Man In Space. Natgional Historic Landmark Theme Study By Dr . - NASA

4development of astronautall(! crew life oupport syotemo; development and integrario of expinimentsfor space flightactivities;and applicationof space technology,and supportingscientific,engineeringtand medical research.Johnson wasrece tlydesignatedas the lead NASA centerin the development of the mannedspace station Wallops FlightCenter,Wallops Island 1 Virginia:Wallops was anotherof theoriginalNAC.Afield installationsthat transferredto NASAin 19589 Wal1opswas responsiblefor launch facilitiesand serv ceato other NASA installationswhich conduct suborbital,orbital and space p obe experimentswith vehicle ranging from st11a.ll ro keta to the Scout four-a agesolid fuel rocket.NationalSpace Technology LaboratoriesThe National2 Bay St Louis. Missisaippi:Space Technology Laboratories{MississippiTest Facility)was responsiblefotstatictest firingof large space and launch vehiclessuch as the Saturn V rocket.Former NASAInstallationsIn additionto the abovethat no longer exist existingtiASA installationfitherewere two facilitiesElectronicsResearch Centert Cambridge. Na6sachusett&:The ElectronicsResearchCen er was resvons!blefor conductingresearchand developingadvanced technologyin the area of apace and ae onauticalelectronicc mpOnents.lt was closed in 1970.Nuclear Rocket Developw.ent Station,JackassFlats,Nevada:Tha Nuclear RncketDevelopment Station aa responsiblefor conductingfull-scaleground testsofnuclear reactors.enginestand flightBtages for the nuclear rocket p ogram. It as closedUnitedin 1974 StatesAir FotceFacilities:Cape CanaveralAir Forc:e Station L Brevat' d Coontz, Flor ide.:Cape Can.aver al AirForce Stationcontain& some of the earliestfacilitiesas&ociatedwith rocketexperi entationand space explorationas well a& activespace-age1nstallationsfor currentm litaryand NASA pcogrsme.Cape canaveralis beat kno1rn for itsassociationwith ojectsMercury Geminit and Apollo as well a& the launcn &itefo most satellitesand deep apace probes during the early years of the Amerlcanspacein-ogram .Edwards Air Force Baae Edwards 2 California .Edwards Air Force 3ase is the siteof the Air Force Fl1ght Test Center which conducts new and follow-ontestingofair raftand relatedavionicsand weapons systems.Edwards is al o the home ofthe Ai Force Rocket P opulsionLaboratoryand the Air Force Test PilotSchool.the primary l.anding site for the Space Shuttle.Edwards is presentlyAir Force Basep Lompoc, california;Vandenberg Alr Force Base Lssite of the 1st StrategicAerospace Divis1on Weste n Spac and MissileCenter Space and MissileTest Organization and the ShuttleAct1vationForce.Vandenberg conducts missilecrew trainLngtand operatestestinglaunch facilitiesfor the StrategicAic Command.v ndenbergtheTestTaskand

'ContractorSites:In additionfacilitiesto the above NASAand USAF installationstnat were importantin the space ere were many contractorThese facilitieswere notisnotknown wnatcont-.-actorfacilitiesassociatedwith the early years of the American Space Program survive,Additionalfacilitiesassociatedwith Robert Goddard, the U,S Army White SandsTest Sites,and space hardware now in the collectionof the SmithsonianInstitutionwill be visitedand assessedduring Phase II of the Man in SpaceTheme Study.11.ecommendations:A, National1.2.3.4, utics(LangleyVind Tunnels11.eseatchFull Scale Tunnel (Langley)Eight-FootHigh Speed Tunnel (Langley)Unitary Flan I/ind Tunnel (Amea ResearchCenter)Center)Th.ese sitesare reco!Dlllended for desiguationas Nattoual HistoricLandmad1.sbecause they representthe fine technologicalbase of aeronauticalresearchfacilitiescreated by the NationalAdvisory Conmittee for Aeronautics.It wason this base that th.e NationalAeronauticsand Space Administrationwould buildThe VariableDensityto createthe success of the American Space Program.Tunnel wag the first11ind tunnel in the world to ll6S the principleof varbt l,;,densityair pressureto test scale model aircraft.The Full Scale Tunnel wasthe firstfull scale tunnel in NACA's inventoryand contributedmightilyto thedesign of an entirenew generationof aircraftin the 1930s and 1940s.Theversatilityof the Full Scale Tunnel is demonstratedby the fact that tods.y, 53its construction,it is stilla major research. tool in NASA'syears afterinventoryand is being used to design a new generationof aircraft.The EightFoot High Speed Tunnel is importantbecause it was the firsttunnel to employ aslottedthroatdesign which gave aircraftdesignersaccuratedB.ta on airframerange.The Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel is significantperformancein th.e transonicbecause it representsthe continuingeffortof NACAto update its wind tunnelinventoryto P "ovide the American aircraftand aerospaceindustrywith the iuostadvanced testingfacilitiesin existencein the world.Th.e Unitary Plan I/indTunnel was extensivelyused in designingnew generationsof aircraftthateventuallyled to the Space Shuttleof today.These wind tunoela representonly a small fractionof the more than 65 wind tunnelscurrentlyin NASA'sinventory.B. RocketEngineDevelopmentFacilities5. Rocket Engine Test Facility(Lewis Research Center)6. Zero-GravityResearch Facility(Lewis)7. SpacecraftPropulsionResearch Facility{LeRC Plum Brook Operations Division)These sHes are recommended for designationas NationalllistoricIfndmark.sbecause they representthe importantrole of th.e Lewis Research Center inThe Rock.etdevelopinghydrogen as s fuel for the Centaur and Saturo v rockets.Engine Teat Facilitypioneeredin the technologynecessaryto handle hydrogen

-------········6as a rocket fuel,the Zero-GravityResearch F cilityinvestigatedthe phyaicB of handling liquids1n a ero-gravityenvironment,and the Spa ecraftPropulsionResearch Facility nabled engineersat Lewiij to hot fite full scale Centaurengines in simulatedspace conditions.The development of the Centaur and Saturnto both the manned and umaanned epsce programs of the UnitedRockets was crucialStat.ea C. RocketEngine TestStands8. Redstone Test Stand {George c. Marshall Space Flight Cent r)9. Propulsionand St ucturalTest Facility(Na.rah.all)10. Rocket PtopulaionTest Complex (NationalSpa e Technology Laboratories)These facilitiesare recommended for designationas National HistoricLandmarksthe role f the Marshall Space Flight Ce ter in thebecause they representbuildingand testingof actual space lighttockets.Before any rocket iaallowed to fly and be used on a manned miesion it ia firsttested by firinginits flightstatus.The R.edstone Test Stand asa statictest stand to verifythe firstfacilityof this typ,e builtat MB.rshall by Dr . Werner .von 1.1.caun. Themissilesused to launch Alan B.Redstone test stand tested the Hercury/B.edatcneShepa d and Gus Grissom on theirfirstspace launches.The PropulsionandStn1ctw:alTest Facilitywas importantin t:he. testingof the Saturn lB vehicleand epresentsth evolutionof test stand technolgyfrQlll the daya of the ArmyRedstone Missileto the Sol d Rocket Boosters used on the Space Shuttletoday.Tne Ro ket Pt"opulaion Teat Complex was used by Karsh.all to test and man-rateall Saturn V rockets used in the Apollo Progra .D. Rocket Test Facility11. Satu n V Dynamic Teat Stand {Karshall)This facilityillust atesanother fa et of t:he buildingand testingand man-ratingof the Saturn V Rocket,Afte every Satutn V as tested on the firingstand it as brought to the Dynamic Test Stand fo mechanical and vib ationalteststodetermine its structuralintegrity Th s process r.i-as part (lf the extenaiveground testill@ program for the Sa.turn V Rocket and it ia a p ima y reason forthe success of the American manned space program.Tests conducted heJ"e gave ASA and industryenginee s their last chance to detect and corre tany flawsin the fully assembled Saturn v.E. Rockets12. SaturnV Space VehicleAt this time the only rocket recommended for designationas a National HistoricLaadmark is the Satu n Vat the Alabama Space and Rocket Museuro. Thia vehicleis one of only three remainingSa u.:rn Vs in the country.It was selectedto epresentthe class of Saturn V tocketsbecause of its integrityand association ith its site- theGeorge C. Marsh.all Space Flight Center.All three stages ofthe vehicle and the inst Ulllent ring re intact,The vehicleis well maintainedand in a good state of preservation.This Saturn V was the originaltest vehiclof the Saturn suppcrrt facilitie at the Marshall Spaceused in dynamic testing9

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8I.Unmanned Spacecraft19.20 TestFacilitiesSpacecraftMagnetic Test FecilityTwenty-Five-FootSpace Simulator (Goddard Space Flight Center)(Jet opulsionLllboratory)These facilitiesare rec endedfor designationas NatioaalHistoricLandtnaTksbecause they illustratethe ektenijiveground support t eting- facilitiesneededto accomplieh the Am.erican u t\\. 1.nnedapace program--theexploration of the nearand deep apace environment,the Spacecraft Magnetic Test F&cility !epre&entsthe role of the Goddard Space Flight Center in the i'lme.r;-ican space program.Thisfacility,the only one of its type in NASA's inventory enables NASA to determineand minimize the magnetic movewent of even the largestun.rn.a.nned epacecraft andthereby eliminateunwanted torques due to the interactionof the spacecraftwiththe Earth 1 6 magnetic field The T\ienty-Five-FootSpace S1uulator ia the OQlyNASA facilitycapable of producingthe true int planetaryconditionsof cold high vacuumt and intensesolar radiatloncoupled with a large test chamber thatcao accOUilllOdate large space vehicles.Both of these facilitieg·havecontributedto the success of the American unmanned space program and representthe technologicalsophisticationof the supportfacilitiesnece saryto accomplishthatprogram J.'l'l:ackingStations21. PioneerDeep Space TrackingStation(GoldstoneTrackingStation)The Pioneer Deep Space Tracking Station s recommended for designationas aNationalHistoricLandmark because it was the firstantenna to support NASA'sunmanned explorationof deep spa e The technologicalachievementsnecessarytotrack deep space vehicleswere firstde on5tr tedaod pu into use at thls site, The PioneerStaticmwas later joined by dozens of additionaltrackingstationsaround the orld.This site illustrate,the role of Goldstone and the NASAtrackingsystem in the American Space Program K. Mis ionCont olCenters22 Space FlightOperations23 Apollo Mission ControlFacility(Johnson)(JPL)These sitesare recommended for designationaa NationalHistoricLandmarksbecause they a e the very heart and soul of both ttie American Manned and UnmannedSpace Programs,The Space Flight OperationsFacilityat the Jet Prcpulsionthe role and achievementof JPL in the .American efforttoLaboratoryrepresentse plo e the moon planetstand solar system;ProjectsViking Voyager, Pioneer and human understanding.Ranger, and Mariner opened new worlds for explorationThe Space Flight Operationsfacilityis the symbol of this effortand thefacilityat the Jet PropulsionLllboratoryis the one ost closelyassociatedwith thl6 effo t.Apollo M1as1on Control at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space FlightCenter representsthe role and achievementof Johnson in the Am.eri.can mannedIt was to Apollo Mission Controlthat Neil AtmstLongspaceflightprogram. eportedhis famous words that "lllAnhad firstlanded on the moon in July 1969 '

9 L. Other24.SupportRogersAlthoughFacilitiesDry Lak.e (Edwardsa naturalresourcetlteAirForcel!Dgersll,ase)Ory Lake isrecommendedfordesignationas a NationalHistoricr.ndmark because of its associationwith flighttestingof advanced aircraftthat opened the way to space.The naturalattributesofclean air,isolatedlocation,ideal weather,proximityto variableterrain,laboratoryin whichand the large surfaceof the dry lakebed provided a naturalto flighttest aircraftthat were on the cuttingedge in aviationand aerospacetechnology.As a resourceAmerican aircratttheRogersand aerospaceeffortOry Lake hascontributedas any manmade facility.as much to theStartingin1947 . 1th the fl1gl1t of the Bell X-1, the flr&t plan" to break. the sound barrier,to the landingof the Space ShuttleColumbia in 1981, the Rogers Dry Lslte hasdeveloplilentsin the historyofheen the scene of soine of tloe most importantaviatiun.PreviouslyDesignatedSitesc .pe CenaveralAir force Stationwas designateda NationalHistoricLandmark. onApril 16, 19B4,Launcb. Complex 39 at the Kennedy Space Center was listedonRegisterof HistoricPlaceson Ma.y 24, 1973.the NationalSummaryThe 24 recommended resourcesconteinedin this phase of the Man in Space ThemeStudy representonly a sll!allfractiond the technologirnlresourcesthat werenecessaryto SuDport the American space program.They are recomlllended fordesignationas Nat tonal HisLoricLandmarks becausethey representthe best andmost import rnt survivingexamples of thh, technology,Due to the rapidchangeof the space program and evolvingtechnologies,supportfacilitiessimply donot surviveot· survivein a greatlyalteredatue.The effortsto land a manon the moon, investigatethe near Earth environment,and explorethe planetsand solarsystem were supportedfrom a technologicalbase that reflectedadepth and varietyof supportfacilitiesthat were unprecedentedin Americanhistory,Many of these reaource.sha'1e long since been destroyed,abandonedoralteredto meet the changingdemands of the space progi:am,The 24 facilitiesreflectedin this theme study are but a fractionof this resourcebase.Theyare the best,most intact,and mo t importantresourcesthat have survived.Their varietyand r"nge refl ctlhe llluch largertedmologicalbase that providedthe foundationof the spactprogram.H is hoped that thisselectionwillSllrviveto interprHfor luturegenerationsthe earlyyears of the Americanspace program

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INATIONALADVISORYCOMMITTEEFOR AERONAUTICSWINDTUNNELS 1.Variable2.Full3 Eight-Foot4.UnitaryDensityScaleTunnel (LangleyResearchCenter)Tunnel (Langley)High Speed Tunnel (Langley)Plan Wind Tunnel (Aines ResearcnCenter)

. --·-···"·'

-i,rn inFeder ll:nited States Departmentatlonal Park Service paceThemeAgencyStudy ominationof the InteriorNational Register of Historic PlacesInventory-NominationFormSee instructions in How to Compl&te Natio11alRegJ5ter FormsType an entrle.complete appUcable sections1. NameVa :ci ableh-lstorlc::!.lenGi. t y Tt.:.nne lvariabloand/or c:ommcn ensity unne!2. Locationiltreet & numbiilr-2:'.ang lcyRC!searc :iC nt.erc;;ty, town:s.h1teClassificationVi rg.i,1!.3.codeCalegoryOwra r hlpdistrictbundln9'sJ2L pu I,;Ji. SUUCtL.11"8eUe objeotcongreasklnal dla1r1c,-51AJIIZiiT'e c1vicinity ofcountyH"ar:'lotonPrs nt U agrlcunureStawa occupiedunoceupledwork In prognillpriva1ebothPubHc AcqulaitlanIn processbeing c::on ldered-COfnntBTt:l Ieducatklnalenwrtalnment-2:. yH:--governmentlndustrllilAcc lbl r strictadyea; unrestrlc1edname1tfft'l atiomilmunum park-prlvahl , . ld&nc.e,e1 a1ou1,c::lentlUctran-aponatlonlL oHwr: Abar.ci.one,.:l.mlmaryno4. Ownernot for publJcatlonof Propertyl\.en:me-1:c:t.i.cs andAdr.\ir.istrationSpace( ASA}& numberc. .townWils.hirigtnn5. LocationR ,)l.c' ?"nperty tionall\. ronauticsand -i ncLge ent Off ice: Cocie N"XGSpaceAd.ministration20S466. meD. C.of Legal DescriptionccurttiOuF;.e, reg stry o, deeds, etc.imeet & numbsrit.atevicinity afin ExistinghHTl. C.2 }5- l Surveysthi.s propenv been deU!rmlned eligible?.noyee date-- --------C111pos1toryTot':suniiryc ty. 10111nfadet"alslaterecords--------- ---------------- -- -- -statecountylocal

7. DescriptionCondition- xcellentCh-.ck oneJ goodfa\r- unexpo1edD acribedlltlltlor tedndn unaltered.,x. aHeredan CMQk.L.orlglnal altemoWiddate -------------the pN1Nnt and ortglnal (H known phpEc I appearanceThe Va iable Density Tunnel (VDT) is in Building 582 in the East Area of theLangley e.esearch Center.IThe VDT was constructedduring the period from1921 to 1923 at the directionaf the National Advisory ComD11ttee for Aeronautics'(NACA) The tank. of the VDT wa.8 built by the Newport News Shipbuilding& Dry Dock Co of New-po t Newst Virginia.It iB capable of withstandinga working pressureof 21 at ospheres.It is built of ateel plates lapped and rivetedaccordingtoin steam boil r construction.although.because of the sizethe usu.al practiceof the ank. and the high orking pressuretthe constructionls unusually heavy.door 36 inches wide and 42Entrance to the tank ia gained through an ellipticalinches high.The tank and its contentsweigh 100 tons and

I ' ' 3 George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama: tiarshall developed froin the u.S, Ar,._y Redstone Arsenal rocket program under Dt. Werner 110n Braun. After the transfer of Dt. von Braun and his g "Oup to NASA, Marshall continued to work in the research and development of launch vehicles and systems to