Avocado Growing And Packing Safety Guide - University Of Sydney
Avocado Growing and PackingA Practical Safety Guide
Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and SafetyAll rights reservedTitle:Authors:Avocado growing and packing - A practical safety guideJ Temperley and T LowerISBN:The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the authorsand not necessarily those of persons consulted. Avocados Australia and the AustralianCentre for Agricultural Health and Safety shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever toany person who relies in whole or in part, on the contents of this report.This safety guide is copyright. However, Avocados Australia and the Australian Centre forAgricultural Health and Safety encourage wide dissemination of this product providing thatthe organisations are clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerningreproduction, contact ACAHS by phone on 02 6752 8210.ACAHS contact details:Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and SafetyUniversity of SydneyP O Box 256Moree NSW 2400Tel:02 6752 8210Fax: 02 6752 6639Email: aghealth@health.usyd.edu.auPublished in March 2014Revised February 2015This Practical Safety Guide is a project funded by Avocados Australia. Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety – March 20142
Table of Contents1.Introduction. 11.1 This Safety Guide – its purpose . 11.2 Health and Safety - Growing, Picking and Packing Avocados . 11.3 Legal Obligations . 22.Finding and Fixing Safety Problems . 33.Hazards, Risk and Controls . 63.1 Growing and Picking Avocados . 63.2 Pesticides and Spraying . 133.3 Packing Sheds - designing for safety . 143.4 Traffic Flow - access to work and movement around the packing shed . 163.6 Handling Bulk Produce . 233.7 Grading, Sorting and Packing . 243.8 Post-Harvest Treatments . 263.9 Forklift Operation . 283.9 Cool Rooms and Controlled Atmosphere Storages . 313.10 Loading Areas . 333.11 Machinery Maintenance . 333.12 People at Special Risk . 343.13 Emergency Preparedness . 344. Further information and important contacts . 36 Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety – March 20143
1.Introduction1.1 This Safety Guide – its purposeThis safety guide aims to provide practical safety information for avocado growers to ensurethe safety of those who work growing and packing avocados. It is accompanied by a range ofresources for growers to manage Work Health and Safety (WHS) on their farm or packingshed.The document provides an overview of the hazards and risks associated with avocadoproduction and practical guidelines on how to implement effective WHS controls. Thesecontrols will not only reduce safety risk, but will also assist growers to meet their regulatoryrequirements.Avocado growers and packing businesses should use this document in association with theManaging Health and Safety in the Avocado Industry risk management package – a practicalmanagement tool for implementing WHS in the workplace. These resources are availablefrom Avocados Australia and the Farmsafe Australia website www.farmsafe.org.au.The resources have been prepared under the direction of a reference group established byAvocados Australia and the Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety, comprisingof growers and representatives of Avocados Australia.1.2 Health and Safety - Growing, Picking and Packing AvocadosPeople working in the avocado industry are exposed to risks of injury associated with a rangeof hazards, some are specific to avocado production and others are common acrossagriculture and horticulture.Hazards associated with production of avocados and horticultural produce include:- Mechanical hazards - associated with machinery and transporting produce and workers(tractors, quads, utilities), hand-tools (chainsaws, secateurs, knives) associated withmanual handling in the field and in packing sheds- Biological hazards - moulds, saps and infectious diseases e.g. leptospirosis, legionella- Chemicals - insecticides, fungicides and herbicides- Dust- UV and solar radiation - working outdoors in heat and sunlight- Electricity- Noise - causing hearing loss and tinnitus- Stress and fatigueThe types of injury range from death, serious injury requiring hospitalization and downtime,to “nuisance” injury that stops work for a short time, or makes work slower and reducesproductivity. Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety – March 20141
1.3 Legal ObligationsAll states and territories with the exception of Victoria and Western Australia, have adoptedharmonised model WHS laws. However, irrespective of this variation the fundamentalobligations are similar in all jurisdictions. Employers or a Person Conducting a Business orUndertaking (PCBU), have responsibility for the safety of all people working (employees,contractors and visitors). In addition, all people have responsibilities to reduce the risk ofinjury and illness associated with work.Responsibilities of a PCBU or Employers include:- Involving and consulting with workers to implement and manage their health and safety- Providing a safe workplace and organising safe systems of work- Maintaining work areas, machinery and equipment in a safe condition- Assessing health and safety risks to workers and others in the workplace and implementeffective risk controls i.e. eliminate the hazard where reasonably practicable- Providing information, training, instruction and supervision to workers on safe work andusing machinery safely- Ensuring safe use, handling, storage and transport of dangerous goods and hazardoussubstances- Providing adequate facilities for the welfare of workers- Planning for emergencies- Ensuring the effective rehabilitation and early return to work of injured workers.Workers (employees and contractors) also have responsibilities. Workers:- Must co-operate with management in their efforts to comply with health and safetyobligations- Report hazards in the workplace- Follow all reasonable safety instructions given to them, and- Work safely so they are not injured and not to cause injury to others at work.Manufacturers, designers and suppliers of plant, machinery and hazardous substances foruse by people at work, must make sure that they are safe and without risks to health whenproperly used. They must also supply adequate information to ensure its safe use.Each of these WHS obligations must be met in the business and on each individual farm. Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety – March 20142
2.Finding and Fixing Safety ProblemsThe key steps that must be set in place to manage WHS risk are:Involve your workers - ConsultationThere must be ways for workers to actively participate in the management of WHS in thebusiness. How the PCBU, employers and managers involve workers will differ, somemethods may include:-Regular meetings (toolbox talks or more formal meetings) where safety issues arediscussed and resolved-Safety committees and safety representatives who are nominated to have specificresponsibility for liaison between workers and the PCBU /managersWhatever system is in use, it is essential that there is a clear commitment to safety by theowner, manager and workers and that this is obvious by their safety behaviour and dailyfarming activities conducted by employers and workers.Look for unsafe conditions and unsafe practice - Hazard identificationSafety hazards must be identified systematically. This means that farmers, managers andworkers must identify those jobs and situations that may cause injury or illness, not only topeople working (including contractors), but also to bystanders and visitors.Hazard identification should be ongoing and be carried out:- At least annually, or- When systems are changed - new equipment is purchased, facilities and/or workpractices are changedAll workers should be actively encouraged to report anything that could be consideredhazardous to their health and safety - any unsafe condition, or unsafe action needs to beidentified and steps taken to make the system safe.For each hazard, consider the likely outcome - Risk assessmentRisk associated with each hazard must be assessed in terms of the severity of the potentialharm that could occur and the likelihood that such an outcome could occur - generallygreater if workers are frequently exposed to the hazard.Control risk using the hierarchy of control approach - Risk controlRisks must be controlled to prevent injury. The hierarchy, or order of effectiveness, is asfollows:Eliminating hazardsWhere reasonably practicable, hazards must be eliminated, or removed from the workplace.This is obviously the most effective way to reduce risk. While it is often not possible toeliminate a hazard, WHS regulations require employers to use this option, where reasonablypracticable. If it is not possible, then the next most effective solution should be sought andput in place. Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety – March 20143
Substitution for a hazard of lesser riskWhere it is not possible to eliminate a hazard altogether, consider whether the hazard canbe substituted for something that will do the same job but is less risky.Isolation of hazard from worker and other engineering controlsIn most hazardous situations it is possible and practicable to improve the design of workand/or isolate the worker from the hazard. This is the basis of most of the safetyimprovements that should be put in place by horticultural enterprises to reduce risk of injuryas well as to be compliant with OHS regulations.Administrative controlsAdministrative controls include Safe Operating Procedures or rules, organising work in sucha way that reduces risk, giving safety induction and training to workers, supervising unskilledworkers and providing safety information to workers about the safety risk associated withthe work to be done and how these risks can be minimised.Personal Protective EquipmentPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be provided and used where workers cannot beprotected from a hazard by a control measure higher up the order. This includes providinghelmets to protect from head injury for motorcycle riders and quads.These guidelines suggest the higher order controls in the first instance, with the lower order,less effective controls depending on individual behaviour lower in the list. In practice, bestpractice WHS risk management will require a mix of controls for high risk hazards.Record Keeping - Keep written records of your WHS managementKeep records of all your WHS plans and activities. It is very important to monitor progressand to provide proof demonstrating your proactive management and prevention of workhealth and safety issues - records must be kept. Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety – March 20144
These are not steps to be taken on a once-off basis. The process would be better illustratedin this way:Consult withWorkersIdentifyHazardsMonitor andReviewAssess RisksControl risks:- Short term- Long termRecords ofActionThese steps should become a key part of managing health and safety of workers in thebusiness.Successful businesses invest significantly in WHS in terms of time, money and commitmentat all levels. These businesses understand that overall performance of the business benefitsfrom good WHS practice.These businesses do not accept that the major responsibility for workplace health and safetyrests in the workers themselves, rather the opposite - that safety is a key managementresponsibility and involving workers and contractors is a critical management skill. Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety – March 20145
3.Hazards, Risk and Controls3.1 Growing and Picking AvocadosDesign and layout of the orchard is important for safety. Designing the orchard for safeaccess of vehicles and machinery; removing overhead power lines (where practical);avoiding very steep terrain, creeks and dams; having good access roads to the farm andpacking sheds that allows room for traffic and movement of sprayers, tractors, vehicles andpeople.The key hazards are associated with the use of: Tractors and PTO powered machinery Slashers, mulchers and wood chippers Cherry pickers (elevating work platforms) and ladders Chainsaws, mulchers and wood chippers Pesticides and spraying Vehicles (trucks, utes, motorbikes, quads and side by side vehicles)Death can occur from crush injury of the head, trunk, arm or leg. This happens when theoperator, passenger or bystanders are: Crushed under the tractor during rollover. Crushed between the tractor and implement or a passenger falls off the tractor and isrunover. Entanglement with PTO driven attachments and shafts usually result in serious injury,if not death, including: Crush injury Amputation of arms and legs Severe twisting of body parts Dislocation of joints Laceration Runover by moving machinery, especially when reversing. Other non-fatal crush injuriesmay also occur.Hazards and RisksTractors and PTO Powered MachineryInjuries associated with tractor rolloverresult in serious crush injury and death ofthe operator and passengers.Risk ControlsEnsure that all tractors are fitted with acabin or Roll Over Protective Structurebefore they are used.Entanglement of limbs is associated withunguarded PTO drive shafts on PTO drivenimplements such as slashers, woodFold down ROPS should always be raisedwhen tractors are being used outside theorchard and only lowered where branchesinterfere with tractor safety.Check that all PTO shafts are fitted with afunctional PTO shaft guard. Replace all wornor damaged guards before PTO driven Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety – March 20146
Hazards and Riskschippers, spray units, irrigation pumps andhydraulic pumps fitted to tractors.Operators are at risk of hands, arms andloose hair becoming entangled inunguarded engine fan, alternator and airconditioning drive belts.Risk Controlsimplements are used.Make sure the machinery is turned off withthe key removed before servicing orcleaning any tractor and PTO poweredattachments.Ensure that the tractor engine bay isproperly guarded.Replace all damaged engine guards andscreens before using or starting the tractor.Make sure that the tractor is turned offbefore removing engine bay guards andservicing alternator and radiator fan/ waterpump drive belts.Further information on tractor safety can befound in the safety guide Safe TractorOperation - a practical guide produced bythe Australian Centre for Agricultural Healthand Safety and can be downloaded fromtheir website www.aghealth.org.au.Vehicles, Utes and TrucksInjuries are associated with people beinginjured when being carried as passengers,unrestrained in cabins or on the back ofutes, trucks and trailers.There are also injuries from loss of controlwhen driving on farms from poor vehiclemaintenance, steep and slippery farm roadsor vehicles being driven too fast.To reduce the number of serious injuriesand fatality on farms associated withvehicles:Make sure all drivers and passengers arewearing seat belts.DO NOT carry passengers on the back ofutes, trucks or trailers.Ensure vehicles are not overloaded and thatall loads are properly restrained.Ensure that all vehicles are regularlymaintained and especially that brakes workwell, andMaintain farm roads. Establish ‘NO GO’areas, set and enforce speed limits on farmto prevent loss of control, collision and rollover. Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety – March 20147
Hazards and RisksQuads, Side by Side vehicles andMotorbikesIncidents involving quads are now theleading cause of injury death on Australianfarms.Most deaths are due to crush injury and/ orasphyxiation associated with quads rollingover, or by injury associated with the victimbeing flung onto a hard surface as a resultof a crash.Farmsafe Australia partners urge farmers tothink carefully about their use of quadstaking into account the safety risks.Risk ControlsTo reduce the number of serious injuriesand fatalities on farms associated withquads on farms, use a vehicle, ute or side byside vehicle to carry loads or passengers.Specify jobs for when quads, side by sidevehicles and motorbikes can be used.Establish safety rules including: Routes to be used to get to worksites Establish “No-Go” areas and rules Enforce speeds at which the machineswill be operated No passenger rules on quads No children to operate or ride on quads Ensuring riders are wearing helmets andnecessary PPE when riding quads andmotorbikes Keeping the machines well maintained Have a good radio/ communicationsystems, and Emergency plans and procedures tomanage personal injury on farm Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety – March 20148
Hazards and RisksCherry Pickers - Elevating Work PlatformsElectrocutionSerious injury and fatality associated withcherry pickers and elevating work platformswhere workers being electrocuted whenoperating near or under power lines.Risk ControlsDesigning orchards so that trees are notplanted near overhead power lines.Relocate overhead power lines away fromavocado trees to maintain a 3 metreexclusion zone away from power lines (upto 132 kV) when using mobile plant andmachinery.Prune avocado trees that are near or underpower lines to maintain a 3 metre exclusionzone for mobile machinery. orMaintain and use an authorised spotterwhen picking within 3 metres of overheadpowerlines. Further information can befound in the Electrical safety code ofpractice - Working near overhead andunderground electric lines. Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety – March 20149
Hazards and RisksOverloadingOperators are at risk of injury when the SafeWeight Limit of the cherry picker isexceeded and the machine becomesunstable.Risk ControlsPurchase cherry pickers with a higher SWLand ensure that all pickers who operatethem are properly trained and that thecherry picker is not overloaded.Do not exceed the manufacturer’s SWL forthe basket, including the weight of theoperator and picking bags.Falls and Crush InjuryWorkers have been thrown, fall or jumpfrom unstable and toppling cherry pickerswhen operated on uneven or steep terrain,or are overloaded.Selecting cherry pickers that are designed ormore suited for use in steep terrain withlarger tyres will increase the stability of thecherry picker when they travel over washouts, ruts, branches or holes and deepdepressions in the ground that may causethe cherry picker to whip.Workers are at risk of falling from thebasket when travelling on uneven ground orbeing crushed due to mechanical orhydraulic failure and the cherry picker boom Where it has been assessed that workerscollapsing.are at a higher risk of falling from a cherrypicker, it is recommended that a safetyharness is used to prevent the operatorbeing thrown from the basket.Operators and bystanders are at risk ofcrush injury as a result of cherry pickerbooms collapsing due to mechanical andhydraulic failure.To prevent toppling, reduce speed andtransport the cherry picker with the boomlowered.Schedule regular inspection and service ofpins, hinges, brake locks and hydraulic linesto reduce the risk of mechanical failure andinjury to workers.Perform daily service and safety inspectionsrecommended by the manufacturer toreduce mechanical failure and injury to theoperator.Further information can be obtained byreferring to the Australian / New ZealandStandard 1418.10 Cranes, hoists andwinches Part 10: Mobile elevating workplatforms p. 689 and - Annex I p 68. Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety – March 201410
There are also reports of loss of controlwhen avocado’s become lodged under footcontrols, or hand controls are caught inbranches when maneuvering cherry pickerswithin the tree canopy.Injury records report eye injury from sticks,insects and foreign bodies to the eye.Operators are at risk of eye injury frominsects, tree branches and twigs.Head injury has been reported where theoperator or tree branch has inadvertentlymoved the picker basket in the wrongdirection.Injury records report workers being injuredfrom collision with other vehicles and cherrypickers reversing and running overbystanders.Workers also report spider bites, bee andwasp stings, some associated withanaphylaxis and allergic reactions.Workers picking and working outdoors inthe sun are at increased risk of skin cancersfrom exposure to UV sunlight.ChainsawsWorkers using chainsaws are at risk ofserious injury from kickback, fallingbranches, limbs and trees, eye injury,hearing damage and burns.Using a chainsaw that is not suited for thejob (too small, large or not properly guardedand maintained), can lead to serious injuryto the operator.Keep cherry picker baskets clean of debrisand fallen fruit. Make sure that handcontrols are guarded or there is anemergency stop to shut down the machinein an emergency.Where there is risk of eye or head injury, itis recommended that eye and headprotection and other relevant PPE are used.Ensure that bystanders and othermachinery are clear of cherry pickers whenthey are working in the orchard.Where workers report that they are allergicto insect bites and stings during safetyinductions, ensure that there is a First Aidplan that includes anaphylaxis and otherallergic reactions.All outdoor workers should wear proper sunprotection to prevent sunburn and limit UVexposure.Purchase a chainsaw suitable for the jobwhich you are going to use it for. Smallerlight weight petrol or hydraulic poweredchainsaws are more suited for use in cherrypickers.Keep the chainsaw well maintained,sharpen the chain properly, check that chainbrake and safety guards are fitted and areworking properly. Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety – March 201411
Workers may be at risk of head injury fromfalling limbs and branches.All chainsaw operators should be properlytrained and never allow an inexperiencedperson to use a chainsaw.Some chainsaw work, such as felling largertrees and cutting trees thicker than the barguide length should only be done by aprofessional.Refueling chainsaws with the enginerunning or when hot increases the risk offire and burns to the operator.Wear Personal Protective Equipment andclothing such as cut resistant chainsawpants or chaps, ear muffs, safety glasses orface shield, helmet, boots, and close-fittingclothing will prevent injury.Do not refuel a chainsaw while it is running.Before refueling a chainsaw, allow it to cool.After refueling, move away from therefueling site. Drop starting a chainsaw is adangerous practice.PruningScissors, secateurs (both manual, electricand pneumatic) are associated with risk ofcutting and crush injury, and hand, arm,wrist, elbow and shoulder pain and injury.Mulchers and Wood ChippersOperators feeding tree limbs and branchesinto wood chippers and mulchers are at riskof serious injury if caught by branchesand/or tree limbs and being pulled into themachine and injured by exposed chipperand mulcher blades.Many chippers are equipped with amechanical feed control bar that activatesthe feed rollers when it is pulled. The bar ismounted across the top and along the sidesof the feed chute.Eye and hearing injury is also associatedwith using wood chippers and mulchers.Ensure workers are trained to use pruningshears and that Repetitive Use injury isprevented.Ensure that mulchers and wood chippersare properly guarded with feeder controlbars and an emergency stop bar that areworking properly.Follow the manufacturer’s safetyinstructions for operating and servicingmulchers and wood chippers.Stress the importance of following themanufacturer's instructions for operating,inspecting and maintaining chippers.Inform and train workers about the safetyhazards and safe use of mulchers and woodchippers and ensure workers use safe workpractices.Ensure that all workers are wearing PPE,including gloves, eye and hearing protectionto help prevent injury. Keep bystandersaway. Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety – March 201412
3.2 Pesticides and SprayingWorkers transporting, handling, mixing and applying pesticides and cleaning machinery areat risk of poisoning.Hazards and RisksPesticides and SprayingHerbicides, insecticides and fungicides maypose risk of chemical exposure andpoisoning for operators and bystandersduring mixing, application, maintenance andclean down.Risk ControlsSelect herbicides, fungicides andinsecticides that have a low toxicity tooperators.Checking hoses and connections; replacethose that are cracked and leaking toprevent operator exposure.Clean and wash down tractors and sprayingequipment before maintenance to preventworkers coming into contact with sprayresidues.Use closed mixing and transfer systems toreduce operator exposure to herbicide,insecticide and fungicide spray mixtures.Use cabined tractors and spray equipmentfitted with carbon/ activated carbon/charcoal air filters to reduce exposure of theoperator to the spray.Ensure that all people (includingcontractors) applying pesticides have beenproperly trained and have a currentChemical User Accreditation certificate.Follow the pesticide label safety directionswhen applying pesticides.After spraying, maintain minimum harvestand re-entry periods as described on thepesticide label.Operators are also at risk of entanglementassociated with the operation of unguardedPTO driven spray machinery.Provide and ensure that Personal ProtectiveEquipment and clothing is worn asdescribed on the pesticide label.Ensure that PTO drive shafts are properlyguarded, maintained and are in workingcondition. Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety – March 201413
Hazards and RisksChemical Transport and StorageExposure to chemicals can occur duringtransport and storage.Risk to users and bystanders may beassociated with leaks or spillages that mayoccur during routine storage, use andhandling containers. Such incidents alsomay arise in the event of a collision duringtransport, the load moving or drumsrupturing.Risk ControlsAll chemicals should be transported andstored securely in a locked shed asdescribed on the pesticide label safetydirections.Do not transport pesticides in a cabinedvehicle with passengers. Use a trailer orutility.Use the required Personal ProtectiveEquipment and clothing such as gloves,masks, waterproof clothing, fire fighting andaccidental spill containment.State WHS and Pesticide legislation requiresthat records are kept for hazardouschemical stored or used in the workplace.Ensure that chemical Safety Data Sheets areavailable for workers handling all chemicals.Rodent and Vermin ControlChemicals used for rodent control areusually of high toxicity and may have specialhandling and application requirements.Users are at risk of chemical exposureduring preparing and laying baits.Use pre-prepared baits. Handle and applybaits as described on the rodenticide labels.Ensure that Personal Protective Equipmentand clothing, including gloves andrespiratory protection, is provided and usedas described on the pesticide label whenhandling and laying baits.If you use contractors to apply baits, usecontractors that have been trained andhave a current approved accreditation toapply rodenticide baits.3.3 Packing Sheds - designing for safetyOne of the most important issues to consider when planning for safety in the packing shed isthe overall plan and layout of the various sections and work stations in relation to eachother. Smooth flow of produce, people and machinery traffic is not only more efficient it isgenerally safer for workers, contractors and other bystanders.High risk injury and fatality includes: Entanglement in unguarded machinery and conveyors Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety – March 201414
ElectrocutionCollision, runover and crush injury associated with forklift useSlips, trips and fallsEntrapment in cool roomsMinimising packing shed workers exposure to pesticides where post harvesttreatments are used to meet quarantine regulations is important.Hazards and RisksPacking Shed DesignCramped packing sheds, poor packing sheddesign and layout increases the risk of injuryand chronic medical conditions associatedwith poor working conditions.Unnecessary handling of produce andpackaging, exposure to noise, dusts, water,chemicals, electrical hazards and tr
Australian Centre for Agricultural Health and Safety University of Sydney P O Box 256 Moree NSW 2400 Tel: 02 6752 8210 Fax: 02 6752 6639 Email: aghealth@health.usyd.edu.au Published in March 2014 Revised February 2015 This Practical Safety Guide is a project funded by Avocados Australia.
Paleo Avocado Tuna Salad Directions are for original recipe of 1 serving 1. Cut the avocado in half and scoop the middle of both avocado halves into a bowl, leaving a shell of avocado flesh about ¼-inch thick on each half. 2. Add lemon juice and onion to the avocado in the bowl and mash tog
identical new beetle species was found in Israel in 2009 in commer-cial avocado orchards where it has been causing damage to avocado (Fig 1,2) Unlike the Redbay Ambro-sia beetle, the vector of the Laurel wilt disease which has been infest-ing avocado and other members of the avocado family (Laureceae) in the Southeastern United States,
based Mexican Hass Avocado Importers Association) and the HAB (Hass Avocado Board). . ing force behind the growth in the Mexican avocado indus-try since the mid-2000s (approximately 2 000 to 3 000 ha/ year in recent years). The next states in the ranking are the
A 01226 Growing of papaya A 01227 Growing of pineapple A 01228 Growing of pitaya (dragon fruit) A 01229 Growing of other tropical and subtropical fruits n.e.c. sapodilla, langsat of all varieties, cempedak, jackfruit, mangosteen, snakefruit, pulasan, avocado, etc. A 0123 Growing of citrus fruits A 01231 Growing of pomelo A 01232 Growing of lemons and limes A 01233 Growing of oranges .
Hass Avocado Board Emiliano is a graduate in Food and Resource Economics from the University of Florida. Emiliano is the Executive director for the Hass Avocado Board (HAB) which represents nearly 20,000 producers and 100 importers to promote U.S. consumption of fresh domestic and imported Hass Avocados sold in the U.S. market.
4 Circle and Sphere Packing 59 4.1 Circle Packing 59 4.2 Cubic Close Packing 61 4.3 Sphere Packings and Nets 62 4.4 Low Density Sphere Packings 62 4.5 The Boerdijk–Coxeter Helix 64 4.6 Random Sphere Packings 65 4.7 Sphere Packings in Higher Dimensions 67 4.8 Packing Circles on a Spherical Surface 68 4.9 Packing of Unequal Spheres 73 4.10 Rod .
online packing of rectangles, which have also received a serious amount of attention. Most notably, online strip packing has been considered; for prominent examples, see Azar and Epstein [1], who employ shelf packing, and Epstein and van Stee [17]. Packing into One Container Offline packing of rectangles into a unit square or rec-
Apr 02, 2020 · 3.2 Packing List A Packing Slip showing carton number(s) and contents of each master carton at the SKU item level is mandatory for all shipments. Purchase orders cannot be combined on a single packing list The packing list must accurately state the quantity shipped, not what was ordered. The packing list must be written, printed, or typed in .
