Doctor Of Philosophy In Agriculture (Soil And .
INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR SOILFERTILITY AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY OF WATERERODED LANDS AT DISTRICT SWATBYMOHAMMAD NAEEMA dissertation submitted to the NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar inpartial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree ofDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE(SOIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE)DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESFACULTY OF CROP PRODUCTION SCIENCESNWFP AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYPESHAWAR, PAKISTANAUGUST, 2009
INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR SOILFERTILITY AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY OF WATERERODED LANDS AT DISTRICT SWATBYMUHAMMAD NAEEMA dissertation submitted to the NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar inpartial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree ofDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE(SOIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES)APPROVED BY:Prof. Dr. Farmanullah KhanChairman Supervisory CommitteeProf. Dr. M. Jamal KhanMemberProf. Dr. Amanullah JanDepartment of AgronomyMemberProf. Dr. Sajida PerveenChairperson and Convener Board of StudiesProf. Dr. M. Sarirullah SarirDean Faculty of Crop Production SciencesProf. Dr. M. Jamal KhanDirector Advanced Studies & ResearchDEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESFACULTY OF CROP PRODUCTION SCIENCESNWFP AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYPESHAWAR-PAKISTANAUGUST 2009i
Dedicated toMy sweet&Loving parentsii
VITAThe author was born on June 12th, 1978 at Mingora, Swat, NWFP, Pakistan.He completed his secondary education in 1994 from Government High School No. 1Mingora, Swat, and then higher secondary from Govt. Jehanzeb Post GraduateCollege Said-u-Sharif, Swat in 1996. He obtained the degree of Bachelor of Science(Hons) in Agriculture with specialization in Soil & Environmental Sciences in 2001and then Master of Science (Hons) in Agriculture with specialization in Soil &Environmental Sciences from NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar in 2003. Theauthor also obtained a formal training for a period of six months in 2008 at theUniversity of Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom under the supervision of Dr. DavidLeonard Jones as a beneficiary of HEC Scheme “International Research SupportInitiative Program”.Recently, the author has joined NWFP Agricultural Research System asResearch Officer and performing his duties in Agricultural Research Institute,Mingora, Swat.(Muhammad Naeem)iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI thank the ALLAH ALMIGHTY, the most beneficent and the most mercifulfor the successful accomplishment of this piece of research. I also offer my humblestthanks to the holy prophet “Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him)”, who is forevera source of guidance and inspiration for the whole humanity.It is hard to find words of appropriate dimensions to express my gratitude tomy worthy advisor Dr. Farmanullah Khan, Professor, Department of Soil andEnvironmental Sciences, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar for his keeninterest, useful suggestions, consistent encouragement, intensive teaching, dynamicsupervision and friendly behaviour, without which this work would have never beenmaterialized.Heartfelt thanks are extended to the members of my supervisory committee,Dr. M. Jamal Khan, Professor, Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences andDr. Amanullah Jan, Professor, Department of Agronomy for their valuablesuggestions, untiring help, guidance and timely correction in this manuscript.I would like to pay my tributes to Professor Dr. Sajida Perveen, ChairpersonDepartment of Soil and Environmental Sciences, NWFP Agricultural University,Peshawar, whose dynamic supervision, and encouragement even in the midst of hermultifarious duties this research work became easy for me to complete.I also feel highly privileged to express heartfelt thanks to Dr. M. SarirrullahSarir, Dean Faculty of Crop production Sciences; and Dr. Mohammad Jamal Khan,Director Advanced Studies and Research, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawarfor their kind supervision, administrative and academic support and sincerecooperation.Thanks are also extended to all teaching staff of the Department of Soil andEnvironmental Sciences, for their kind help and cooperation. I highly admire all myfriends and colleagues for their support, help and good wishes, which made thisdissertation a success.Finally, I would feel incomplete without extending thanks to all my familymembers for their prayers, sacrifices and understanding, which enabled me tocomplete this project successfully. I can never compensate their unlimited love andkindness.(Muhammad Naeem)
TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES . iLIST OF FIGURES . ixABSTRACT .xvii1. INTRODUCTION . 12. REVIEW OF LITERATURE . 62.1.2.2.2.3.2.4.2.5.2.6.2.7.Soil erosion . 6Global extent of soil erosion . 8Erosion and soil fertility. 11Erosion and crop productivity. 13Erosion control . 16Fertility restoration. 17Integrated Nutrient Management . 182.7.1. Soil fertility restoration through fertilizers . 192.7.2. Restoration through fallow management . 272.7.3. Farmyard manure and residue management . 283. MATERIALS AND METHODS . 443.1.3.2.3.3.3.4.3.5.3.6.3.7.Selection of sites . 44Criteria for measuring degree of erosion . 44Soil analysis before the experiments. 45Characteristics of soil amendments . 46Field experiments . 46Experimental layout . 47Laboratory procedures . 493.7.1. Determination of mineral N and NH4-N in soil . 493.7.2. Determination of organic C in soil. 503.7.3. Determination of total N in soil and plant samples. 503.7.4. Determination of total phosphorus in plant samples. 503.7.5. Determination of total potassium in plant samples . 503.7.6. Determination of available water holding capacity (AWHC) . 513.7.7. Determination of soil microbiological properties . 513.8. Statistical analysis . 534. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS . 554.1. Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management on soil physical,chemical and biological properties . 554.1.1. Guljaba (slightly eroded soil). 554.1.2. Gado (moderately eroded soil). 784.1.3. Kotlai (severely eroded soil) . 1004.2. Discussion . 1234.3. Spatial and temporal changes in soil properties . 1324.4. Discussion . 1444.4.1. Spatial changes in soil properties . 1444.4.2. Temporal changes in soil properties . 147i
4.5. Effect of fertilizer treatments and residue management practices on cropproductivity . 1484.5.1. Guljaba (slightly eroded soil). 1484.5.2. Gado (moderately eroded soil). 1544.5.3. Kotlai (severely eroded soil) . 1604.6. Discussion . 1664.6.1. Effect of fertilizer treatments . 1664.6.2. Effect of residue management practices . 1674.7. Effect of fertilizer treatments and residue management practices on cropuptake . 1674.7.1. Guljaba (slightly eroded soil). 1674.7.2. Gado (moderately eroded soil). 1734.7.3. Kotlai (severely eroded soil) . 1774.8. Discussion . 1824.8.1. Effect of fertilizer treatments . 1824.8.2. Effect of residue management practices . 1834.9. Economic analysis of fertilizer use on wheat . 1844.10. Economic analysis of residues management practices . 1845. SUMMARY . 1926. CONCLUSIONS. 1977. RECOMMENDATIONS . 1998. LITERATURE CITED . 200LITERATURE CITED . 222ii
LIST OF TABLESTable 1:Locations of experimental sites44Table 2:Criteria for measuring degree of erosion44Table 3:Soil series and USDA taxonomic classes of the three sites.45Table 4:Soil analysis of experimental sites before the experiment45Table 5:Characteristics of the soil amendments used in the experiment46Table 6:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil pH(1:5) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and sub-surfacesoils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons56Table 7:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil EC(1:5) (dS m-1) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and subsurface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons58Table 8:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil organic matter (g kg-1) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) andsub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljaba overseasons60Table 9:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson AB-DTPA extractable K (mg kg-1) at surface (0-20 cm soildepth) and sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljabaover seasons62Table 10:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson AB-DTPA extractable P (mg kg-1) at surface (0-20 cm soildepth) and sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljabaover seasons64Table 11:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil mineral N (µg g-1) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and subsurface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons66Table 12:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil bulk density (Mg m-3) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) andsub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljaba overseasons68Table 13:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil AWHC (g kg-1) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and subsurface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons70Table 14:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil total N (g kg-1) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and subsurface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons72Table 15:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson cumulative CO2 evolved during 2, 5, 10 and 15 days incubationat surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and sub-surface soils (20-45 cmsoil depth) of site Guljaba74iii
Table 16:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson microbial biomass C and N and mineralizable C and N atsurface (0-20 cm soil depth) and sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soildepth) of site Guljaba76Table 17:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil pH at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and sub-surface soils(20-45 cm soil depth) of site Gado over seasons79Table 18:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil EC(1:5) (dS m-1) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and subsurface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Gado over seasons81Table 19:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil organic matter (g kg-1) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) andsub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Gado over seasons83Table 20:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson AB-DTPA Extractable K (mg kg-1) at surface (0-20 cm soildepth) and sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Gadoover seasons85Table 21:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson AB-DTPA Extractable P (mg kg-1) at surface (0-20 cm soildepth) and sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Gadoover seasons87Table 22:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil mineral N (µg g-1) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and subsurface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Gado over seasons88Table 23:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil bulk density (Mg m-3) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) andsub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Gado over seasons90Table 24:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil AWHC (g kg-1) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and subsurface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Gado over seasons92Table 25:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil total N (g kg-1) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and subsurface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Gado over seasons94Table 26:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson cumulative CO2 (µg CO2 g-1) evolved during 2, 5, 10 and 15days incubation at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and sub-surfacesoils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Gado96Table 27:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson microbial biomass C and N and mineralizable C and N (µg g-1)at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and sub-surface soils (20-45 cmsoil depth) of site Gado98Table 28:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil pH at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and sub-surface soils(20-45 cm soil depth) of site Kotlai over seasons101iv
Table 29:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil EC(1:5) (dS m-1) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and subsurface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Kotlai over seasons103Table 30:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil organic matter (g kg-1) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) andsub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Kotlai over seasons105Table 31:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson AB-DTPA Extractable K (mg kg-1) at surface (0-20 cm soildepth) and sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Kotlaiover seasons107Table 32:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson AB-DTPA Extractable P (mg kg-1) at surface (0-20 cm soildepth) and sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Kotlaiover seasons109Table 33:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil mineral N (µg g-1) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and subsurface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Kotlai over seasons111Table 34:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil bulk density (Mg m-3) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) andsub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Kotlai over seasons113Table 35:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil AWHC (g kg-1) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and subsurface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Kotlai over seasons115Table 36:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson soil total N (g kg-1) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and subsurface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Kotlai over seasons117Table 37:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson cumulative CO2 (µg CO2 g-1) evolved during 2, 5, 10 and 15days incubation at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and sub-surfacesoils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Kotlai119Table 38:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson microbial biomass C and N and mineralizable C and N (µg g-1)at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and sub-surface soils (20-45 cmsoil depth) of site Kotlai121Table 39:Surface and sub-surface soil pH(1:5) of site Gado, Guljaba andKotlai over seasons133Table 40:Surface and sub-surface soil EC(1:5) of site Gado, Guljaba andKotlai over seasons134Table 41:Surface and sub-surface soil organic matter of sites Gado, Guljabaand Kotlai over seasons135Table 42:Surface and sub-surface AB-DTPA Extractable Potassium of siteGado, Guljaba and Kotlai over seasons136Table 43:Surface and sub-surface soil phosphorus of site Gado, Guljaba andKotlai over seasons137v
Table 44:Surface and sub-surface soil Mineral N (µg g-1) of site Gado,Guljaba and Kotlai over seasons138Table 45:Surface and sub-surface soil bulk density of site Gado, Guljabaand Kotlai over seasons139Table 46:Surface and sub-surface soil AWHC of site Gado, Guljaba andKotlai over seasons140Table 47:Surface and sub-surface soil Total N of site Gado, Guljaba andKotlai over seasons141Table 48:Cumulative CO2 evolved during 2, 5, 10 and 15 days incubationof surface and sub-surface soil at site Gado, Guljaba and Kotlai142Table 49:Microbial biomass C and N and mineralizable C and N at surfaceand sub-surface soil of site Gado, Guljaba and Kotlai143Table 50:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson biological yield (kg ha-1) of wheat over time at site Guljaba148Table 51:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson grain yield (kg ha-1) of wheat over time at site Guljaba149Table 52:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson straw yield (kg ha-1) of wheat over time at site Guljaba151Table 53:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson harvest index (%) of wheat over time at site Guljaba152Table 54:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson 1000-grain weight (g) of wheat over time at site Guljaba153Table 55:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson biological yield (kg ha-1) of wheat over time at site Gado154Table 56:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson grain yield (kg ha-1) of wheat over time at site Gado155Table 57:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson straw yield (kg ha-1) of wheat over time at site Gado157Table 58:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson harvest index (%) of wheat over time at site Gado158Table 59:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson 1000 grain wt (g) of wheat over time at site Gado159Table 60:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson biological yield (kg ha-1) of wheat over time at site Kotlai160Table 61:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson grain yield (kg ha-1) of wheat over time at site Kotlai161Table 62:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson straw yield (kg ha-1) of wheat over time at site Kotlai163Table 63:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson harvest index (%) of wheat over time at site Kotlai164Table 64:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practices165vi
on 1000 grain wt (g) of wheat over time at site KotlaiTable 65:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson plant-P concentration (g kg-1 DM) of wheat over time at siteGuljaba168Table 66:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson plant-P concentration (g kg-1 DM) of wheat over time at siteGuljaba169Table 67:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson grain-N concentration (g kg-1 DM) of wheat over time at siteGuljaba171Table 68:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson grain-P concentration (g kg-1 DM) of wheat over time at siteGuljaba172Table 69:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson plant-P concentration (g kg-1 DM) of wheat over time at siteGado173Table 70:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson plant-P concentration (g kg-1 DM) of wheat over time at siteGado174Table 71:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson N-Grain (g kg-1 DM) of wheat over time at site Gado176Table 72:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson P-Grain (g kg-1 DM) of wheat over time at site Gado177Table 73:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson plant-P concentration (g kg-1 DM) of wheat over time at siteKotlai178Table 74:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson plant-P concentration (g kg-1 DM) of wheat over time at siteKotlai179Table 75:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson grain-N concentration (g kg-1 DM) of wheat over time at siteKotlai181Table 76:Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practiceson grain-P concentration (g kg-1 DM) of wheat over time at siteKotlai182Table 77:Economic analysis of organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments atsite Guljaba186Table 78:Economic analysis of organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments atsite Gado187Table 79:Economic analysis of organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments atsite Kotlai188Table 80:Economic analysis of residues management practices at siteGuljaba189vii
Table 81:Economic analysis of residues management practices at site Gado190Table 82:Economic analysis of residues management practices at site Kotlai191viii
LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1Effect of fertilizer treatments on soil pH(1:5) at (a) surface (0-20cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) ofsite Guljaba over seasons. Error bars show standard errors ofmeans.57Fig. 2Effect of residues management practices on soil pH(1:5) at (a)surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cmsoil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons57Fig. 3Effect of fertilizer treatments on soil EC(1:5) (dS m-1) at (a) surface(0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth)of site Guljaba over seasons59Fig. 4Effect of residues management practices on soil EC(1:5) (dS m-1) at(a) surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cmsoil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons59Fig. 5Effect of fertilizer treatments on soil organic matter (g kg-1) at (a)surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cmsoil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons61Fig. 6Effect of residues management practices on soil organic matter (gkg-1) at (a) surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils(20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons61Fig. 7Effect of fertilizer treatments on AB-DTPA extractable K (mg kg-1)at (a) surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45cm soil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons63Fig. 8Effect of residues management practices on AB-DTPA extractableK (mg kg-1) at (a) surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surfacesoils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons63Fig. 9Effect of fertilizer treatments on AB-DTPA extractable P at (a)surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cmsoil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons65Fig. 10Effect of residues management practices on AB-DTPA extractableP (mg kg-1) at (a) surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surfacesoils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons65Fig. 11Effect of fertilizer treatments on soil mineral N (µg g-1) at (a)surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cmsoil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons67Fig. 12Effect of residues management practices on soil mineral N (µg g-1)at (a) surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45cm soil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons67Fig. 13Effect of fertilizer treatments on soil bulk density (Mg m-3) at (a)surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cmsoil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons69Fig. 14Effect of residues management practices on soil bulk density (Mgm-3) at (a) surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils69ix
(20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljaba over seasonsFig. 15Effect of fertilizer treatments on soil AWHC (g kg-1) at (a) surface(0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth)of site Guljaba over seasons71Fig. 16Effect of residues management practices on soil AWHC (g kg-1) at(a) surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cmsoil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons71Fig. 17Effect of fertilizer treatments on soil total N (g kg-1) at (a) surface(0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth)of site Guljaba over seasons73Fig. 18Effect of residues management practices on soil total N (g kg-1) at(a) surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cmsoil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons73Fig. 19Effect of fertilizer treatments on cumulative CO2 evolved during 2,5, 10 and 15 days incubation at (a) surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and(b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljaba74Fig. 20Effect of residues management practices on cumulative CO2evolved during 2, 5, 10 and 15 days incubation at (a) surface (0-20cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) ofsite Guljaba75Fig. 21Effect of (a) fertilizer treatments and (b) residues managementpractices on microbial biomass C at surface (0-20 cm soil depth)and sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljaba75Fig. 22Effect of (a) fertilizer treatments and (b) residues managementpractices on microbial biomass N at surface (0-20 cm soil depth)and sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljaba77Fig. 23Effect of (a) fertilizer treatments and (b) residues managementpractices on mineralizable C at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) andsub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljaba77Fig. 24Effect of (a) fertilizer treatments and (b) residues managementpractices on mineralizable N at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) andsub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljaba78Fig. 25Effect of fertilizer treatments on soil pH at (a) surface (0-20 cm soildepth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Gadoover seasons80Fig. 26Effect of residues management practices on soil pH at (a) surface(0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth)of site Gado over seasons80Fig. 27Effect of fertilizer treatments on soil EC(1:5) (dS m-1) at (a) surface(0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth)of site Gado over seasons81Fig. 28Effect of residues management practices on soil EC(1:5) (dS m-1) at(a) surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cmsoil depth) of site Gado over seasons82x
Fig. 29Effect of fertilizer treatments on soil organic matter (g kg-1) at (a)surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45 cmsoil depth) of site Gado over seasons82Fig. 30Effect of residues management practices on soil organic matter (gkg-1) at (a) surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils(20-45 cm soil depth) of site Gado over seasons84Fig. 31Effect of fertilizer treatments on AB-DTPA Extractable K (mg kg1) at (a) surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (2045 cm soil depth) of site Gado over seasons85Fig. 32Effect of residues management practices on AB-DTPA ExtractableK (mg kg-1) at (a) surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surfacesoils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Gado over seasons86Fig. 33Effect of fertilizer treatments on AB-DTPA Extractable P (mg kg-1)at (a) surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and (b) sub-surface soils (20-45cm soil depth) of site Gado over seasons86Fig. 34Effect of resid
Table 6: Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practices on soil pH(1:5) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and sub-surface soils (20-45 cm soil depth) of site Guljaba over seasons 56 Table 7: Effect of fertilizer treatments and residues management practices on soil EC(1:5) (dS m-1) at surface (0-20 cm soil depth) and sub-
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