Investigating Potential Use Of Greywater Irrigation In Peri . - SABI
Investigating potential use of greywater irrigation inperi-urban agriculture02 August 2017ARC-Institute for Agricultural EngineeringErence Manyako, Judith Seopa, Khumbulani Dhavu,and Maduna Ncokazi
OVERVIEW Introduction Project Objectives Methodology Baseline survey Construction Work Data Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements2
Introduction Agriculture is the single largest user of freshwater, SA is a semiarid country Increasing pressure on the limited fresh water resources due to; Urbanisation, Population growth & Climate change Grey water use potential as an alternative source for freshproduce production Greywater in irrigation agriculture has potential to improve foodsecurity. Extensive research needed3
Project objectives Long term objective Improving livelihoods of peri-urban population Short term objectives Evaluating the effect of irrigating with grey water on soilwater dynamics and crop production Evaluate irrigation system efficiency4
Methodology Baseline survey on: Literature review on existing knowledge on greywater reusefor irrigation Synthesis of current state of knowledge on grey-waterirrigation Questionnaire construction/wording Questionnaire administration Site selectionGrey water system installation: Reticulation SystemGrey water system installation: Irrigation SystemTrainingEvaluation of grey water system useFinal report5
Literature review : legal status The current legislation does not separate greywater fromwastewater, particularly on its disposal and usageThe legal use of greywater for irrigation remains ambiguouswith reference to the existing legislation (i.e. National WaterAct and National Building Regulation)The greywater use guidelines remain in doubt as long as thestatus of greywater use in terms of the NWA is not clarified (SAspecific)The National Building Regulations (NBR) does not definegreywater separately, but considers it as wastewater irrigationin the national health guidelines6
Literature review :legal status The revised General Authorization (GA) allows for irrigationwith “biodegradable industrial wastewater” resulting from a listof industrial activities as specified in the legislation,Existing legislation does not specifically exclude the use ofgreywater for irrigationClarity is still sought for the future by explicit definition ofgreywater, for a clear legal position of use of greywater forirrigation.7
Literature review :challenges and opportunitiesPublic health concerns: Same contaminants as sewage water but NO documentedconcerns traced to greywaterPublic perception: Perceived to be unsafe and unhealthy Indication of reduced standards of livingBUT, with adequate information about benefits, greywaterreuse has huge potentialGreywater as percentage of total water use: Proportions vary with household and by country Need research to ascertain these proportions8
Community survey: farmers consultationsInterviews9
Community survey: farmers consultationsInterviews10
Community survey: farmers consultationsCrops11
Community survey: farmers consultationsCrops12
Survey results: education alSchooling13%Non-matriculate18%ABET61% 61 % of the respondents have gone through Adult BasicEducation and Training (ABET) while very few (4 %) of them have attained diplomasand technical certificates. These results indicate that the training of greywaterreuse to the communities is achievable13
Survey results:views on using greywaterDon’t knowProblems may arise over time with its useIt can be used without a problem0 1020304050RESPONDENT (%)607065 % of the respondents feel greywater may be reusedwithout any problemsWhile 22 % indicated that greywater reuse may comewith problems, andThe rest had no idea of the impact of greywater reuse.14
Survey results: water saving strategies60RESPONDENT (%)50403020100Use less Harvest rain RecycleIncreasewaterwatergreywater the price ofwaterWaterrationingOther About 55% of the respondents indicated greywaterrecycling as an option to save water Rainwater harvesting was the second common watersaving strategy of choice in Tshwane Municipality.15
Survey results: conclusion The survey revealed a positive potential to introducegreywater reuse to the communities of GautengProvince, given the following: literacy level the availability of greywater the desire to use greywater as a water savingstrategy their experience in reusing greywater for irrigationand the existing knowledge on the potential negativeand positive impact of greywater reuse16
Sites selected: before InstallationsSoshanguve YNelmaphiusKlipfontein plot17
Construction work: greywater systemFilterSubmersible pump18
Testing of pumps and installed reticulation systems19
Complete greywater system20
Progress: data collection Data loggers Sensors– Moisture– Electrical Conductivity– Temperature Recordings(at an hourlybasis)21
Sensor positioning and drying patternsSensor PositionsEmitterDriplineDepth below ground level10 cm10 cm10 cm10 cm10 cm22
Progress: more data to be collectedGrey Water QualitypHDO(mg/L)EC(mS/cm)Alk.(mg/L mg/L)TSS(mg/L)TDS(mg/L)NO3(mg/L)IndicationSoil QualityAggregate StabilityEarthwormsParticulate Organic MatterPotentially Mineralizable NitrogenReactive CarbonSoil CrustsSoil EnzymesSoil NitrateSoil pHSoil RespirationSoil StructureMacroporesTotal Exchange Capacity(TEC)Total Organic CarbonIndication23
Conclusion Positive potential to introduce greywater reuse tothe communities of Gauteng Province Continued research important More extensive survey would reveal statisticallysignificant results24
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Gauteng Department ofAgriculture and Rural Development (GDARD) for fundingthis project, and Agricultural Research Council (ARC) forproviding us with support needed to execute this project. And the authors would further like to say thanks to theGDARD Project manager, Phuti Mabokela for supportingthe project.25
THANK YOU26
Survey results:views on using greywater 14 65 % of the respondents feel greywater may be reused without any problems While 22 % indicated that greywater reuse may come with problems, and The rest had no idea of the impact of greywater reuse. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 It can be used without a problem Problems may arise over time with .
3.7 Location of Greywater Diverter Device Zone 5 3.7.1 Greywater Diverter Device Power Supply 6 3.7.2 Reflux Valve 6 3.8 Common Trenching 6 3.9 Greywater Irrigation Top Up 6 3.9.1 Top Up Water Source 6 3.9.2 Connection to the Greywater Sanitary Drainage Plumbing 7 3.10 Greywater Irrigation 7 4.
1. To collect greywater (bathroom, sinks, and water runoffs). 2. To store greywater. 3. To treat greywater. 4. To transport greywater to surface level. 5. To distribute the greywater to the corn field and/or the tree nursery. 1.3.3 Secondary Functions 6. To separate solid waste from greywater. 7. To convert solar energy into electrical energy. 8.
Development of resource guidelines for greywater use and management . Agenda for workshop 1 1. Welcome and introductions 2. Background to project - status quo / definitions . Greywater recycling 8 Source: Ana Delétic . Simple home-based greywater systems 9 Photos courtesy: Kevin Winter . Combined rain- and greywater harvesting 10 .
5.3 Greywater Treatment Plants in Ashram Schools, Madhya Pradesh 38 5.4 Greywater Recycling System at Hotels in Kerala 39 5.5 5.6 Greywater Tower Demonstration Project in Kitgum Town Council, Uganda 39 Greywater Reuse in Norway 40 6.0 Policies and Regulation 40 6.1 Overview of Greywater Policies, Regulations, and Laws around the World 40
3.2 Awareness of the public regarding the advantages of greywater reuse, their opinion about the quality of treated greywater, and determining the current situation concerning the reuse of greywater The study revealed that 53.9% of water consumers have some knowledge, regardless of the level, about greywater reuse in houses, whereas 46.1% had none.
This manual will focus on greywater treatment and its use as an alternative water resource in rural areas. Greywater is commonly defined as wastewater generated from bathroom, laundry and kitchen. Due to rapid industrialization and development, there is an increased opportunity for greywater reuse in developing countries such as India.
Barriers to uptake of greywater technology in WA. 1. Onerous, lengthy and costly approval process Greywater system approval by DoH Submit application form & fee to local Government authority. Receive 'Approval to install'. Install greywater system by specialized contractor & plumber Pay fee and receive 'Permit to Use' after on-site
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