An Introduction To Beijing Air Pollution Control
An Introduction to Beijing Air pollution ControlBeijing Municipal Environmental Protection BureauApril, 2016
Main Content一Basic Information二Air Pollution Control and Prevention Progress三Causes and Challenges四2013-2017 Clean Air Action Plan五Emergency Response Action for Heavy Pollution Days
I. Basic Informations Landform：Mountains around Area：16,000 km2 Climate：Temperate continentalmonsoon Annual precipitation：448 mm Population： 20 million Vehicles： 5.6 million Annual construction sites：200 million m2
GDP900%800%700%600%常住人口 P e r m a n e n tPopulation机动车保有量 V e h i c l e F l e e t 能源消耗总量 E n e r g yConsumption 500%400% 300%200% 09201020112012201320140%GDP：0.24 trillion RMB in 19982.13 trillion RMB in 2014Increased by 7.98 timesPermanent Population:12.45 million in 199821.516 million in 2014Increased by 73%Vehicle Fleet:1.35 million in 19985.6 million in 2014Increased by 3.12 timesEnergy Consumption:38.08 million tons of standard coal in199874.54 million tons of standard coal in2014Increased by 95.7%
The air quality has been continually improved with the rapiddevelopment of economy and 2.5180160μg/m3140Compared with the year of1998, the annual average ofSO2, NO2, PM10 haverespectively decreased by81.8%, 23.4% and 38.4% inthe year of 2014. And theconcentration of PM2.5 in 2014is 85.9 μg/m3.12010080604020098 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14Year
Beijing is better than most ofnorthen cities which have to supplywinter heating.The concentration of SO2 in Northen cities of China
Concentration of PM10 NO2 PM2.5 exceed the nalStandard(μg/m3)SO213.560Meet standardNO25040Exceed by 25%PM10101.570Exceed by 45%PM2.580.635Exceed by 130%
Ⅱ Air Pollution Control and Prevention ProgressIn 1998-2012, Beijing has intensively implemented the air pollutioncontrol measures in 16 phases and 3 annual clean air action planssuccessively, which have effectively controlled air pollution andimproved air quality. Restructure the Industry. More than 400 seriously pollutingplants, such as Shougang Group, coking plant, etc. have been closedor relocated from Beijing. Output of tertiary industry took over76.3% in the total GDP Optimize energy structure. In central urban area, more than300,000 bungalow houses converted their coal heating stoves toelectro-heating utilities. More than 17,000 coal-burning boilers hadbeen replaced by natural gas boilers.
Accelerate Vehicle Pollution Control.Vehicle emission standards(Form National I to National V) were implemented in advance ofthe nation. The economic incentives measures were adopted toeliminate the outmoded heavy-polluting vehicles, and 156,000yellow label cars and 601,000 outmoded vehicles were eliminated.Before Beijing Olympic Games in 2008, 52 oil depots, 1,462 gasstations and 1,387 oil tankers all over the city was implementedwith oil vapor recovery system. Improve the Eco-construction. The first green belt has beenbasically completed. The urban green coverage rate has increasedfrom 35.6% in 1998 to 46.2% in 2012 The air quality in Olympic Games period was successfullyguaranteed, and the mechanism for regional joint control andprevention of air quality was explored.
Compared with the year of 2005, the energy consumption for per tenthousand GDP has decreased from 0.79 ton of standard coal to 0.392 tonof standard coal, decline by 50.4%.
Air Quality ReleaseBeijing Air Quality Release Air quality weeklyreport from March, 1998 Air quality daily reportfrom March, 1999 Air quality forecast fromMay, 2001 Air quality real-timereport from Jan. 2013
Ⅲ Causes and Challenges Local emission remains at high level Vehicles fleet 5.7 million (by 2015) Coal consumption 12 million Ton per year (by 2015) Industrial structure needs further adjustment, aconsiderable number of small chemical, buildingmaterial factories existed The area of annual construction sites over 200million m212
Ⅲ Causes and Challenges Regional pollution transportationPM2.5 Jan-jun 2013PowerPM2.5 Jan-jun 2014PM2.5 Jan-jun 2015cementIron&steelIronsteelIron&&steel13
In summer and autumn, the straw-burning pollution cross the regionimpact air quality obviously in short period14
Unfavorable natural geographic and meteorological conditions U-type landscape, three sides are surrounded by mountains, theatmosphere diffusion conditions are unfavorable Shortage of rains, annual rain precipitation is less than 450mm in the last10 years, unfavorable sedimentation of pollutants Generally, the unfavorable climate conditions days reached about 20% peryear15
Fast urbanization, fragile 0116
PM2.5 Source Apportionregional transportothersAutomobile exhaustRaise dustLocal emissionCoal combustionRelationship between local emission andregional transportIndustrial processMain source of local emission(see left figure, 64%-72%)In typical conditions, regional pollution transport constitutes 28-36% of PM2.5pollution in the city, and the local pollution emission constitutes 64-72%In local emissions, automobile exhaust constitutes 31.1%, coal combustion emissionconstitutes 22.4%, industrial pollution emission constitutes 18.1%, fugitive dustemission constitutes 14.3% and other pollution, such as catering oil fume, constitutes14.1%17
PM2.5 not only comes from the primary pollutant emissions, but also from the secondarytransformation of gaseous pollutants.PM2.5 dischargeddirectlySmokeSecondaryPrimary emission process Main pollution sourcestransformation processSmokeCoalcombustionPM2.5 generated onRaise dustSmokeDustTail gas emissionTraffic raise dustConstruction raise dustBare land raise dustStraw tionNitrateOrganiccarbon, etc.ConstructionAgricultureNH3Fine particles (PM 2.5)Ammoniumsalt
Ⅳ 2013-2017 Clean Air Action Plan The core contents areCoal reduction Vehicle fleet control and fuel reductionEight major projects of pollution controland emission reduction projectsIncrementcontrolPollution control and emission reduction Dust reductionSix major supportingmeasuresThree major publicparticipation projectsSource controlLaws and regulationsperfectionEnergy structure adjustmentEconomic leadingPollution treatmentby enterprises’ selfdisciplineVehicle structure adjustmentStoragereductionIndustrial structureoptimizationOrganization safeguardsPost-treatment of pollutantUrban refined managementSerious air pollution responseCapacityenlargementScience and technologysupportEco-environment constructionResponsibilityfulfillmentSupervision andexaminationPollution reductionby public’sconsciousnessPollutionprecaution by socialsupervision
(I) Coal Reduction Adhere to the clean energy strategy, and vigorouslydevelop electricity and natural gas, optimize theenergy structure. Reduce coal use. The total coal consumption in 2012was 23 million ton, by 2017 it should be 10 million ton,decline by 56%. Develop the green energy, such as geothermal energy,solar energy, wind power, etcUtilization of solar energyin rural areas燃气锅炉Gas-fired boiler北京官厅风力发电场煤改电Guanting WindPower Plant延庆德青源沼气发电
Beijing's coal consumptionin 2012household43019%powerplant92040%industry boilers400 for winter17%heatingothers, 1.10%power plantboilers forwinter heatingindustryEnergy structure in 2012electricity, 25.70%coalcoal, 25.40%diesel andgasolinenatural gaselectricityhouseholdnaturalgas, s-fired �青源沼气发电
Reduce power plant coal use
Reduce coal-fired boilers
Beijing’s High Pollution Fuel Prohibited Areas
It is difficult to reduce coal use in suburbanand countryside areaUrbanizationpull down illegal buildings“fivemeasures” LPG for cookingClean energy for winter heatingreplace poor-quality coal bygood-quality coal燃气锅炉Gas-fired boiler煤改电延庆德青源沼气发电
(II) Vehicle emission control and fuel reduction Develop public transportation. The proportion of publictransportation trips in the downtown has reached to 48 % Control vehicle fleet size (within 6 millions) Implement the fifth stage of vehicle emission standard Eliminate 1 millions outmoded vehicles Strictly regulate in use vehiclesUpdated busesSubsidy apply window for replacing outmodedvehicles5
(III) Pollution control and emission reduction Develop high-tech industry and modern serviceindustry, and the proportion of tertiaryindustry has reached 77.9% Adjust and relocate 1,200 high-pollutionenterprises Implement one hundred environmentalprotection and technical renovation projects Carry out cleaner production auditingShougang Group off productionVOCS ry,77.9%第二产业Secondaryindustry,21.4%6
(IV) Fugitive dust reduction Formulate and implementconstruction site environmentalprotection standards and carry outfugitive dust special fundmanagement experiment, strengthensupervision Increase mechanical cleaning andwashing areas on road and makeexperiment of washing with recycledwater Implement closure slag trucksrenovation, and more than 8,000 slagtrucks came into use Carry out city afforestation, andrectify bare lands Protective cultivationCover mound on construction siteSprinkle water to prevent (suppress) dustProtective cultivation
(V) Enhance ecological protection and construction 20 natural reserves were built up all over the city 3 green-shelter belts have been basically established The urban green coverage rate in 2014 reached to 58.4%天坛公园天坛公园居庸关长城7
(VI) Strengthen policy and regulation Established and implemented Beijing Air Pollution ControlRegulation Issue economic policies, such as increase pollutioncharges, promoting electric vehicles, etc. Release and implement 33 most stringent environmentalprotection standards in the countryOn-road and off-roadvehicle emission controlGeneral provisionsStationary sourcespollution controlRaise dustpollutioncontrolRegulationA total of eight chapters and130 termsSupplementary itiesTotalemissioncontrol forkeypollutantsJoint control and prevention义务植树公交出行8
(VII) Promote joint air pollution control and prevention According to requirement of the central authorities, seven provinces and municipalities,including Beijing, Hebei Province, Tianjin, Shanxi Province, Inner Mongolia, ShandongProvince and Henan Province, and eight departments of the central goverment, includingMinistry of Environmental Protection, National Development and Reform Commission,Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry ofHousing and Urban-Rural Development, Ministry of Transportation, National WeatherBureau as well as National Energy Bureau, have jointly established the Jing-Jin-Ji (BeijingTianjin-Hebei) and Surrounding Areas Air Pollution Control Coordination Group. Since the Coordination Group has been established, with the principle of “fully consider theregional differences, gradually improve the top-level design, jointly solve the common keyproblems and uniformly strengthen the regional joint action”, the members in the grouphave together promoted regional joint control and prevention of air pollution based on therespective implementation of clean air action plans in each municipality/province. Set up regional air pollution control expert committee, build the information sharingplatform of joint air pollution control and prevention, strengthen regional joint lawenforcement Compile Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Overall Idea Framework for Collaborative DevelopmentPlanning and Planning for Coordinated Development of Eco-environmental Protection inBeijing-Tianjin-Hebei
(VIII) Improve environmental awareness of the public Pursue life styles and consumption patternswhich are beneficial to resource-saving andenvironmental protection Advocate green travel and implement themeasure of no driving once a week Continually strengthen the consciousness ofthe whole society to protect theenvironment and cope with climate changePublic transportation义务植树Voluntary tree planting17
Ⅴ Heavy Pollution Days Emergency Response Action Heavy Pollution Days Emergency Response ActionPublished in 2013 Revised in 2015 In 2014, there were 47 heavy pollution days, 18 alerts wereissued, the forecast accuracy reached 70%Blue Alert11 TimesYellow Alert5 TimesOrange Alert2 Times In 2015, there were 38 heavy pollution days, 15 alerts (including 2red alert) were issued, the forecast accuracy reached 97%Blue Alert5 TimesYellow Alert6 TimesRed Alert2 TimesOrange Alert2 times
The First Red Alert was issued on December 7th, 2015.Orange alert was issued 31 hours before heavy pollutionhappened, red alert was issued 13 hours before it happened, theheavy pollution actually lasted 81 hours .
(I) Response LevelsThere are 4 response levels.Response Level 4（Blue Alert）When forecast shows heavy pollution* will last1 day(24 hours)Response Level 3（Yellow Alert）When forecast shows heavy pollution will last 2days(48 hours)Response Level 2（Orange Alert）When forecast shows heavy pollution will last 3days(72 hours)Response Level 1（Red Alert）When forecast shows heavy pollution will lastmore than 3 days (more than 72 hours)*Heavy pollution—AQI 200
(II) Response measuresThe measures are divided into 3 catagories Health Protection Measures Optional Emission Control Measures Mandatory Emission Control Measures
LevelsCategoryMain MeasuresLevel3Level2Level1Remind sensitive people to stay indoor and avoidoutdoor exertion Remind people to reduce outdoor exertion Remind sensitive people to consider reduceoutdoor exertionHealthProtectionmeasuresLevel4 Remind people to avoid outdoor exertion or wearmaskRelated public agencies enhance communicaitonswith public about heavy pollution and healthprotectionHospitals should be ready for respiratoryemergancy treatment
LevelsCategoryOptionalEmissionControlMeasuresMain MeasuresLevel4Level3Level2Level1Take public transportation for commute, Reduceidling time Enhance dust control on construction sites, Cleanroad surface to reduce fugitive dust Sources take measures to reduce emission Control coating, painting, solvent use to reduceVOCs emissionKindergarten, primary school, middle school stopoutdoor exercise classKindergarten, primary school, middle school stopall the class
LevelsCategoryMain MeasuresStop construction activities such as groundworks,demolition worksStop construction activities such as groundworks,demolition works, construction garbagetransportation and coatingLevel4Level3Level2 Stop all outdoor construction dustrial plants on the list have to limit or stopproduction activity Ban the heavy duty vehilcles Ban fireworks and outdoor barbeque Cars are allowed on the roads on alternating daysdepending on the odd or even numbers of theirlicense plates. In addition, 30 percent of governmentcars will be banned from streets on an odd/evenbasis. Electric vehilcle can make exception
In a certain period of future, high speed economicgrowth in Beijing will sustain, the scale of cityconstruction, vehicle fleet, and population will continue toincrease. The conflicts among population, naturalresources, and environment continue to be dominant.The improvement of environment, Better airquality,promotionofurbansustainabledevelopment, adopting measures to combat climatechange and building a resource-saving and environmentfriendly society shall be considered as a whole.
Zeng Jinghai E-mail:stokingzeng@163.com
In typical conditions, regional pollution transport constitutes 28-36% of PM 2.5 pollution in the city, and the local pollution emission constitutes 64-72% In local emissions, automobile exhaust constitutes 31.1%, coal combustion emission constitutes 22.4%, industrial pollution emission constitutes 18.1%, fugitive dust
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