Digitalization As An Enabler For A Robust, Flexible And . - USNT
An HP system control based onsolar gain prediction p. 18Controller-in-the-loop, tooptimize HP systems p. 22IEAHPTStrategic Outlookfrom China p. 14Heat Pumping TechnologiesMAGAZINEA HEAT PUMP CENTRE PRODUCTDigitalization as an enablerfor a robust, flexible andsustainable energy systemHATEF MADANI, KTH, SWEDEN, AND AIT, AUSTRIA”WE SHOULD START THE PROCESS BY IDENTIFYINGTHE MAJOR PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES ANDTHEN USE DIGITALIZATION AS A TOOL TOWARDS AMORE SUSTAINABLE FUTURE.”VOL.38 NO 3/2020ISSN 2002-018X
Heat Pumping TechnologiesMAGAZINEVOL.38 NO.1/2020In this issueDigitalization is an enabler in many areas. And the energysystem is, of course, no exception. With digitalization theenergy system could become even more robust, flexibleand sustainable. This issue of the HPT Magazine focuses onthe possibilities of digitalization in relation to heat pumpingtechnologies.The Foreword points out that the term “digitalization”is commonly used, but not always strictly defined. Andthat such technologies might indeed improve the performance of more mature technologies, if we understand howto make them cooperate.In one of the topical articles, digitalization is used forreaching energy costs savings. It describes a project wherea control algorithm is developed, predicting solar energygains. This leads to lowered costs for energy, keeping inhabitants' comfort intact. The other topical article investigates the so-called controller-in-the-loop approach to testingof heat pumping system controllers. This type of testing isless costly than prototype testing, and closer to real operation than software testing.In this issue, you can also read about how the marketfor heat pumps is developing in China, in the StrategicOutlook. One driver is the coal-to-electricity project. Thegovernment is supporting the initiative, and the future forheat pumps in China looks good.3 Foreword: Digitalization as a problem solving tool,by Hatef Madani4 Column: Heat pumps are at the centre of the energytransition by Wim Boydens and Lieve Helsen5 HPT News7 Ongoing Annexes in HPT TCP14 Strategic Outlook: Heat pump market development inChina, by Lingyan YangTopical Articles18 A heat pump system control based on solar gainprediction, by Davide Rolando and Hatef Madani22 Controller-in-the-loop - New ways of optimizingcosts and quality of heat pump systems,by Andreas Sporr and Michael Lauermann27 Events28 National Team ContactsDon’t forget to make room in your calendar for the 13thIEA Heat Pump Conference in April. It will also be availableonline!Enjoy your reading!Johan Berg, EditorHeat Pump Centre- the central communication activity of Technology CollaborationProgramme on Heat Pumping Technologies (HPT TCP)Copyright:Copyright: HeatPumpCentre IEAHeatPumpCentre(HPC)AllAll rightsrights reserved.reserved. NoNo partpart ofof thisthis publipublicationcation maymay bebe reproduced,reproduced, storedstored inin aa reretrievaltrieval system,system, oror transmittedtransmitted inin anyany formformoror byby anyany means,means, electronic,electronic, mechanical,mechanical,photocopying,photocopying, recordingrecording oror otherwise,otherwise,withoutwithout priorprior writtenwritten permissionpermission ofof re,Borås,Sweden.PublishedHeatPumpCentrePublished byby IEAHeatPumpCentrec/oc/o RISERISE -- ResearchResearch InstitutesInstitutes ofof Sweden,Sweden,BoxBox 857,857, SE-501SE-501 1515 Borås,Borås, SwedenSwedenPhone: 46105165512Phone: 46 10 516 53 42DisclaimerHPCDisclaimer IEAHPC:NeitherHeatPumpCentre,Neither thethe IEAHeatPumpCentre,nor noranyanypersonactingonbehalf:its behalf:personactingon itsAllHeatAll informationinformation producedproduced byby IEAHeatPumpPumpfalls underthe jurisdictionCentreCentrefalls underthe jurisdictionofofSwedishlaw.Swedish law. ePOPO BoxBox 857,857, S-501S-501 1515 BORÅSBORÅSSWEDENSWEDENTel:Tel: 46-10-516 46-10-516 5553 1242hpc@heatpumpcentre.orghpc@heatpumpcentre.org makesmakes anyany warrantywarranty ororrepresentation,representation,expressexpress oror implied,implied, withwith respectrespect totothethe accuracyaccuracy ofof thethe information,information,opinionopinion oror statementstatement bilityassumes any responsibility ororliabilityliability withwith respectrespect toto thethe useuse of,of,ordamagesresultingfrom,or damages resulting from, thetheuseofthisinformationuse of this chnologies.orgEditorEditor inin chief:chief: MonicaMonica AxellAxellTechnicalBenson,Technical editors:editors: gnor, Tommy Walfridson, SofiaStensson- RISE -JohanResearchMartin Larsson,Berg,Institutes ofSweden.Ulrica Örnemar, Kerstin Rubenson,- Heat Pump Centre.Caroline Haglund Stignor, Johan Berg,CarolineStenvall- IEA Heat Pump CentreFront page:ShutterstockLanguage editing: Teknotrans ABFront page reference:Image from RotterdamISSN 2002-018Xhttps://doi.org/10.23697/ghpg-6t61ISSN 2002-018X
FOREWORDDigitalization as a problem solving toolThe future energy systems are commonly associated withdigitalization, large scale electrification, and increase in renewable energy deployment. The scenario of electrification andhigher share of renewable energy can be strongly supported byfast growing diffusion of electrically driven heat pumps, electriccars, solar photovoltaics (PV), and wind turbines. However, theterm digitalization is an overused buzzword that we have usuallycome across in events, scientific articles, and popular magazines,not only concerned with energy but also in all other sectors. Dowe really know exactly what digitalization means? Can we digitalize our energy systems simply by adding sensors or switchingour machines on/off via our mobile phones? Would it make thatsystem “smarter”? I am neither able nor eager to answer thisrather philosophical question here. But I would like to rephrase this question to ask “what majorproblems in the future energy systems can be solved through digitalization?” Seeing digitalization through the lens of problem-solving can support the emergence of innovative technicalsolutions and business models for our current and future challenges.Heat pumps use a mature technology that provide both heating and cooling. There has beenconsiderable improvement in design and operation of heat pumps at the component’s levelduring the last decades. The efficiency improvement of the components over several decadeshas made heat pumps a competitive technology at the global level from a techno-economicperspective. Although innovation neither stops nor ask for permission, economic barriers discourage further minor improvements at the component level. However, there is a huge potentialin system integration and control to gain higher efficiency and reach lower operating cost, wheredigitalization plays a pivotal role. Digitalization can enable the exploitation of the synergiesbetween heat pumps and other components of urban energy systems, and couple the heatingand cooling to other sectors in a more efficient way. It is necessary to facilitate better communication between energy grids and heat pumps in our future urban energy systems. The tremendous amounts of data and computing power embedded in the technologies that we use in ourdaily life opens new doors to more integrated, interactive, and adaptive solutions.It is understandable that we are all fascinated by AI techniques, Machine Learning, IoT and otherelements of the so-called hype cycle of emerging digital technologies. However, we should notforget that heat pumps, as well as all the technologies associated to “digitalization”, are merelytools to provide comfort, fulfilling our specific needs and solving our problems. Moreover,“big data” can be really useful only if we really know how to use it. We should all avoid to start theprocess by describing cool or innovative “digital” solutions. Instead, we should start the processby identifying the major problems and challenges and then use digitalization as a tool towardsa more sustainable future.Hatef MadaniAssociate Professor, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SwedenSenior Scientist, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, AustriaVOL.38 NO 3/2020 HPT MAGAZINE3
COLUMNHeat pumps are at the centre of the energytransitionThe energy transition towards a decarbonized society sets challenges that sound like music for systemintegrators. Solutions need a holistic approach, which is much more than optimizing individual components or making all these components work nicely together. The value lies in the right concept, startingfrom the context and aiming for maximum well-being of people and nature.At the building level, an example of such an extremely efficient, renewable and flexible concept is thefocus of the EU project hybridGEOTABS (http://www.hybridgeotabs.eu/). A geothermal (GEO) heat pump iscoupled to thermally activated building systems (TABS), and complemented by a fast secondary system, ifthe building or context demands this. This could be an air-source heat pump combined with local water/aircoils, targeting a fossil-free concept. The ground acts as a renewable source that is automatically preparedfor the next season, allowing highly efficient direct cooling in summer, and the heat pump works veryefficiently since it is coupled to low-temperature heating and high-temperature cooling TABS (e.g. concretecore activation), which guarantees a comfortable indoor climate by using model predictive control. Thanksto the TABS’ thermal inertia, these heat pumps can also offer flexibility to the electricity market by demandresponse. Sounds like the perfect marriage, doesn’t it?Whatever future-proof concept pops up, it is clear that the heat pump will play a crucial role. Will thermalnetworks push heat pumps out of the market? Not at all! Thermal networks and heat pumps go hand inhand, especially if we take the CO2 emission reduction targets seriously, since these targets will requireseasonal thermal energy storage (for city districts typically in a collective way) as well as upgrading heat/cold. Not only will the share in renewable energy sources increase significantly, but also residual energysources will be upgraded and used, limiting thermal pollution. We group them together as Residual andRenewable Energy Sources, R2ES, the future-proof energy sources.Moreover, being fed by electricity and generating heat/cold very efficiently, the heat pump connects multiple energy vectors in a natural way. As such, demand response measures only need the smart controllersand markets to be massively deployed. From an energy quality (exergy) point of view, the heat pumpsand solar thermal collectors are the only logical choices to heat buildings or generate low-temperatureindustrial heat. Why burn fuels (even carbon-free) at high temperature to provide low-temperature heat?Let us keep these precious fuels for the processes that need them and that have no alternatives (such assome industrial processes, heavy road/maritime transport). It is not about choosing one technology or oneenergy vector, we’ll need them all, each of them integrated in the global system and each of them optimized for the application it is best suited for. Together they’ll be the solution.It is up to us, academics and practitioners, to share our expertise, inspire each other and advise policymakers to make the right choices for the applications envisaged. We warmly invite you to the BuildingSimulation 2021 Conference (www.bs2021.org) to get together, since together we stand tall.LIEVE HELSENProfessor, Faculty of Engineering Science,KU Leuven – EnergyVille, Belgium4HPT MAGAZINE VOL.38 NO 3/2020WIM BOYDENSBoydens Engineering and Visiting Professor,Ghent University, Belgium
HEAT PUMPING TECHNOLOGIES NEWSWelcome to the 13th IEA Heat Pump Conference, 2021Date:26-29APRIL 2021Online platform will be provided forthe 13th IEA Heat Pump ConferenceThe 13th IEA Heat Pump Conference (HPC2020) will takeplace on April 26-29, 2021, as announced in the previousissue of the HPT Magazine. The conference venue willbe Ramada Plaza Hotel Jeju, Korea.However, due to the corona virus outbreak, there will alsobe an online platform for those who cannot attend theconference physically. Thus, we are aiming for a hybrid conference.Still, a number of changes along with the transitionof the conference are under discussion. Detailed updates and changes will be announced promptly on theconference website http://www.hpc2020.org and viawww.heatpumpingtechnologies.org.Although the conference has changed several times, weappreciate your patience, understanding and strong support of the HPC 2020. We hope you stay safe and healthy,and we are looking forward to seeing you at the conference!For authors, the full paper submission is due on November30, 2020 as announced previously. So authors may submitnew papers, and may also revise the submitted ones withadditional information by this due date. This is the detailedsubmission schedule:» November 30, 2020 Full Paper Submission Due» December 20, 2020 Full Paper Review done,Announcement to authors of accepted papers» January 15, 2021 Final Full Paper Submission Due(for the new submitted papers)» February 28, 2021 Pre-registration DueVOL.38 NO 3/2020 HPT MAGAZINE5
HEAT PUMPING TECHNOLOGIES NEWSThe role of heat pumps in a net-zeroemissions energy systemFig. 1.At the recent meeting of the Executive Committee(ExCo) of the HPT, Thibaut Abergel made a presentationon the cooperation between the IEA and HPT. Part of thisspeech also focused on the recently released publication Energy Technology Perspectives 2020 (ETP 2020), inwhich the work of HPT was integrated to define the roleof heat pumps in a net-zero emissions energy system.In ETP 2020, the IEA sets out a pathway to reach a net-zeroemissions energy sector by 2070: a Sustainable Development Scenario, compatible with the Paris Agreement andother Sustainable Development Goals. The wealth of information that feeds into this scenario – including the analysisand modelling of over 800 technology designs – could haveonly been possible thanks to its Technology CollaborationProgrammes, of which HPT provided significant input.Achieving net-zero emissions buildings while ensuringenergy security relies on three pillars, namelya) deployment of early adoption technologies;b) buildings integration with the energy system; andc) clean energy innovation.Heat pumping technologies are at the forefront of pillara). They are already well settled in the new constructionmarket in many countries around the globe, and can beapplied to many types of buildings and climates. Heatpumps also offer the possibility to enhance the flexibilityof heating provision and meet pillar b) objectives. Systemsintegrating storage units and/or controls can deliver ondemand-side response services, while heat pumps indistrict energy systems can provide flexibility at the utilityscale. For pillar c), projects under HPT Annexes show howinnovative heat pumps are essential to ensure scalability.Sales of heating equipment for buildings still are dominated by fossil fuels today (Figure 1). However, heat pumpsbecome the primary heating and hot water provider toresidential and commercial buildings in the SustainableDevelopment Scenario at net-zero emissions.The ETP also found that the demand for cooling will growmuch faster than the demand for heating. Since heatpumps can be reversible, there is a great opportunity totake advantage of cooling demand growth, offering theend-user to use a single piece of equipment, with a dualfunction. Then, economies of scale could generate a “spillover” benefit and make heat pump costs 15% lower thanthey would have been without this market push. Thus,there are a number of synergies to be exploited for the decarbonisation of heating and cooling.Therefore, heat pumping technologies need to become thefirst heating provider for buildings, and policies fosteringmass deployment, integration to the energy system andinnovation are key to achieving this goal.THIBAUT ABERGELDesk officer for the HPT TCP, IEA6HPT MAGAZINE VOL.38 NO 3/2020
HPT TCP ANNEXESOngoing Annexes in HPT TCPThe projects within the HPT TCP are known as Annexes. Participation in an Annex is an efficient way of increasing national knowledge, both regarding the specific project objective, but also by international information exchange. Annexesoperate for a limited period of time, and the objectives may vary from research to implementation of new technology.INDUSTRIALHEAT PUMPS,SECOND PHASE48AT, CH, DE*, DK, FR, JP, UKDESIGN AND INTEGRATION OFHEAT PUMPS FOR nZEB49AT, BE, CH, DE, NO, SE, UK, USHEAT PUMPSIN MULTI-FAMILY BUILDINGSFOR SPACE HEATING AND DHW50AT, CH, DE, FR, IT, NLACOUSTIC SIGNATURE OFHEAT PUMPS51AT, DE, DK, FR, IT, SELONG-TERM MEASUREMENTS OFGSHP SYSTEMS PERFORMANCEIN COMMERCIAL, INSTITUTIONALAND MULTI-FAMILY BUILDINGS52DE , FI, IT, NL, NO, SE, UK, USADVANCED COOLING/REFRIGERATIONTECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPMENT53CN, DE, IT, KR, SE, USHEAT PUMP SYSTEMS WITH LOWGWP REFRIGERANTS54AT, DE, FR, IT, JP, KR, SE, USCOMFORT AND CLIMATE BOX55AT, CA, DE, FR, IT, NL, SE, UK, USINTERNET OF THINGS FORHEAT PUMPS56AT, FR, DE, NO, CHNEW*) Operating Agent from Germany, but no other parties from the country participate.The Technology Collaboration Programme on Heat Pumping Technologies participating countries are:Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Canada (CA), China (CN), Denmark (DK), Finland (FI), France (FR), Germany (DE), Italy (IT), Japan (JP),the Netherlands (NL), Norway (NO), South Korea (KR), Sweden (SE), Switzerland (CH), the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US).Bold, red text indicates Operating Agent (Project Leader).VOL.38 NO 3/2020 HPT MAGAZINE7
HPT TCP ANNEXESANNEX5146ACOUSTICSIGNATURE OFHEAT PUMPSIntroductionTo further increase the acceptance of heat pumps, reduction of acoustic emissions is important. To minimize noiseannoyance, more focus must be put on the acousticemissions at steady state and on the transient behaviourof acoustic signatures during different operating conditions. Placement of the heat pumps is also of utmostimportance, as sound emissions exhibit a pronounceddirectivity. Especially, air to water heat pumps providea convenient and effective way to exploit potentialenergy savings and are often used in retrofit installations, making acoustic improvements crucial due to theirnoise producing components like compressors and fans.During the course of the HPT Annex 51, membershave convened at CETIAT (France), RISE (Sweden), DTI(Denmark) and ISE (Germany), followed by two onlinemeetings with the last one on September 9, 2020. Thiswas the final meeting which focused primarily on thepublication of the promised deliverables, which will beavailable to download by the end of 2020 on the IEA HPTAnnex 51 website.Psychoacoustic tests have been carried out by the Acoustic Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. These will give input to the test design used in Annex51. A joint acoustic data set is currently being analysedusing psychoacoustic hearing tests. The interestingresults will be summarised in a document which will alsobe available for free download.A concluding webinar, guiding through the results of IEAHPT Annex 51, is planned to take place on November30, 2020.Objectives» Increase the acceptance of heat pumps for comfortpurpose with respect to the noise and vibrationemissions;» Increase knowledge and expertise at different levels;» Provide input to national and internationalstandardization;» Preparation of seven Annex meetings; five meetingsheld (Austria Vienna 06-2017, France Lyon 01-2018,Sweden Borås, 06-2018, Denmark Aarhus, 01-2019,Germany Freiburg 10-2019), two online meetings(Internet, 03-2020 and 09-2020);» Workshop on acoustics of heat pumps at the ICR2019in Montreal held; presentation published on the IEAHPT Annex 51 website;» Hold a concluding international webinar as a guidethrough the documents available at the IEA HPT Annex51 website on Monday, November 30, 2020;» Worldwide dissemination to heat pumpmanufacturers;» Generation and distribution of Acoustic Guidelinesfor the different levels (Component, Unit & ApplicationLevel).Fig. 1: COP as a result of the variation of evaporator fan speed while providing constant condenser heating capacity(outside air temperature 7 C, heating water temperature 50 C ). [Source: RWTH Aachen, Germany]8HPT MAGAZINE VOL.38 NO 3/2020
HPT TCP ANNEXESResultsSimultaneous assessment of energetic and acoustic heatpump performanceHeat pumps are a key technology in the energy systemtransformation process in order to decarbonize the heatsupply of the building stock. In addition to the energyand ecologic parameters, the acoustic properties are ofimportance since they are a crucial measure of comfort.Operating air-to-water-heat pumps requires a compressor and a fan. Due to their rotation, both have soundemissions that can be disturbing. Thus, it is necessaryto develop both energy efficient and quiet heat pumps.The following objectives have already been reached:the development of a dynamic simulation model forthe acoustic evaluation of heat pumps, coupling of theacoustic and the energetic model, the parameterisationof the acoustic model to measurement data, and thereduction of acoustic emissions of heat pumps by optimising their operation.and of the evaporator fan. Figure 1 shows this relationship for a normalized fan speed. At constant condenserheating capacity the evaporator fan speed is varied. Thestudy concludes that the COP-optimal operating pointdoes not coincide with the acoustically optimal operating point. This leads to a conflict of objectives betweenacoustically optimal and energetically optimal evaporator fan speeds. However, figure 1 also shows a paretoeffect between energetic efficiency and of acoustic emission: by comparatively small deviations from the energetic optimum, the sound emissions can be reduced significantly. Details have been submitted to the HPC2021conference .Annex /ContactOperating Agent is Christoph Reichl, AIT Austrian Instituteof Technology GmbH, Austria.christoph.reichl@ait.ac.atThe operation of heat pumps can be optimized regarding both energetic performance and acoustic emissions. Hence, we developed a simulation model thatsimultaneously determines both the thermodynamicperformance of the refrigerant circuit and its acousticemissions. The interface between the energetic and theacoustic model is the rotational speed of the compressorINFORMATIONMarket report:Japan p. 23Heat pumps in district heatingand cooling systems p. 27Grid flexible controlof heat pumps p. 31IEAHPTBecome a subscriberHeat Pumping TechnologiesMAGAZINEA HEAT PUMP CENTRE PRODUCTThe Heat Pumping Technologies MagazineThree times a year, the Heat Pump Centre issuesthe Heat Pumping Technologies Magazine.The Magazine can be found at the HPT web siteand is free of charge. At the same time as theMagazine is launched, a Newsletter is distributed.The Newsletter contains shorter versions of theMagazine articles with links to the full Magazineand is a good reminder that there is a newMagazine issue to read.Integration of Heat Pumpsinto the Future Energy SystemSvend Pedersen, OA Annex 47”HEAT PUMPS PHASE OUT FOSSILFUELS FROM THE ENERGY SYSTEM”Read our Magazine andbecome a subscriber at:VOL.38 NO 1/2020ISSN agazine/VOL.38 NO 3/2020 HPT MAGAZINE9
HPT TCP ANNEXESANNEX52LONG-TERM MEASUREMENTSOF GSHP SYSTEMSPERFORMANCE INCOMMERCIAL,INSTITUTIONAL ANDMULTI-FAMILY BUILDINGSIntroductionWith one year left to complete HPT Annex 52 the seven participating countries are compiling the results from the 40 casestudies of long-term monitored GSHP systems into individualcase study reports. The GSHP systems are all serving commercial, institutional or multi-family buildings with heatingand/or cooling systems of varying degrees of complexity.The outcomes from this annex will help building owners,designers and technicians to evaluate, compare and optimize GSHP systems. It will also provide useful guidance tomanufacturers of instrumentation and GSHP system components, and developers of tools for monitoring, controllingand fault detection/diagnosis. This will lead to energy andcost savings.To date, outcomes of the annex include a bibliography withpublished long-term performance analyses of larger GSHPsystems and five published journal papers, of which opensource measurement data are available for two of thepublished case studies. Four conference papers have so farbeen published; however, several more conference papersare written but not yet published as their congresses havebeen postponed till 2021 due to the corona virus pandemic.Objectives» Survey and create a library of quality long-term measurements of GSHP system performance for commercial, institutional and multi-family buildings. All types of ground sources(rock, soil, groundwater, surface water) are included in thescope.» Refine and extend current methodology to better characterize GSHP system performance serving commercial, institutional and multi-family buildings with the full range offeatures shown on the market, and to provide a set ofbenchmarks for comparisons of such GSHP systems aroundthe world.» Compile guidelines documents for instrumentation, datacollection, analysis and reporting of key performance indicators for large GSHP systems.Recent progressTwo of the annex deliverables are nearing completion– a guide to instrumentation used to measure performanceand a guide to uncertainty analysis. The instrumentationguidelines cover measurement of fundamental variables:temperature, flow, electrical power and energy. Measurement of heat transfer rates and energy using heat metersis covered, as well as measurements of the heat pumpperformance using refrigeration cycle measurements.Measurement of downhole temperature using optical fiberis also treated. The uncertainty analysis guidelines cover propagation of errors from the measurement of fundamentalFig. 1: Frölunda club house, the subject of one of the case studies. Photo: J. D. Spitler.10HPT MAGAZINE VOL.38 NO 3/2020
HPT TCP ANNEXESFig. 2: Frölunda club house, detail of the heating system. Photo: J. D. Spitler.variables to the final estimation of performance factors andother key performance indicators such as system efficiencyindex. A current focus for both guides is treatment of errorsthat come from sources other than the sensors – e.g. sensorplacement.A recent journal paper (Liu et al. 2020), analyzing three yearsof detailed performance data from a club house in southwest Sweden, is part of the Annex 52 work. Several conference papers describing Annex 52 results and case studieshave had their publication delayed until 2021 due to thepandemic.Annex ContactOperating Agent is Signhild Gehlin, Swedish Centre forShallow Geothermal Energy in ys visit our website for news, the latest updates and more information:heatpumpingtechnologies.orgVOL.38 NO 3/2020 HPT MAGAZINE11
HPT TCP ANNEXES53ADVANCED uctionAir conditioning (AC) and refrigeration systems are responsible for a large share of worldwide energy consumption today, while demand is expected to increasesharply in the next 50 years, if no corrective actionsare taken. IEA projects that AC energy use by 2050 willincrease 4.5 times over 2013 levels for non-OECD countries and 1.3 times for OECD countries. Worldwide action,both near-term (e.g., increased deployment of current“best” technologies) and longer-term (RD&D to developadvanced solutions), is urgently needed to address thischallenge. Annex 53 focuses on the longer-term RD&Dneed. Technologies of interest include vapor compression (VC) and non-traditional cooling approaches, including alternative advanced VC and thermal compression(TC) cycles.The technical scope of Annex 53 is very broad by design.It is not likely that there will be only one, or even a few,“right” solutions to the challenge.ObjectivesAnnex 53’s main objective is longer term R&D and information sharing to push development of higher efficiencyand reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emission AC/refrigeration-focused HP technologies. Specific areas of investigation include, but are not limited to, the following:» Advance the technology readiness level (TRL) ofnon-traditional and alternative VC technologies to bringthem closer to the market;» Independent control of latent and sensible cooling andtailoring systems for different climates (e.g. hot dry orhot humid);» Advances to VC-based technologies, both conventionaland non-traditional.ResultsThis update focuses on progress of advanced VC and TCsystems R&D.City University of Hong Kong has proposed a hybridcompression-assisted absorption thermal energy storage (CATES) cycle, Figure 1. This cycle can achieve enhanced energy storage performance under low chargingtemperatures. When charging, the compressor helpsmove refrigerant to the condenser tank until the desired sorbent/refrigerant concentration is reached. Thenthe valves V1/V4 close, V2/V3 open and the compressorassists in moving refrigerant from the evaporator tank.The two tanks have different roles in the two processes.With a heat input charging temperature to the systemgenerator of 80 C for cold storage, the energy storageefficiency and density reach 0.67 and 282.8 kW/m3 forthe proposed CATES cycle, compared to 0.58 and 104.8kW/m3 for the basic absorption cycle. Figure 2 shows apossible physical system configuration.At Italy’s National Research Council/Institute for Advanced Energy Technologies (CNR-ITAE), a new generation of components for low grade thermally driven ad-Fig. 1: CATES syst
Digitalization as an enabler for a robust, flexible and sustainable energy system Controller-in-the-loop, to optimize HP systems p. 22 VOL.38 NO 3/2020 ISSN 2002-018X HATEF MADANI, KTH, SWEDEN, AND AIT, AUSTRIA "WE SHOULD START THE PROCESS BY IDENTIFYING THE MAJOR PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES AND THEN USE DIGITALIZATION AS A TOOL TOWARDS A
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INTRODUCTION TO FIELD MAPPING OF GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES GEOL 429 – Field Geology Department of Earth Sciences Montana State University Dr. David R. Lageson Professor of Structural Geology Source: Schmidt, R.G., 1977, Geologic map of the Craig quadrangle, Lewis and Clark and Cascade Counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey GQ-1411, 1:24,000. 2 CONTENTS Topic Page Introduction 3 Deliverables 4 .
