: Projects listed by state where power will be delivered (for projects with known offtake tals 4004004004,6003,735211,1501,20028,521NREL 9
2019 U.S. Offshore Wind Pipeline The U.S. offshore wind pipelinegrew by 2,697 MW in 2019 to atotal capacity of 28,521 MW. The U.S. offshore wind pipelineis broken down as follows: 30 MW is operating, whichwas unchanged in 2019 12 MW is underconstruction 6,439 MW is in thepermitting stage 17,440 MW is under sitecontrol 4,600 MW is in planning.NREL 10
U.S. Offshore Wind Pipeline by StateThere are 11 coastal states participating inthe U.S. pipeline: 30 MW is operating in Rhode Islandand 12 MW is under construction inVirginia Red shading totals 6,439 MW, whichrepresent projects that have advancedto the permitting stage Project capacity is assigned to thestate receiving the power (redshading) Lease areas where power offtake isunspecified (hashed shading) areassigned to the state where the leasearea is located, as identified by theBureau of Ocean Energy ManagementNREL 11( BOEM).
Locations of U.S. AtlanticCoast Offshore WindPipeline Activity and CallAreas as of July 2020NREL 12
Atlantic Coast Offshore Wind Pipeline# EMDVAVANCNCNCSCSCSCSCOHProject NameStatusNew England Aqua Ventus IPermittingBay State WindSite ControlPark City WindPermittingVineyard Wind ResidualPermittingBeacon WindSite ControlMayflower Wind ResidualPermittingLiberty WindSite ControlSunrise WindPermittingRevolution WindPermittingSouth ForkPermittingOperatingBlock Island Wind FarmFairways North Call AreaPlanningFairways South Call AreaPlanningHudson North Call AreaPlanningEmpire WindPermittingHudson South Call AreaPlanningAtlantic Shores Offshore WindSite ControlOcean Wind ResidualPermittingGarden State Offshore EnergySite ControlSkipjackPermittingMarWin ResidualPermittingDominionSite ControlCoastal Virginia Offshore Wind Under ConstructionKitty HawkSite ControlWilmington West Call AreaUnleasedWilmington East Call AreaUnleasedGrand Strand Call AreaPlanningWinyah Call AreaPlanningCape Romain Call AreaPlanningCharleston Call AreaPlanningIcebreakerPermittingAtlantic Coast 23202320202023AnnouncedLease AreaTotal PipelineCapacity (MW) Capacity (MW) Capacity 21216,48117,19026,171Note: Location indicates state closest to project site or call area†AtlanticLease AreaState LeaseOCS-A 0500OCS-A 0501OCS-A 0501OCS-A 0520OCS-A 0521OCS-A 0522OCS-A 0487OCS-A 0486OCS-A 0517State LeaseOCS-A 0512OCS-A 0499OCS-A 0498OCS-A 0482OCS-A 0519OCS-A 0490OCS-A 0483OCS-A 0497OCS-A 0508State 1073224579495209541107,840Offtake(MW)ME 12CT 804MA 800MA 804NY 880RI 400/CT 304NY 130RI 30NY 816NJ 1,100MD 120MD 248VA 12OH 21DevelopersAqua ceEquinor/BPEDF/ShellØrsted/PSEGØrstedØrstedUS WindDominionDominion/ØrstedAvangridLEEDCo/Fred OlsenShores capacity of 2,500 MW based on developer announcementNREL 13
Locations of U.S. WestCoast Offshore Wind PipelineActivity and Call Areas as of July2020Note that the call for nominations supersedes theunsolicited requests in Morro Bay and Humboldt.Currently, these projects are not being processedby BOEM.NREL 14
Locations ofHawaiianOffshore WindPipelineActivity andCall Areas asof July 2020Note that the Hawaii call for nominationssupersedes the unsolicited requests in the OahuSouth Call Area and Oahu North Call Area.Currently, these projects are not beingprocessed by BOEM.NREL 15
U.S. West Coast and Hawaiian Offshore WindPipeline# LocationCommercialAnnouncedLease AreaOperations Date Capacity (MW) Capacity (MW)Total PipelineCapacity (MW)Project NamePlanning StageLease Area Size (km2)BOEM Call Area-----OfftakeDevelopers---32CADiablo Canyon Call Area33CAMorro Bay Call AreaBOEM Call Area---------1,000-1,000-334-Trident Winds/EnBW34CACastle WindUnsolicited ProjectApplication35CAHumboldt Call AreaBOEM Call Area--------36CARedwood Coast EnergyAuthorityUnsolicited u South Call AreaBOEM Call Area-------AW Wind--400400-133----400400-133-Progression WindUnsolicited ProjectApplicationUnsolicited ProjectApplication38HIAWH Oahu39HIProgression40HIOahu North Call AreaBOEM Call Area--------AWH OahuUnsolicited ProjectApplication--400400-133-AW Wind1,1501,2002,35041HIWest Coast & Hawaii Total783NREL 16
U.S. Offshore Wind Market EstimatesThrough 2030 4C Offshore predicts that cumulative U.S.offshore wind deployment will exceed25,000 MW by 2030 (4C Offshore 2019). BNEF predicts cumulative U.S. offshore winddeployment will grow to nearly 19,000 MWby 2030 (BNEF 2019). These estimates are 50% to 70% higher thanin their 2018 estimates when BNEF and 4COffshore predicted 11,000 MW and 16,000MW, respectively, by 2030.NREL 17
U.S. State-Level Offshore Wind uthorityRenewablesPortfolioStandards(RPS) GoalAn Act to Promote Energy DiversityAn Act to Advance Clean Energy35% by 2030-31% by 2030AmountYearSolicited Contract 0301,104PPA20172019Case 18-E0071Climate Leadership & CommunityProtection ActPublic Act 17-144House Bill 7156VA5,200203412Utility Owned2020Virginia Clean Economy ActTotal28,898Offshore Wind Economic Development ActE.O. 8/Assembly Bill 372350% by 2030E.O. 92Maryland Offshore Wind Energy ActSenate Bill 51650% by 203070% by 203044% by 2030100% by 205011,380A – In July 2020, New Jersey announced its second offshore wind solicitation for between1,200 MW and 2,400 MW. Awards are expected in June 2021.B – In July 2020, New York announced its next offshore wind solicitation for between1,500 MW and 2,500 MW. Awards are expected in the fourth quarter of 2020.Power purchase agreement (PPA)Offshore renewable energy credit (OREC)Source: Beiter et al. (2020) Five states implementednew procurementcommitments in 2019 andearly 2020 (see greentext). State procurementcommitments grew from19,968 MW in 2018 to28,898 MW in early 2020,corresponding to 8,930MW of newcommitments. State procurement goalsof 28,898 MW are nowlarger than the U.S.pipeline of 28,521 MW.NREL 18
Timeline of U.S. Offshore Wind Procurements by StateRhode IslandPark City Wind804 MWNew YorkNewJersey To achieve their offshorewind procurement goals,states and utilities havestarted to plan outregular solicitations. New York issued itssecond solicitation in July2020 for 2,500 MW ofoffshore wind. Planned solicitations in2020 include Maryland(400 MW) and NewJersey (1,200 to 2,400MW).Source: Beiter et al. (2020)NREL 19
U.S. Offshore Wind Project Offtake AgreementsSize Duration Offtake(MW) (years)StateLevelized PriceRegulator /Megawatt-hourApproved(MWh)ProjectYearSignedBlock IslandWind Farm20103020RIPPAYesSouth ForkUS WindSkipjack201720172017130248120202020NYMDMDPPAMD ORECMD ORECVineyard urchaser2442016National GridYesYesYes163131.94131.94202320232023Long Island Power Authority (LIPA)PJMPJMPPAYes742023National Grid, Eversource, UnitilVineyard Wind201840020MAPPAYes652024National Grid, Eversource, UnitilCoastal VirginiaOffshore Wind20181220VAUtility OwnedYes7802020Dominion Energy*Revolution Wind201820020CTPPAYes99.502023Eversource & UILRevolution Wind201810420CTPPAYes98.432023Eversource & UILRevolution Wind201940020RIPPAYes98.432023National GridOcean Wind20191,10020NJNJ ORECYes116.822024Empire Wind201981625NYNY ORECYes83.362024Sunrise Wind201988025NYNY ORECYes83.362024PJMNew York Independent SystemOperator (NYISO)NYISOAqua Ventus20191220MEPPAYesUndisclosedTBDCentral Maine PowerMayflower Wind202040020MAPPAYes58.472025National Grid, Eversource, UntilMayflower nding58.47N/AN/A20252025TBDNational Grid, Eversource, UntilEversource & UILTBDPark City WindIcebreakerSource: Beiter et al. (2020)Note: Offtake agreements signed in 2019 and 2020 are in green text*Dominion Energy also filed an interconnection request with PJM for 2,640 MW from the Virginia Wind Energy Area (WEA). Because Dominion is both the project owner and the utility procuring theNREL 20power, it is not considered to have an offtake agreement for the purpose of this list until a project is approved by the Virginia State Corporation Commission.
U.S. State Port and Infrastructure Investments Near 2 vangrid/CIPEDPR/ShellBrayton Point5/13/2019 650millionAnbaric PartnersPort of Providence6/3/2019N/AStateLocationMassachusettsNew BedfordMarine CommerceTerminalRhode IslandNew JerseyMarylandQuonset Point6/3/2019New Jersey WindPort6/16/2020Tradepoint Atlantic7/23/2019Port of Coeymans11/14/2019New York ports7/21/2020New London StatePier2/12/2020Bridgeport11/11/2019Portsmouth MarineTerminal1/28/2020New YorkConnecticutVirginiaVineyard Wind signed an 18-month lease starting in December 2020. They also signed asubsequent lease to use the terminal for the Mayflower Wind project, which is expected tostart construction in 2024.Develop premier offshore wind development center. Investments include a 1,200-MW HVDCconverter, a 400-MW battery, additional laydown space, and a maintenance dock.Ørsted & Eversource Support the construction of the Revolution Wind projects.Support the construction of the Revolution Wind projects. Pier 2 is being upgraded to supportoffshore wind activities.Signed a memorandum of understanding with EEW, a German steel manufacturer, toN/AØrstedconstruct a monopile manufacturing facility to support Ocean Wind project and other projectsin the U.S. pipeline.Develop port in Lower Alloways Creek Township to support offshore wind construction andNJ Economicoperations. Initial phase to include 30 acres for marshalling and 25 acres for component 300‒ 400Developmentmanufacturing, with construction to begin in 2021. Second phase to add 150 acres formillionAuthoritymarshalling and manufacturing.Strengthen ground-bearing capacity at the port to allow heavy-lift cranes and specialized 13.2Ørstedtransporters to move wind turbine components, some weighing as much as 2,000 tons, frommillionships onto the site. Will support the Skipjack project.Increase laydown space and prepare the port to support construction and staging needs for 287New York Statethe Empire Wind project. Partnered with heavy-lift specialists Mammoet to invest in a newmillionheavy-lift crane and other specialty equipment.Request for proposals for investment in port infrastructure. Priorities are offshore wind 400New York Statestaging and/or manufacturing and related uses. Up to 200 million from New York state,millionmatched 1:1 by private investment.Increase laydown space, the number and size of vessel berths, and the ability to lift and storeheavy cargo. The redevelopment is expected to be complete by 2022. The pier will be used for 157Ørsted & Eversourceturbine preassembly and project staging for Revolution Wind, South Fork, and Sunrise Windmillionprojects.Redevelop a currently underutilized 18.3-acre waterfront to do critical foundation transitionN/AAvangridpiece steel fabrication and final outfitting. Port will also serve as an operation andmaintenance hub for the Park City Wind project.Signed a lease for the construction of the Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind Project. Will alsoNREL 21 33 millionØrstedinstall cranes and other specialty improvements.N/APort of PaulsboroDescriptionØrsted & Eversource
U.S. Offshore Wind Grid Interconnection QueuesStateProjectPotential Point of InterconnectElectric DistributionCompany ConnectorMarketMAVineyard Wind (800 MW)Mayflower Wind (804 MW)Barnstable, MAFalmouth, MANSTAR ElectricCompany/EversourceIndependent SystemOperator-New England(ISO-NE)RIRevolution Wind (704 MW)Brayton Point, RIDavisville, RINational GridISO-NECTPark City WindTBDEversourceISO-NENYSouth Fork (130 MW)Empire Wind (816 MW)Sunrise Wind (880 MW)East Hampton Substation, NYGowanus Substation, NYHolbrook Substation, NYLIPAConEdLIPANew York IndependentSystem Operator(NYISO)NJOcean Wind (1,100 MW)Oyster Creek, NJPSEGPJMTBDDelmarva Power & LightPJMIndian River Power Plant, DECamp Pendleton State Military Reservation,Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind (12 MW)VAVADominion EnergyPJMDominion (2,640 MW)Fentress, VAHumboldt Substation 115 kV, CACaliforniaCastle Wind (1,000 MW)Round Mountain Substation 500 kV, CACAPG&EIndependent SystemRedwood Coast (150 MW)Diablo Canyon Switching Station, CAOperator (CAISO)Diablo Canyon Substation 230kV*Interconnection requests allow grid operators to assess the potential reliability impacts of adding new generation. Project developers may submitmultiple interconnection requests for a single project and can change or withdraw requests as needed. An interconnection request is just the first step ofconnecting a project to the grid and is independent of other state and federal permitting processes. Only a small portion of projects in interconnectqueues are ever expected to be constructed.MD Skipjack (120 MW)MarWin (248 MW)CAISO12%ISO-NE33%NYISO27%PJM28%Total Offshore WindCapacity in InterconnectQueues in as Summer 2020(55,866 MW)As of summer 2020, the majority of active offshore wind queue requests were in ISO-NE (18,486 MW), PJM(15,842MW), and NYISO (14,982 MW).CAISO also saw offshore wind interconnection requests for the first time (6,556 MW).NREL 22
Other Related U.S. Developments In August 2019, BOEM announced that it would prepare a supplement to the draftEnvironmental Impact Statement for the Vineyard Wind project. The supplement waspublished in June 2020 and assessed effects from an expanded cumulative impacts scenario,previously unavailable fishing data, a new transit lane alternative, and changes to the projectsince the publication of the first draft Environmental Impact Statement. The U.S. Coast Guard published a report on May 14, 2020, with recommendations for turbinespacing to accommodate transit lanes, fishing, and search and rescue operations. The 12-MW Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind (CVOW) project is under construction and is thefirst project in U.S. federal waters. Installation of the two 6-MW turbines was completed inJune 2020, with grid interconnect scheduled for fall 2020. Dominion Energy announced plans to develop a 2,640-MW offshore wind project in itsVirginia lease area, with an estimated COD of 2026, based on experience gained from CVOW.Siemens Gamesa has conditionally agreed to supply 14-MW SG 14-222 direct-drive turbinesfor the project. GE announced that it will supply its 12-MW Haliade-X turbines to Ørsted for two projects:Skipjack, a 120-MW project off the coast of Maryland that is expected to be commissioned in2022, and Ocean Wind, a 1,100-MW project off the coast of New Jersey, with a COD of 2024.NREL 23
Other Related U.S. Developments (continued) In 2019, Maine’s public utility commission approved an updated PPA for University of Maine’s12-MW Aqua Ventus floating demonstration project. In August 2020, the University of Maine announced a joint venture called New England AquaVentus, LLC, with Mitsubishi subsidiary Diamond Offshore Wind, and RWE Renewables, todevelop the project, which is now positioned to be the first U.S. floating wind project usingcommercial technology. The Ohio Power Siting Board gave LEEDCo conditional approval to move forward with its 21MW project in Lake Erie. The DOE-supported demonstration project is still in the process offinalizing its offtake agreements and other technical considerations before beginningconstruction. A consortium led by Dominion Energy is developing a Jones-Act-compliant turbine installationvessel (TIV). With a projected entry into service of 2023, it would be the first U.S.-flagged TIV.NREL 24
Summary – U.S. Offshore Wind Data The U.S. offshore wind pipeline grew from 25,824 MW in 2018 to 28,521 MW by the end of2019, due primarily to developers announcing additional project capacity within existing leaseareas. In March 2020, the amount of offshore wind capacity under federal and state permitting witha signed offtake agreement was 6,439 MW. This was more than triple the 2,043-MW capacityreported in March 2019, indicating significant U.S. industry development over the past year. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) modified its safe harbor guidance to allow projects underconstruction an additional year to be placed in service to mitigate effects of potential COVID19-related delays for projects utilizing renewable energy tax credits. In 2019, a total of nearly 2 billion of investments were proposed for new offshore wind portand infrastructure upgrades.NREL 25
Global Offshore Wind Data
Global OffshoreWind in 2019 Cumulative installed offshorewind capacity grew to 27,064MW in 2019. New capacity additions reacheda record high of 5,618 MWinstalled in 2019 and early2020.NREL 27
Installed Offshore Wind Capacity by Countryin 2019 Five countries contributed 99%of all new installations in 2019.China installed the mostcapacity, with 47% of the newadditions.Germany installed 1,257 MWin 2019, or about 22% of newadditions.Belgium, the United Kingdom(UK), and Denmark installedthe remaining major share ofoffshore wind in 2019.NREL 28
Cumulative Offshore Wind Installed Capacityby Country At the end of 2019, the UKhad the most installedoffshore wind, with 8,478MW. UK growth has beenrelatively steady for the pastdecade. Germany installed 7,441 MWof offshore wind by the endof 2019. German market acceleratedin 2015 with steady growthsince. China’s cumulative capacityis third in the world, with atotal of 6,000 MW installed,and is growing the fastest.NREL 29
Total Global Offshore Wind Pipeline The current global pipelineof offshore wind is 230,174MW, including:– 27,064 MWoperating– 81,872 MW approvedthrough respectivenational regulatoryprocesses, reachedfinancial close, orunder construction.– 203,110 MW ofannounced capacity. Most of these projects arein Europe and Asia. The pipeline encompassesprojects completed (orreported) between 1990and 2038.NREL 30
Offshore Wind Under Construction by Countryin 2019 Globally, 21,872 MW of offshorewind was reported to be underconstruction at the end of 2019. 10,611 MW of projects underconstruction indicate that China hasthe potential to lead in new capacityover the next few years. The UK has 5,626 MW underconstruction. The 12-MW Coastal VirginiaOffshore Wind project is underconstruction in the United Statesand will be the second project inoperation.NREL 31
Offshore Wind Projectswith Announced COD Global offshore wind pipeline datashow nearly 120,000 MW withannounced COD by 2025 Capacity expected to be installedannually (based on announced COD)grows from over 8,800 MW in 2020to over 19,000 MW in 2025 U.S. projects begin to comprise agreater number of offshore projects,thereby having a significant impact onglobal deployment in 2022 and 2023based on announced CODs.NREL 32
Estimated Cumulative Offshore Wind CapacityBased on Developer-Announced COD Through 2025Lightened areasbetween 2020 and2025 representannounceddeploymentsBeyond 2025, most projects have not yet announced a COD.NREL 33
Cumulative Offshore Wind Capacity by CountryBased on Developer-Announced COD Through 2025 Developer-announcedCODs show greatestinstalled capacity inChina and the UKthrough 2025Announced U.S. projectsincrease significantlyfrom 2023 to 2025Capacity by announcedCODs grows significantlyin other Asian markets(e.g., South Korea,Taiwan, Vietnam)through 2025.NREL 34
Global Offshore Wind Estimates Through 2030 In 2019, 4C Offshore estimates thatcumulative global offshore winddeployment will grow to nearly220,000 MW by 2030 (4C Offshore2019). In 2019, BNEF estimatescumulative global offshore winddeployment will grow to nearly188,000 MW by 2030 (BNEF 2019). For comparison, these 2030estimates in 2018 were 154gigawatts from BNEF and 193gigawatts from 4C Offshore.NREL 35
Summary – Global Offshore Wind Data In 2019, global installed offshore wind capacity grew by 19% from the previous year,reaching 27,064 MW. Europe and Asia were the most active markets, adding acombined total of 5,618 MW in new capacity. In 2019, 22 new offshore wind projects commenced operations globally: 12 in China, 4in Germany, 2 in Belgium, and 1 each in Denmark, Japan, Norway, and the UK. In 2019, for the first time, China had the largest annual capacity addition of any country,with 2,656 MW added.NREL 36
Global Floating Offshore Wind Data
Global Floating Offshore Wind Pipeline The total global floatingoffshore wind pipeline was7,663 MW at the end of 2019,based on projects that haveannounced their plannedcapacity. 1,549 MW of floating offshorewind has reached thepermitting stage. The 25.2-MW WindFloatAtlantic, the second floatingproject in Europe, became fullyoperational in 2020. The primary driver for pipelineexpansion is the movementtoward commercial-scaleprojects developing in Asia.NREL 38
Floating Offshore Wind PipelineRegionCountryAsiaMiddle EastEuropeNorth AmericaInstalled (MW)Under Construction (MW)Approved (MW)Permitting (MW)Planning (MW)Totals (MW)China00001616Japan22.06000022.06South Korea0001,3004061,706Taiwan00001,0001,000Saudi 0011.03United Kingdom305000506586United 9.57,663Note: Values are estimated on developer’s announced plant capacity and only include projects with specified CODs.NREL 39
Floating Offshore Wind Projects(Asia and the Middle East)Project NameShanghai ElectricFloating DemonstratorV-Type FloatingDemonstrationCountryStatusCODProject Size (MW)Substructure TypeSubstructure NameTurbineSite Water Depth 12SparTBDTBDTBDKyushu Wind LensJapanOperational20120.06Steel semisubmersibleWind Lens Floater3 kilowatts (kW)(RIAMWIND)55Fukushima Phase 1JapanOperational20132Steel semisubmersibleFukushima Mirai2 MW (Hitachi)120Fukushima Phase 2JapanOperational20157Steel semisubmersible Fukushima Shimpuu7 MW (Mitsubishi)120Fukushima Phase 2Goto SakiyamaHibiki DemoKitakyushu ationalOperational2016201620182019Steel sparSteel sparBargeBargeHamakaze SparSteel SparIdeol Damping PoolIdeol Damping Pool5 MW (Hitachi)2 MW (Hitachi)3 MW (Aerodyn)3 MW (Aerodyn)12010055100Equinor-Hitachi ing20235233TBD (CommercialScale)TBD (CommercialScale)BargeIdeol Dampening Pool8 MWTBDWindFloat JapanJapanPlanningTBDTBDSteel semisubmersiblePPI W
2019 U.S. Offshore Wind Pipeline The U.S. offshore wind pipeline grew by 2,697 MW in 2019 to a total capacity of 28,521 MW. The U.S. offshore wind pipeline is broken down as follows: 30 MW is operating, which was unchanged in 2019 12 MW is under construction 6,439 MW is in the permitting stage 17,440 MW is under site control
Offshore wind farms are also not subject to the same planning constraints as onshore farms and, if sited sufficiently far offshore, have a lower visual impact " " Offshore Wind in the UK Wind energy resources are abundant and exploitable1, and supplied 9.4% of the UK's electricity needs in 20142. Offshore wind is
Offshore wind farms — the verge of energy revolution 6 Electricity from offshore wind farms enjoys public confidence 8 Domestic electricity production in 2018 10 Wind farms — another milestone of the Polish maritime sector 13 Offshore wind — development and construction 14 Offshore wind — electricity production 16
Offshore wind farm status GW 10.4 7.7 2.6 2.3 1.7 0.3 25.0 % 42% 31% 10% 9% 7% 1% 100% UK Germany Netherlands Belgium Denmark Rest of Europe Total Turbines 2,292 1,501 537 399 559 112 5,400 Triton Knoll west offshore substation and jackup vessel Neptune 04 Offshore wind operational report 2020 05 Offshore wind operational report 2020 Offshore .
For offshore wind, almost all projects are of a largescale. Onshore and offshore wind in the UK . Charts 1 and 2 describe the UK's onshore and offshore wind capacity and generation in the period from 2010 to 2019. Chart 1. UK onshore/offshore wind capacity 2010 to 2019. 7. In 2010, the UK's total wind capacity was 5.4 GW. Over the past 10 .
Offshore Wind Farm Worker Safety, author. Worker health and safety on offshore wind farms / Committee on Offshore Wind Farm Worker Safety. pages cm — (Transportation research board special report ; 310) ISBN 978-0-309-26326-9 1. Offshore wind power plants—Employees—Health and hygiene—United States. 2.
Maryland Offshore Wind Energy Act of 2013 Created a "carve-out" for offshore wind within Maryland's Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) that is equal to 2.5 percent of all electricity sales within Maryland. Created a financial support mechanism for "Qualified Offshore Wind Projects" via Offshore Wind Renewable Energy Credits (ORECs).
An Offshore Wind Energy Roadmap3; Wind Farm Site Decisions and permits issued under the Offshore Wind Energy Act; If necessary, subsidies under the Stimulation of Sustainable Energy Production Decision; and A Development Framework for the development of offshore wind energy, and that of the offshore grid in particular.
offshore wind capacity by June 2027 and 3,200 MW by 2035.8 Similarly, Maryland's Offshore Wind Energy Act of 2013 calls for 480 MW of offshore wind capacity to be developed. 9 Proponents of offshore wind energy tout its clean energy bona fides and rapidly decreasing costs (as evidenced by
