Design Of Fire Alarm And Detection System For Hospital
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 2 Issue 10, October - 2013“Design of Fire Alarm and Detection System for Hospital”Sulochana Tiwari .1, B.N.Phadke.2, Praveen Patel.3.[(M.Tech. Industrial Safety Engineering, Department of Fire Technology and Safety Engineering, Institute of Engineering &Science IPS Academy, Indore (M.P.)]ABSTRACT:It is important to choose a building concept thatensures optimal life safety. Time is the most important At 2.45pm, 13 UPS batteries stored in the basement explodedand within 10 minutes, smoke swiftly engulfed the two-storiedbuilding. Hospital staff immediately evacuated all the patients,included some on ventilators, those who had undergone surgerya few hours before and women in labour.factor in fire protection such a fire alarm system is design“Analysis/Calculation of Fire Accident Last Ten Year”which reduces reaction time, evacuation time, response timeand suppression time. Fire safety system is a key Feb,8HaridwarElectronicfactory11 spital32 killed89killedamong the fire protection features of any building andspecially is a large or high rise building. Because most firedeath occurs due to building fire. These paper presenttechniques to reduce the fire alarm and detection time or inother word a early detection system is design based on PLCIJERTand SCADA software. The component are based on smoke2011Nov,20East DelhiCommunityfunction15 died/30inj.2010March 23KolkataOldmansion25 killed2006April 10Meerut.64 killed and80 injured2005September15BiharThreefirecracker35 dead and50 injured2004July 16Kumbakonam inTamilNaduSchool91 schoolchildren werekilled2004January 23Srirangamin TamilNaduMarriagehall49 killed and40 injured2001August 6Erwadi inTamilNaduAt a privatementalasylum: 28 peoplewere n ofa school1990April 16PatnadistrictShuttle train442 persons,mostlychildren,killedSeventykilled asdetector, heat detector, temperature detector(rate of riseand fixed temp.) severity of fire and location of fire or smokeand alert the nursing station, supervisory station/room andfire control room by using this logic fire is try to control itsincipient stage.Keywords: - Hospital fire, Estimation of fire detection time & Firedetectors, Design based on PLC & SCADA, Automatic fire alarm.“HOSPITAL FIRE CASE STUDY”CASE 1DECEMDER 9, 2011 In the wee hours of December 9, Kolkata and the nation wokeup to see the worst ever hospital disaster of the country. In adevastating fire at centrally-air-conditioned seven-storeyannexes building of AMRI- a premier private hospital- 94people, mostly patients of ICCU, ICU, Intensive Therapy Unitand Critical Care units and orthopedic department wereasphyxiated to death. Despite claims by the hospital authorities that the fire broke outat 3.30 am and they informed the fire services promptly, thedepartment has refuted the claims and said the fire started at2.40 am and the hospital took an hour to inform them.CASE 2:JANUARY 7, 2012 BANGALORE: Swift evacuation and timely counter-measuresreduced the impact of a fire in the basement of Columbia Asiahospital at Hebbel on Friday afternoon. Within 20 minutes of theaccident, hospital officials and firefighters were moved 79patients out to safer places.IJERTV2IS100260www.ijert.orgTable no. 11301
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 2 Issue 10, October - 20131. INTRODUCTIONIn general the public perceives hospitals as a highlysecure facility because its job entitles providing a safeenvironment for its patients but when a fire threat or hospitalpatients will have to face while perusing for their health, forexample December 9, 2011 AMRI hospital Kolkata and the nationwoke up to see the worst ever hospital disaster of the country 89people where die. This paper chooses the high-rise hospital justlike AMRI hospital to design a fire security system for fireoccurring within hospital. To design a fire protection systemsuch that it generating a alarm at right place and right timing.The design of a fire alarm system identifying the severity offire. The system has to sequined the detection and alarm systemso as to effectively manage every instated of fire hazards."Occupancy Type Classification Codes"ClassificationA (1 - 5)BEF (1 and 2)H (1 - 5)I (1 - 4)MR (1 - 4)S (1 and 2)UAssemblyBusinessEducationalFactory ialStorageUtilityIJERTOcc. Type on Permit Fire Detection and Alarm SystemsA key aspect of fire protection is to identify adeveloping fire emergency in a timely manner, and to alert thebuilding's occupants and fire emergency organizations.This is the role of fire detection and alarm systems. Dependingon the anticipated fire scenario, building and use type, numberand type of occupants and criticality of contents and mission,these systems can provide several main functions are asfollowsFirst, they provide a means to identify a developing fire througheither manual or automatic methods.Second, they alert building occupants to a fire condition and theneed to evacuate.Another common function is the transmission of an alarmnotification signal to the fire department or other emergencyresponse organization.They may also shut down electrical, air handling equipment orspecial process operations, and they may be used to initiateautomatic suppression systems. Type of Fire Alarm and Detection Systems1) Automatic Detector (Smoke )2) Automatic Detector (Fixed Temp.)3) Automatic Detector (Rate-of-Rise)4) Automatic Detector (Combination)5) Automatic Detector (Heat) Working Principal of Detectors Heat-sensing fire detectorsHeat-sensing detectors are designed to respond when theambient temperature or rate-of-rise of temperature exceeds apredetermined value .Heat-sensing detectors are not effective earlywarning devices because they must be very close to a fire to be setIJERTV2IS100260off. However, they are useful in places where smoke detectors have ahigh rate of nuisance alarms, such as a kitchen. They are also usefulin areas of the home where smoke detectors cannot functioneffectively because it is too hot or cold. Rate-of-Rise (ROR)Heat-sensing detectors react to the sudden change or rise inambient temperature from a normal baseline condition. Any suddentemperature increase that matches the predetermined alarm criteriawill cause an alarm. This type of heat detector can react to a lowerthreshold condition than would be possible if the threshold werefixed. A typical alarm may sound when the rate of temperature riseexceeds 6.7ºc to 8.3ºc per minute. Fixed Temperature:Heat detectors react when the ambient temperature reachesa fixed point. The most common fixed temperature point is 58ºC.Recent technological developments have enabled the perfection ofdetectors that activate at a temperature of 47ºC, providing increasedtime to escape. Smoke-Sensing Fire Detectors:Smoke detectors are designed to identify a fire while in itssmoldering or early flame stages. The most common smoke detectorsare spot type units, such as ionization smoke detector and scatteringsmoke detector, which are placed along ceilings or high on walls in amanner similar to spot thermal units [4]. They operate on either anionization or photoelectric principle, This is interpreted as a smokecondition, and the alarm activation signal is transmitted to the firealarm panel. Combination Detectors:Combination detector contain more than one element thatresponse to a fire these detector may be designed to responds from onboth the rate of rise element will respond quickly to a rapidlydeveloping fire, while the fixed temperature element will respond toslowly developing fire when the detecting element reaches its setpoint temperature“Temperature Rating and Application of Fire at sensingfire detectorFor Electricalfault ctricsmoke detector-10ºc to50ºc3.FixedtemperatureBoiler room58ºc4.Rate of riseCommercialkitchen ,dishwashing area etc7ºc to8ºc/m5.Combination(fixed rateof rise)It is applicable forquick and slowresponse becauseit havingcombination offixed rate of riseApp.7ºc to 50ºcwww.ijert.orgTable no. 21302
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 2 Issue 10, October - 2013“Heat Detector Spacing Reduction Based on Ceiling Height”Ceiling HeightAboveUp to andincludingMultiply ERTm0.580 .520.46Table no. 3“Spacing for Spot Type Heat Detector”2. ANALYSIS/CALCULATION Method for Estimating the Detection Time of Heat FireDetector.WhereQ total Total heat transfer to detector; KWQ conv. Convective heat transfer, kWHc Convective heat transfer coefficient for detector, kW/(m2ºc)A Surface area of the detector’s element, m2ºcTd Temperature rating, or set point, of the detector, ºcTg Temperature of fire gases at the detector ºc Fire growth rateQ tpWhereQ Heat release rate, kWT Time, sP 2 Heat release ratesQm QaWhereQm Max or peak release rate [kw (btu/sec)]Q Heat release rate density per unit floor area [kw/m2(btu/secft2)]A Floor area of the fuel [m2(ft2)]IJERTV2IS100260www.ijert.org1303
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 2 Issue 10, October - 2013“ACCORDING TO NFPA”is anticipated that the central station will first attempt tonotifydesignated Personnel at the protected premises.The term immediately in this context is intended to mean“without unreasonable delay.” Routine handling should take amaximum of 4 minutes from receipt of a supervisory signal by thecentral station until the initiation of communications between thenearest nursing stations manually identifies the fire spot.The term immediately in this context is intended to mean“without unreasonable delay.” Routine handling should take amaximum of 4 minutes from receipt of a trouble signal by the centralstation until initiation of the investigation by telephone.Building functions that should be initiated or controlled during a firealarm condition include, but should not be limited to, the following: Unlocking of stairwell and exit doors Release of fire and smoke dampers Monitoring and initiating of self-contained automatic fireextinguishing system(s) or suppression system(s) and equipment Lighting control necessary to provide essential illuminationduring fire alarm conditions. Emergency shutoff of hazardous gas Control of building environmental heating, ventilating, andair-conditioning equipment to provide smoke control Control of process, data processing, and similar equipment asnecessary during fire alarm conditions5. PROCESS MONITORING METHODIJERT5.1 Plc (Programmable Logic Controller)3. SYSTEM RESPONSE Detection (detector delays, control panel delays and so forth). Notification to the monitoring station (remote nursing station,central station, proprietary, and so forth). Notification of the fire control room of hospital. Alarm handling time at the fire department. Turnout time at the station. Travel time to the incident. Access to the site. Set-up time on site. Access to building. Access to fire floor. Access to area of involvement. Application of extinguisher on the fire.A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmablecontroller is a digital computer used for automation of industrialprocesses, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines.Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multipleinputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges,immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact.Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in batterybacked or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a real timesystem since output results must be produced in response to inputconditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operationwill result.Hence, a programmable logic controller is a specialized computerused to control machines and processes. It therefore shares commonterms with typical PCs like central processing unit, memory, softwareand communications. Unlike a personal computer though the PLC isdesigned to survive in a rugged industrial atmosphere and to be veryflexible in how it interfaces with inputs and outputs to the real world.4. SUPERVISORY RESPONSEThe two telephone lines (numbers) one at the supervisorycentral station connected to the public fire control room. The termimmediately “without unreasonable delay.” Routine handling shouldstake a maximum of 90 seconds to inform public fire control room aswell as retransmit the fire message to local fire control room when afire alarm messages come on its station without leaving its place. ItIJERTV2IS100260www.ijert.org1304
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 2 Issue 10, October - 2013IJERT“LADDER DIAGRAM OF PLC”IJERTV2IS100260www.ijert.org1305
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 2 Issue 10, October - 20135.4 Scada Visualization of Hospital Floor“Basic Scenario of Hospital Floor”5.2 Addressing for Plc (Programmable Logic 0.0to%MX0.7OUTPUT/INDICATOR/BUZZER%QX1.0 to%QX1.1IJERTFLOOR/BLOCKF7,B1toF7,B7%QX0.0 to%QX0.15.3 Scada Visualization of System Response at Time of Fire in aHospital5.5 Fire Scenario of Hospital FloorIJERTV2IS100260www.ijert.org1306
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 2 Issue 10, October - 2013“Fire Scenario of Hospital”Floor7/InputBasic scenarioFire scenarioc.temp/f7 b1/settemp toc.temp/f7b8/settempAt normalcondition whenno fire thanalarm havingblue colorAt condition whenfire than alarmindicating red colorTable no. 46. CONCLUSION“REFERENCES”IJERTThis paper discusses design of fire alarm and detectionsystem for a hospital with the help of software PLC (programmablelogic controller) and SCADA (supervisory control and dataacquisitions). It result if ignition start inside the hospital on any of thefloor it will detect the fire at its incipient stage with the help of smokeand heat Detector and system will response according to the PLCaddressing System through this if any wrong is happened in ahospital building Message is convey to nearest nursing station, firecontrol room, supervisory control room through SCADAvisualization .PLC will take only a few second to inform to wholesystem with help of this We can reduce the reaction time ,earlywarning system ,suppression time, and all this process is done byautomatic detector system synchronized by programmable logiccontroller .In future we can also design it wireless system so itscomplexity will reduce .so with the help of this we can say the fireaccident just like AMRI, hospital or other building fire is try tocontrol so we can save life as well as the property loss.[1]Engineering guide for automatic fire detector spacing. In: Nationalfire alarm and signaling code, NFPA72. National Fire ProtectionAssociation, Quincy, MA., 2010.[2]Chine SW. The detection and prevention for fire risk factors inhealth care facilities. Lecture presented on fire prevention andemergency Response for critical care units at Tzu Chi Hospital,Hualien, Taiwan, 2009.[3]NFPA72, National Fire Alarm Code Handbook, 2007 Edition.[4]NFPA99, Standard for Fixed Health Care Facilities, 2005 Edition.[5]Flynn JD. Structure fires in medical, mental health and substanceabuse facilities. National Fire Protection Association, 2009[6]NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, 2002 edition.IJERTV2IS100260www.ijert.org1307
Fire Detection and Alarm Systems A key aspect of fire protection is to identify a developing fire emergency in a timely manner, and to alert the building's occupants and fire emergency organizations. This is the role of fire detection and alarm systems. Depending on the anticipated fire scenario, building and use type, number
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