Denver'S Food System
2016DENVER’S FOOD SYSTEMA Baseline ReportF O R P L A N N I N G P U R P O S E S O N LY
AcknowledgementsAUTHORSBlake AngeloDenver Office of Economic DevelopmentBrittany GoldsteinMasters Candidate at Johns Hopkins UniversityREVIEWERSSusan GalloDenver Office of Children's AffairsDan GoldhamerCSU-Extension, DenverHeidi HoffmanDenver Department of Environmental HealthMeghan HughesDenver Department of Environmental HealthSusan LieheDenver Office of Economic DevelopmentMondi MasonDenver Department of Environmental HealthJennifer MorelandDenver Public Heath at Denver HeathEric SwanDenver Office of Economic DevelopmentDerek WoodburyDenver Office of Economic DevelopmentADDITIONAL THANKS TOMayor Michael HancockDenver Community Planning and DevelopmentDenver Office of SustainabilityDenver Sustainable Food Policy CouncilThe Colorado Health Foundation
Letter from Denver MayorMichael B.HancockOver the past four years, the City and County of Denver has made solid progressin the pursuit of greater healthy food access for all Denver residents, as well as thedevelopment of an economically robust food system. Among our many efforts topromote a strong and resilient food system that strengthens our community, I ammost proud of the following: Creating the denver seeds taskforce Supporting the denver sustainable food policy council, a Mayoral commission Adopting, as part of the the citywide 2020 sustainability goals, the goal to grow and/or process20% of food purchased in Denver in Colorado Supporting the development of a multimillion dollar investment program for healthy food retail Initiating, and expanding by more than ten-fold, our healthy corner store program hiring the first dedicated staff member to support food system development across the city supporting community, philanthropic, and industry engagement across the food system throughevents such as the Local Food Summit and Business-to-Business Farmers Market providing 7.5 million of direct financial support for food-based projects that build wealth andtransform our lowest income communitiesWorld-class cities require world-class food systems, and Denver’s food system is notwithout its challenges. This report frames the incredible impact our system alreadymakes on our economy, our health and our community. This baseline summary alsoframes some of the fundamental questions we have yet to answer.i invite you to help us answer these questionsand to help us create the food system thisgreat city deserves.4
Denver Food System BackgroundTHIS BASELINE REPORT OUTLINES THE CURRENT STATEOF THE DENVER FOOD SYSTEM. THE REPORT HIGHLIGHTSPOLICY CHANGES THAT STRENGTHEN THE CITY FOODSYSTEM, AND POSES SOME KEY QUESTIONS THAT STILLNEED ANSWERS IN ORDER TO BUILD ON CURRENTMOMENTUM TO IMPROVE THE FOOD SYSTEM. THIS REPORTCAN HELP TO GUIDE COLLABORATIVE FOOD SYSTEMPLANNING THAT INSPIRES INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIESAmong the city agencies attending were the DenverOffice of Economic Development, Department ofEnvironmental Health, Community Planning andDevelopment, as well as City Council. Additionally,representatives from Denver Urban Gardens, theSustainable Food Policy Council, and ColoradoState University Extension attended. Other citiesfrom Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, andNevada were present as well. These communitiesshared their successes, failures, goals, and plansfor how to create more sustainable food systemsmoving forward.The Denver group left the conference with the overwhelming feeling that Denver was ahead of the curvebased on the number of agencies and organizationsengaging in work to promote food systems planning.However, they were without a unified vision and astrategy for how to proceed.As the result of a recommendation to the Mayor,a Manager of Food Systems Development was hiredto align efforts and lead planning efforts to createa more vibrant, robust and sustainable food systemfor future generations of Denver residents.5 denver’s food system—a baseline reportAND BUSINESSES WORKING TO IMPROVE THE DENVERFOOD SYSTEM.{{{2,221 food system business establishmentsoperate in Denver{{{KEY FOOD SYSTEM INDICATORS, DISCUSSES RECENT{Municipalities around the nation are working tobuild robust food systems that help achieve criticalgoals related to health, economy, community,climate, and more. Since 2010, the City and Countyof Denver and its partners have pursued multipleongoing efforts to support and promote Denver’sfood system. As a measuring stick to gauge Denver’sprogress compared to that of other cities, severalrepresentatives attended the Climate LeadershipAcademy, hosted by the Institute for SustainableCommunities, in Santa Fe, New Mexico in 2014.1Quick Facts: Denver Food System56,000 employees work in the Denver food system—accounting for nearly 10% of all jobs in Denver 312 million of tax revenue is generated annually byDenver’s food system{ 7 billion of economic activity is generated byDenver’s food system annuallyPurpose of this ReportThis baseline report outlines the current state ofthe Denver food system. The report: Highlights key food system indicators Discusses recent policy changes that strengthenthe city food system Poses some key questions that still need answersin order to build on current momentum and helpinform the Denver Food PlanWhile this report investigates the breadth of thefood system it is not comprehensive. More researchis needed to understand the deep complexitiesand nuances of each food system sector. Baselinedata is just a starting point.The primary purpose of this report is to help guidecollaborative food system planning and inspireindividuals, communities, and businesses to builda comprehensive vision for the future of the Denverfood system.6
What is a Food System?Food System SectorsA “food system” is the process of how food gets from a farm or ranch to an individual and their family.The food system begins with the land, water, seeds, and tools that farmers and ranchers convert into food.The food system also encompasses the cleaning, moving, processing, repacking, packaging, distributing,selling, and cooking that happens between the farm and your plate.FOOD PRODUCERSIncludes farms, ranches, suppliers of critical inputs (e.g. land, water, seeds, technologies, and capital),community and school gardens, and farmer/gardener education. For more information, go to page 13.consumers play a crucial role in the food system. Our purchases inform the system about what and howmuch to produce.FOOD PROCESSORSdetails about each sector is provided on the right, but it is critical to note that the strongest food systemsinclude robust links between each sector in the system.Includes packaging, processing, or manufacturing food for snacks, ready-to-eat foods, preserved foods,beverages, etc. For more information, go to page 15.FOOD DISTRIBUTORSIncludes food distributors, brokers, aggregators, and wholesalers of grocery products and raw farmproducts. For more information, go to page 17.FOOD RETAILERSGROCERYIncludes supermarkets, grocery stores, convenience stores, specialty markets, farmers markets, andfarm stands. For more information, go to page 19.RESTAURANTSIncludes restaurants, cafeterias, schools, hospitals, other food service providers, and food trucks.For more information, go to page 21.COMMUNITY FOOD SERVICESIncludes food banks, food pantries, hunger relief organizations, food assistance programs(e.g. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; Women, Infants and Children; Senior Assistance),and efforts aimed at preventing food waste. For more information, go to page 23.FOOD CONSUMERSIncludes consumer education and empowerment, diet-related health outcomes, healthy food accessprograms, food-oriented community engagement, and everyone who eats!For more information, go to page 25.7 denver’s food system—a baseline report8
Why Food Systems MatterBenefits of a Strong Food SystemThe Denver Food System touches residents’ lives in many different ways. For 2,200 businesses and56,000 employees, the food system is a critical economic opportunity. For example, one of every 10workers in denver is employed in the local food system—a 34% increase over the past decade! As a wholethe food system is responsible for six percent, or 7 billion of Denver’s total economic activity.1 Despitethese impressive figures, business owners and entrepreneurs are well aware of the challenges of runninga successful enterprise within this industry. Financial viability often requires difficult decisions with significant environmental, social, and even health implications.The food system does much more than just feed people. the food system impacts (and is impacted by)everything from city zoning policies and economic development to diet and well-being. The ripple effectsof a vibrant food system are felt beyond grocery sales and local production; it means healthier studentswho can learn better, a higher quality of life for community residents, greater equity among residents, andstronger economic growth and resiliency for our city.Denver residents play a large role in the food system. Our high quality of life depends on many factors,including accessibility of food vendors, healthy food options, job opportunities, safe food preparation, andeven awareness of where food comes from and how diet affects one’s health. At its best, the food environment (i.e. what food is supplied, processed, and grown in the community) reflects and supports the valuesof residents.ECONOMIC IMPACTSAs Denver continues to grow, demand for grocery stores, restaurants, specialty markets, farmers markets,and commercial kitchens grows as well. This in turn creates jobs and helps build strong local businesses.COMMUNITY IMPACTSPeople want to live in communities that have convenient, affordable food stores with fresh food choices.People also want to feel proud of their neighborhood and feel connected to the people and businesses located within walking distance. The food system plays a large role in a neighborhood landscape and howcommunity members come together. This can include school or neighborhood gardens beautifying ablock, or a corner store stocking fresh fruits and vegetables for local patrons. However, not all communities experience these benefits equally and large disparities exist between neighbors and neighborhoods.ECONOMYHEALTH IMPACTSLNIHEATHTYAccess to convenient, affordable, healthy foods are goals that when adopted by a community, candecrease rates of chronic disease and premature death.2 In a city where one in five adults are obese andone in three children are either overweight or obese, reducing such health complications is a top priority.Such challenges can begin to be addressed when the food system is considered holistically.CO M M URESILIENCY IMPACTSResiliency refers to our community’s ability to withstand significant and often unplanned events likeextreme weather events. Strong food systems support resiliency of our community in an uncertain future. RESILIENCY9 denver’s food system—a baseline report10
Denver Food System HistoryThe food system has been essential to Denver’scommunity and economic development since thecity was founded in 1858—even before becomingpart of the Colorado territory.In fact, in1858 Dr.William Thomas, an early professor of the Colorado Agricultural College, toured139farms within 75 miles of Denver and remarked on theabundance and productivity of our agricultural land.The demand for local food is not a new trend. Asearly as 1859, the Rocky Mountain News featuredan editorial encouraging the development of a morerobust local food system to support a growingmining industry.3From that time and through the depression, agriculture remained a strong, consistent industry. Developing irrigation infrastructure and increasing cropdiversification led to a stable food industry throughout the state. Without the jobs brought by theproduction and processing of food, the depressionin Denver would have been much worse.The early success of Denver’s food system was duein great part to early innovations, including graniteflour mills and “hot houses” for season-long lettuceexports as early as 1876. In 1877, mining and foodsystems products yielded nearly the same economicimpact—over 7.4 million in sales. As the boom insilver mining in Colorado brought much wealth to theresidents of Denver, the city’s economy also gaineda more stable base rooted in railroads, wholesaletrade, manufacturing, food processing, and servicing the growing agricultural, ranching, and miningindustries.In 1893, financial panic swept the nation, and thesilver boom collapsed. Denver was already sufferingeconomically due to several successive years ofdroughts and harsh winters that had hurt the agricultural industry. Agricultural distress, coupled withthe withdrawal of foreign investors and the overexpansion of the silver mining industries, led stockprices to decline, banks to close, businesses to fail,and numerous farms to cease operation.celebrating our successesdenver food system timeline (since rSEEDsTask Forceconvened2012ColoradoCottageFoods ActpassesDenverFood RetailExpansionto supporthealth programinitiated tosupportgrocery storesThe U.S. economy began to recover in 1897, andwhile jobs slowly began to trickle back into Denver,real estate prices remained depressed through1900.2013BreakfastAfterthe BelllegislationadoptedColoradoFresh FoodFinancingFundestablished2014Denver passesResidentialSales ofFreshProduce andCottage FoodsordinanceDenverHealthyCorner StoreInitiativeprogramlaunchesWhile much has changed in Denver’s social, political,and economic landscape, the fundamental needfor a robust food system has remained.2015CottageFood ActExpansionadoptedby statelegislatureDenverhires firstManager ofFood SystemDevelopmentDenver passesordinancerequiringHealth ImpactAssessmentsfor allneighborhoodplans11 denver’s food system—a baseline report12
FOOD PRODUCTIONChallengesTrendsnumber of businesses in the food producG Economic viability of family farms and ranchesG Thetion sector has decreased. In 2007 there wereG Long-term access to land24 farms located in Denver but today there areG Reliable access to clean, affordable wateronly 14access (distribution & information)G toEfficientAt its peak Denver was home to 307 farms,G meaningreliable marketswe have lost an average of three farmsper year for the last 90 yearsDependent and reliant on the weather (growingG seasonand extreme weather events)programs for beginning farmers exist inG SeveralDenver to help new farmers enter agricultureConsumer education and awareness aboutG therealities of food production45Policy ChangesKey Questionsdenver food producing animals ordinance (2011):Permits Denver residents to maintain up to eightchickens and/or ducks and up to two dwarf goatson a single property.Where should food production happen in the city?updated zoning to allow for gardening:In the latest revision of the city zoning code, a number of changes were made to ensure that gardeningwas an allowable use in nearly all zone districts.The food production sector is primarily comprised of farms and ranches. However,production actually starts with land, water, soil, sunlight, and other inputs used toenhance fertility and reduce the sometimes-devastating impacts of events like pestsand unseasonable weather.farms in denver and the surrounding metro area produce an incredible abundanceincluding wheat, corn, soy, oilseed, dry beans, dry peas, nursery and greenhousecrops, fresh fruits and vegetables, and other grains. Farms and ranches also producemeat (beef, pork, lamb, goat, chicken, turkey, and duck), eggs, and dairy.What is the city’s role in supporting urban andrural farm viability?How can Denver be a strong partner in a robustregional food system?QUICK FACTSDenver farms use 143 acres (or 0.14%) of total land in the city14Only one Denver farm was certified as organic as of 2012businesses in 20141124 households have food-producing animal permits in DenverTo a lesser degree, community and home gardens also provide food to residents.Perhaps more importantly, recent research suggests that gardening leads toimprovements in overall fruit and vegetable consumption,dietary knowledge,physicalactivity, sense of community, and overall community engagement.6406Six Denver farms are located on Denver Public Schools’ propertiestotal jobs in 20151Another 102 DPS schools have gardensDenver has more than 110 active community gardens24,119,603 sales generated in 20131 and thousands of home gardens!517,643 tax revenue generated in 2013113 denver’s food system—a baseline report14
FOOD PROCESSINGThe ability to preserve and extend the season of food products is a critical functionof any food system as it allows for year round food access. This sector is often considered a value-added step in the food system—where raw food products are transformed through processing (e.g. cutting, mixing, freezing, cooking, baking, canning,etc.) into a product ready for distribution and/or consumption. foodprocessing/manufacturing is considered a best practice strategy for stimulatingfood entrepreneurship that has gained national attention in recent years.Food processors/manufacturers in Colorado have a strong history of success inthe marketplace: from products like pickled vegetables and snack foods to theplethora of microbreweries, wineries, distilleries, and other beverages. Maybe it’ssomething in the sunlight or water, but Colorado’s food companies are flourishing.Their success is, in no small part, a direct reflection of Denver consumers’ valuesand desires.TrendsChallengesAffordable, available commercial processingthe last decade, Denver bakers have beenG spaceG Forthe largest full-time and part-time employedoccupation in the food-processing sector. ThisG Compliance with food safety requirementsoccupation has grown 22% since 2008G Efficient access to good markets, customersthe past two years, several commercialG OverG Cash flow challenges during growthkitchens have closed in Denver, prompting concerns about limited commercial kitchen infraLand use changes and competition for scarceG manufacturingstructure for new and growing food businessesspace in DenverPolicy ChangesKey Questionscottage food act (2012):This state law enabled small food manufacturers touse home kitchens rather than commercial kitchensfor a very limited range of products, sold directly toconsumers.How can existing food processors best be retainedand helped to grow in Denver?cottage food act expansion (2015):This law expanded the kinds of products that canbe processed for sale locally. Additionally, this lawincreases the gross revenue a producer can earnper product sold.How can new food processors best be supported asthey start and grow in Denver?How can connections between processors, local inputsuppliers, and local customers be strengthened?Is there really a lack of kitchen infrastructure or dothe businesses and resources just need to be betterconnected?QUICK FACTSFood processors in Denver accounted for 3.5 billion in sales, whichis almost half of the Denver food system’s total sales149businesses in 2014132% of these businesses are beverage manufacturers, accountingfor 28% of the jobs and 34% of sales6,062total jobs in 20151Employees in this sector make an average of 67,159 per year,the highest across the food system and over twice as much as theaverage of 32,1293,505,176,290 7sales generated in 20131Denver has 674 active food licenses, including 132 licensed bakeries67,768,274 tax revenue generated in 2013115 denver’s food system—a baseline report16
FOOD DISTRIBUTIONFood aggregators and distributors fulfill several critical roles in our food system. Thissector is responsible for transporting raw farm and ranch products to processorsand for redistributing both raw and processed food back to markets, retailers, andsometimes even directly to consumers.Aggregators and distributors have an even larger impact as a connector betweensupply and demand.These businesses function as critical intermediaries betweenconsumers and producers or processors. On one hand they market food productsand on the other they help inform and shape production to better meet customerneeds. This creates extraordinary value and efficiency in the marketplace. Improvements and innovations in food distribution have been a significant factor in reducingthe cost and increasing the quality of food for many consumers.TrendsChallengesCost of infrastructure and unpredictableG Loss of small, local distribution businessesG gas/oilpricesG Consolidation of remaining businessesAffordable,available warehouse space nearInterest in innovation to fill perceived market gaps GG throughtransportationcorridorsfood hubs, producer cooperatives, etc.LackinginfrastructureconnectionsG between local suppliersthatandsupportsretailersG Seasonal variation in product availabilityG Shorter shelf life of many healthier foodsHigh levels of competition, significant cash-onG handneeds, and low profit marginsPolicy ChangesKey Questionsusda agricultural marketing service (ams) grants:The USDA AMS provides resources, technical assistance, and in 2015 allocated 90 million to supportthe development of local food systems. The AMShas identified innovative distribution models, likefood hubs, as one key promising strategy for supporting small and midsize farmers while bringing morelocal foods to local markets.How can existing food distributors best be retainedand helped to grow, particularly in light of landuse changes and competition for warehouse spacein Denver?How can connections between distributors, localsuppliers, and local customers be strengthened?Are there sufficient gaps in distribution andaggregation of local and/or healthy food thatwarrant the creation of new aggregation/distribution companies?QUICK FACTS22% of food aggregator and distributor establishments in Coloradoare located in Denver County181businesses in 20141Denver has 12 active wholesale food licenses for fresh milk and dairycompanies and over 40 for each, fresh meats and fish; produce andbulk foods; and bottled and canned food and beverage companies74,214total jobs in 20151683,933,855 sales generated in 20131coloradodenver82,493,066 tax revenue generated in 2013122%17 denver’s food system—a baseline report18
FOOD RETAILGROCERYTrendsChallengesLoss of independent and neighborhoodG grocerystoresIncreasinginterest in consumer and workerG owned cooperativegrocery storesLowernumbersofgroceryG income neighborhoods stores in many lowerG Economic viability of small grocery retailersConnecting to reliable local suppliers and costG effectivedistributors at the right scaleG Access to an adequately trained workforceIncreased competition for market share betweenG grocersPolicy ChangesKey Questionsresidential sales of fresh produce and cottagefoods ordinance:Allows individual permit holders to sell raw, uncutproduce or homemade cottage foods produced ontheir home property.How to encourage retailers to increase healthyand/or local food options in stores while remainingprofitable?food retail expansion to support health (fresh):This program supports grocery store developmentin underserved areas in Denver.food retail is the sector of the food system with which people interact mostfrequently. A considerable part of this industry sector includes grocery stores,convenience stores, and specialty markets. These establishments provide a broadarray of products for residents of the communities where they are located. Theseestablishments are a community’s main lifeline to food resources.healthy corner store initiative:Aimed at helping small convenience stores in Denverincrease their inventory and sales of healthy foods.How to support convenience stores interested inincreasing fresh and/or healthy food options?How to best motivate grocery stores to move intoneighborhoods that currently have limited accessto healthy food?How do we encourage marketing and placementof healthy foods and beverages in stores to affectpurchases?QUICK FACTSRetailers and their food offerings strongly reflect consumers’ purchasing patterns—their tastes and preferences—and also the economic realities of a neighborhood.Retailers in urban environments like Denver are diverse and can be smaller in physical size, mobile, and/or can be limited in the variety of food items offered.many denver residents lack equitable access to a range of different retailers oreven a single full-service grocery store. High income and educational attainmentare among the demographic indicators that grocery retailers prefer, which does notalways coincide with underserved areas. As a result, some Denver neighborhoodsrely on smaller establishments, like convenience stores and specialty markets, forall of their food resources because they cannot access a full-service grocery store.Access can be further limited if residents do not have easy access to a vehicle,public transportation, or safe ways to walk/bike to grocery retailers.49% of low- to moderate-income Denver neighborhoods lackconvenient access to grocery stores22492 grocery stores in Denver represent 4,938 jobs. While conveniencestores and specialty markets provide the other 1,181 jobsbusinesses in 201416,119The number of Denver stores authorized to receive SupplementalNutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits increased 34% from2008 to 2012 8total jobs in 20151 In 2008, 33 stores in Denver were authorized to receive Women,Infants and Children (WIC) benefits. Between 2008 and 2012 thisnumber did not change452,042,576sales generated in 20131Denver has 22 front-yard farm stands (with residential sales permits)37,999,087 tax revenue generated in 20131Denver has 16 farmers markets, up 78% since 200919 denver’s food system—a baseline report20
FOOD RETAILRESTAURANTSTrendsChallengesG Rapid increase in number of Denver restaurants G Economic viability of (new) restaurant businessIncreased consumer demand for local, sourceG identifiedG Connecting to reliable local suppliersproductsUnderstanding and complying with new foodG safetyis increasingly identified as having onerequirementsG ofDenverthe nation’s hottest and highest qualityG Availability of trained workforcerestaurant scenesPolicy ChangesKey Questionsdenver retail strategy:In 2014, the Denver Office of Economic Development issued a strategic retail plan for the city.Among its priorities is the support of neighborhoodretail. Restaurants and other food retailers play avital role in the execution of this strategy.How can restaurants increase healthy and/or localfood options to menus while remaining profitable?How to best help train the workforce needed tomeet the growing/changing industry demand?How to support emerging retail businesses withoutcompromising the viability of existing businesses?How to encourage restaurant development thatserves the needs and desires of all communities?QUICK FACTSToday, americans are eating out more as opposed to cooking meals at home.Nationwide, consumers spend 1.9 billion on food outside of the home daily, soit’s no wonder greater than 40% of Americans say that restaurants are an essentialpart of their lifestyle.9, 10, 11The restaurant sector in Colorado is flourishing due to this consumer demand. one intwo coloradoans eat at restaurants on any given day, adding up to approximately2 million restaurant meals served in Colorado daily.9In Denver, the restaurant sector is growing rapidly. Restaurant sales are higher thanthe national average, and Denver restaurant sales grew by 4.9% in the past year:the fourth-highest growth rate among major U.S. cities.12 The sector is also a majordriver of employment in the city, contributing the two most widely employed positions in Denver and 7% of the total city workforce.1 This growth is impressive andas Denver’s population grows the demand for food consumed outside of the homewill continue to increase.21 denver’s food system—a baseline report70% of all Denver food system jobs and 7% of all jobs in Denver arein the restaurant sector1,647businesses in 20151Two of the five fastest growing employment opportunities in Denverare at restaurants39,015total jobs in 20151Over 10,000 individuals are employed in food preparation jobsWaiters and waitresses account for more than 9,500 jobs2,283,394,789 sales generated in 20131As of May 2015, Denver has issued 304 retail food mobile licenses—mostly for food trucks and food carts123,197,438 tax revenue generated in 2013122
FOOD RETAILCOMMUNITY FOOD SERVICESTrendsChallenges2013, 59% of individuals eligible for SNAPG inIn Denverwere enrolled—a sizable increaseeligible individuals for existing foodG Enrollingservices programsAccurate and timely processing of enrollmentG applications.Errors and delays often result in afrom 46% in 2008As a result of low participation in SNAP, the cityG lostan additional 101.9 million of annualgrocery salesestimated 40% of food produced in the U.S.G isAnwasted,yet much of that food could still feedfamilies. In 2015, the federal Environmentalprotection Agency (EPA) launched a campaign tohelp reduce food waste and recover/redistributeedible foodgap in services and require re-applyingInconsistent and unpredictable funding forG communityfood servicesHungerreliefagencies often do not have adequateG quantities of freshfoodsManycommunityfoodservice organizations doG not have the capital, infrastructure,and/or trainedstaff needed to increase the number servedFueling our bodies with nutritious and adequate amounts of food is essential toleading a healthy and happy life. Some individuals and households, however,experience food insecurity. A person who is food insecure experiences “reducedquality, variety, or desirability of diet.” Sometimes food insecure individuals alsoexperience hunger, meaning there are “multiple indications of disrupted eatingpatterns and reduced food intake.”Policy Chan
Includes restaurants, cafeterias, schools, hospitals, other food service providers, and food trucks. For more information, go to page 21. COMMUNITY FOOD SERVICES Includes food banks, food pantries, hunger relief organizations, food assistance programs . This in turn creates jobs and helps build strong local businesses. HEALTH IMPACTS Access .
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Types of food environments Community food environment Geographic food access, which refers to the location and accessibility of food outlets Consumer food environment Food availability, food affordability, food quality, and other aspects influencing food choices in retail outlets Organizational food environment Access to food in settings
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