Formulation And Evaluation Of Fast Dissolving Buccal Films Containing .
ISSN 2395-3411Available online at www.ijpacr.com129Research ArticleFormulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Buccal FilmsContaining ZolmitriptanSharmila Reddy*, A. Seetha Devi, Vasu Naik,NVN. Mounica and A. Anka RaoHindu College of Pharmacy, Amaravathi Road, Guntur – 522002,Andhra Pradesh, India.ABSTRACTFast dissolving oral films are useful in patients such as paediatric, geriatric, bedridden or developmentally disabled whoface difficulty in swallowing conventional tablets or capsules and liquid orals or syrups leading to ineffective therapy. Thedelivery system consists of a very thin oral strip, which is simply placed on the patient’s tongue or any oral mucosaltissue, instantly wet by saliva the film rapidly hydrates and adheres onto the site of application. The present study wasaimed to formulate fast dissolving oral films to enhance bioavailability and avoid pre systemic metabolism. The key is todevelop successful oral film by solvent casting method and selected the right compatible excipients using FTIR studies.Oral film was fabricated using HPMC-E5, HPM E15, and HPMC- E50 and Propylene glycol.The prepared films wereevaluated for Organoleptic evaluations, film weight, thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, drug contentuniformity of films, surface pH, disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution studies. The formulation F5 hasdisintegration time of 56 seconds and is more promising and showed drug release of 99.89%; hence formulation F5 wasselected as best formulation.Keywords: Oral Films, Metoprolol Succinate, Solvent Casting Method.INTRODUCTIONFast-dissolving drug-delivery systems came intoexistence in the late 1970’s as an alternative totablets, capsules and syrups for pediatric andgeriatric patients who experience difficulties inswallowing traditional oral solid-dosage forms.These systems consist of the solid dosage formsthat disintegrate and dissolve quickly in the oralcavity without the administration of water.Research and development in the oral drugdelivery segment has led to transition of dosageforms from simple conventional tablets orcapsules to modified release tablets or capsulesto oral disintegrating tablet (ODT) to wafer to therecent development of oral fast dissolving films(OFDFs). Amongst the plethora of avenuesexplored for the rapid drug releasing products,1oral strip technology is gaining much attention.Fast dissolving films (FDF), a type of oral drugdelivery system for the oral delivery of the drug,was developed based on the technology of thetransdermal patch. This delivery system consistsof a thin film, which is simply placed on thepatient’s tongue or mucosal tissue, instantly wetby saliva; the film rapidly dissolves. Then itrapidly disintegrates and dissolves to release the2medication for oral mucosal absorption.FDOFs are useful in patients such as pediatric,geriatrics, bedridden, emetic patients, diarrhoea,sudden episode of allergic attacks, or coughingfor those who have an active life style. It is alsouseful whether local action desired such as localanesthetic for toothaches, oral ulcers, cold soresor teething. The OTFs place as an alternative inthe market due to the consumer’s preference fora fast-dissolving product over conventionaltablets / capsules. The oral thin-film technologyis still in the beginning stages and has brightfuture ahead because it fulfils all the need ofpatients. Eventually, film formulations havingdrug/s will be commercially launched using the3OTF oselective) adrinoceptaor blocking agent. Itis used as anti-hypertensive, anti-anginal and inacute myocardial infarction. The bioavailability ofthe Metoprolol succinate is about 40-50%, with3-4 hr half life. In hypertention,it is given in 50International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 2 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2016
ISSN 2395-3411Available online at www.ijpacr.commg daily and according to response the dose4may increases to 400 mg .MATERIAL AND METHODZolmitriptan was obtained as gift sample fromGift sample from Celon labs, Hyderabad,. HPMCE-5, MOLY CHEM, Mumbai, India. And HPMCE-15 was obtained as a gift sample from LOBACHEME pvt.ltd, Mumbai, India. HPMC E-50was obtained as a gift sample from RolexChemical Industries, Bombay . Propylene glycolwas obtained as a gift sample from Kemphasol,Bombay. Sodium saccharine was obtained as agift sample from Sd fiN-CHEM limited, Mumbai.Citric acid Fine was obtained as a gift samplefrom CHEM INDUSTRIES, Chennai.Preparation of Fast Dissolving Oral FilmsCalculation of drug loaded in the filmDiameter of Petridish52Total area of petri dish 64 cmEach film area 2 2 4 cm2Number of films in batch 64/6 10.66Approximately 12 filmsProcedureThe mouth dissolving films of Zolmitriptan wereformulated by solvent casting method, bydissolving weighed quantity of drug in requiredvolume of waterThe selected concentration of polymers wereadded to another beaker and dissolve by addingsufficient amount of water. Then both theFig. 1: The prepared oral strips130solutions were mixed together. Initially stirringwas carried out at low RPM and later at higherspeed. The required quantity of plasticizer wasadded drop wise. The solution was casted on to2Petri dish (area of 64 cm ) within inverted funneland allowing to dry overnight at roomtemperature. The film were removed carefully2and an area of 4 cm was punched out so thateach film contained 2.5mg of the drug. The driedfilm were wrapped in butter paper then coveredwith aluminum foil and kept in desiccators.Each film with surface area of approximately 42cm as seen in figure 1 & 2. Each film wasloaded with 40mg of Zolmitriptan and each stripcontains 2.5mg of drug.EVALUATION OF FAST DISSOLVING ORALFILMSOrganoleptic eptic evaluations like Color, odor andtaste.Physical Appearance and Surface TexturePhysical appearance was checked by visualinspection and surface texture was evaluated bytouch or feel of the film.6Weight Uniformity22 2 cm film was cut at three different places inthe cast film. The weight of each film waschecked with the help of an electronic balanceand the average weight was calculated.Fig. 2: The prepared oral filmInternational Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 2 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2016
ISSN 2395-3411Available online at www.ijpacr.com6Folding EnduranceFolding endurance was determined byrepeatedly folding the film at the same positionuntil it breaks. The number of times the films canbe folded without breaking is termed as thefolding endurance value.7Tensile StrengthTensile strength is the maximum stress appliedto a point at which the strip specimen breaks.The film size 5 x 2 cm2 and free of physicalimperfection was placed between two clampsheld 10mm apart. The film was pulled by clampat a rate of 5mm/min.It is calculated by the applied load at rupturedivided by the cross‐sectional area of the stripas given in the equation below:This test was done on randomly selected threefilms from each batch and average values werereported.7Percentage ElongationWhen stress is applied, a film sample stretches,and this is referred to as a strain. Strain isbasically the deformation of film divided by theoriginal dimension of the sample.7Thickness of FilmsThe thickness of three randomly selected filmsfrom every batch was determined using astandard Vernier Caliper and average valueswere reported.8Disintegration TimeIt can be performed by two methods for oralfilmsSlide frame method: one drop of distilled waterwas dropped by a Pipette onto the oral films.Therefore the films were clamped into slideframes and were placed planar on a Petri dish.The time until the film dissolved and caused ahole within the film was measured.Petridish method: 2 mL of distilled water wasplaced in a Petridish and one film was added onthe surface of the water and the time measureduntil the oral film was dissolved completely.This test was done on randomly selected threefilms from each batch and average values werereported.9Surface pHThe surface pH of the films was determined inorder to investigate the possibility of any sideeffects in vivo. As an acidic or alkaline pH maycause irritation to the buccal mucosa, it was131determined to keep the surface pH as close toneutral as possible. A combined glass electrodewas used for this purpose. The 2 cm X 2 cm filmwas dissolved in 2 ml of distilled water. The pHwas measured by bringing the electrode incontact with the surface of the film and allowingit to equilibrate for 1 minute. The experimentswere performed in triplicate and average valueswere reported.10Drug Content of Films (% Assay)Standard preparatioWeighed accurately 5 mg of MetoprololSuccinate was dissolved in100 mL pH 6.8phosphate buffer. Diluted 1mL of this solution to10mL with pH 6.8 phosphate buffer.Test PreparationA sample film of size 2 2cm2 which were placedin a beaker containing 100 ml of methanol.Diluted 10 mL of this solution to 10 mL withmethanol.ProcedureAbsorbance of standard preparation and testpreparation was taken using UV double beamspectrophotometer at 222 nm and % assay wascalculated.11In-Vitro Drug ReleaseThe in vitro dissolution study is carried out instimulated saliva solution pH 6.8 phosphatebuffer using USP paddle (Type II) apparatus at37 0.5 C. Samples are withdrawn at regulartime interval and analyzed by drugreleaseandcumulativepercentage of drug retained were calculated. Invitro drug dissolution was performed using USPpaddle apparatus. The studies were carried outat 37 C with stirring speed of 75 rpm in 900 mLof pH 6.8 phosphate buffer dissolution medium.5 ml of samples were withdrawn atpredetermined time intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10minutes and replaced with the same volume ofbuffer. The samples were collected and theabsorbance was determined at 222 nm UVvisible spectrophotometer.The results of in-vitro release data obtained forall formulations were fitted in two popularmodels of data treatments as follows:i. Zero-order kinetic model (cumulative percentdrug released versus time)ii. First-order kinetic model (log cumulativepercent drug remaining versus time).International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 2 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2016
ISSN 2395-3411Available online at www.ijpacr.comRESULT AND DISCUSSIONFTIR studies: FTIR studies were performed todetect the possible molecular interactionbetween drug (Zolmitriptan) and utilizedpolymers (HPMC E-5, HPMC E-15, HPMC E-50,Propylene glycol). FTIR spectra were shownedin Figures and spectral data was depicted inTable . The comparision between FTIRspectrum of physical mixture of drug withexcipients and pure Zolmitriptan revealed thatthere was no appreciable change in position andintensity of peak with respect to IR spectrum ofpure Zolmitriptan, indicates there was nointeraction between drug and utilized polymers.EVALUATION OF FAST DISSOLVING FILMSNine formulations F1 to F9 of fast dissolvingbuccal films containing Zimitriptan.soliddispersion were prepared by solvent castingmethod using HPMC E-5,HPMC E-15,HPMC E50 as a film forming polymer and Pr as apropylene glycol plasticizer. All the prepared fastdissolving buccal films were evaluated for theirphysiochemical parameters like thickness &weight of the films, surface pH, Swelling index,PMA, folding endurance, disintegration time,drug content and invitro release studies.Visual inspectionAll the films prepared were found to be flexible,smooth, non sticky, homogenous, yellow coloredand transparent with no visible particulate matterThickness measurementsThickness of mouth dissolving film depends onthe concentration of polymer. Thickness of allmouth dissolving films was measured withmicrometer screw gauge. The thickness wasfound to vary between 0.1 to 0.2 mm with verylow standard deviation value . A very lowstandard deviation value indicating that themethod used for the formulation of films givesfilms of uniform thickness and hence dosageaccuracy in each film can be ensured. Theresults indicating that as the concentration ofpolymer increases, thickness of fast dissolvingfilm increases.Weight variationThe observed results of Weight variation testwere showed in Table . The results revealedthat the weight of the films varied with polymerconcentration. Increase in polymer concentrationresulted in increase in weight of the film, but theincrease was marginal132Folding enduranceFolding endurance gives an indication aboutbrittleness of the film. The folding endurance ofthe prepared films was found to be ranged from48 to 101 percent. Among all the tration i.e.20% of plasticizer (propyleneglycol) has shown higher folding endurance of76.3%. From the results it was concluded that asthe concentration of plasticizer increases, foldingendurance of fast dissolving film increaseSurface pH studyThe surface pH of the films was found between6.5-6.7. The surface pH of all the formulationswere close to the neutral pH, which indicatedthat films may have less potential to irritate thebuccal mucosa, and hence, more acceptable bythe patientsDisintegration timeIt was observed that in-vitro disintegration timevaries from 44-56 sec. In-vitro disintegrationtime of the films was found to be increased withincreasing the concentration of the polymer,because high concentration of polymer resultedin a thicker gel upon contact with the medium,resulting in longer disintegration time. It was alsofound that there was no significant increase inthe disintegration time on increasing theconcentration of Propylene glycol (plasticizer)from 7.5% to 20%. Overall the disintegrationtime of all formulations were found to minimumas compared to other dosage forms, which isdesirable for faster absorption and rapid onset ofactionDrug uniformityDrug content in the films were found to bebetween 95.71 to 100.29 %. As perUSPrequirements, the films found to meet the criteriafor content uniformity 85- 115 % of the labelclaim. It was observed that no significantdifference in the drug content among all the filmswhich indicates, the drug was dispersed2uniformly throughout the 6 cm constant area ofthe film.The formulated films were subjected for invitrodissolution studies and the results were shownin Table 6.15. Among the six formulationsprepared, formulation F5 was found to release99.89% drug with in 7 min which is desirable forfaster absorption and rapid onset of action Therelease kinetics of all formulations can beexplained by comparing the correlationcoefficients values for their Zero order and FirstInternational Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 2 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2016
Available online at www.ijpacr.comorder regression equations. The correlationcoefficient values for the release profiles of theZolmitriptan film formulations in Phosphatebuffer of pH 6.8 were given in Table 12. The2data has shown that correlation coefficient (R )values for First order plots regression valueswere higher than that of Zero order tions were found to follow first orderrelease kinetics.polymer. Fast dissolving films prepared in thestudy exhibited good film characteristic featuresas indicated by thickness measured, foldingendurance, disintegration time, tensile strengthand drug content.Overall, these findingsindicate that fast dissolving buccal films ofZolmitriptan was the most suitable dosage formfor clinical use in the treatment of migrane,where a quicker onset of action for a dosageform is desirable along with the ion.9092949698100CONCLUSIONSPre formulation study involving FTIR studyshowed no interaction between drug and1333500D:\FTIR DATA\SHARMILA.03000ZOLMITRIPTAN25002000Wavenumber cm-11500Instrument type and / or 31404.781729.783345.9888Transmittance [%]ISSN 2395-341150024/04/2015Page 1/1Fig. 3: FT-IR spectrum of pure ZolmitriptanInternational Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 2 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2016
Available online at www.ijpacr.com1343500D:\FTIR DATA\SHARMILA.1300025002000Wavenumber cm-1ZOL E5 S.SACCH CITRIC 250.721640.461726.973247.749394959697Transmittance [%]9899100ISSN 2395-3411500Instrument type and / or accessory24/04/2015Page 1/197969594933500D:\FTIR DATA\MAHESH.03000ZOLMITRIPTAN25002000Wavenumber cm-11500Instrument type and / or 1142.351252.291407.061731.903346.0892Transmittance [%]9899100Fig. 4: FT-IR spectrum of HPMC E-550006/05/2015Page 1/1Fig. 5: FT-IR spectrum of HPMC E-15International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 2 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2016
Available online at www.ijpacr.com1353500D:\FTIR DATA\SHARMILA.3300025002000Wavenumber cm-1ZOL E50 S SACCH CITRIC .851639.491583.103247.578890929496Transmittance [%]98100ISSN 2395-34111000500Instrument type and / or accessory24/04/2015Page 1/197969594933500D:\FTIR DATA\MAHESH.03000ZOLMITRIPTAN25002000Wavenumber cm-11500Instrument type and / or 1142.351252.291407.061731.903346.0892Transmittance [%]9899100Fig. 6: FT-IR spectrum of HPMC E-5050006/05/2015Page 1/1Fig. 7: HPMC E-15 Optimized film (f5)International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 2 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2016
ISSN 2395-3411Available online at www.ijpacr.com136Table 1: Composition of Zolmitriptan Buccal C-E50Propylene glycol(%w/w)Citric acidSodium .1411q.sTable 2: Physical Characterization Of Fast Dissolving Oral FilmsFORMULATIONCODEF1F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9Thicknessof the film0.1 0.010.1 0.010.1 0.010.2 0.020.2 0.020.2 0.020.25 0.020.25 0.020.25 0.02Weight ofthe film inmg10 0.110.6 0.1512.3 0.211.5 0.1612.3 0.212.3 0.212.5 0.2512.7 0.2613 0.3Foldingendurance ofthe film (%)48.3 0.0150.6 0.01554.3 0.0256 0.02582 0.0483 0.04591.6 0.0597.6 0.15100.3 0.16Surface pHof the filmDisintegrationtime(secPMA of thefilm (%)6.50 0.096.74 0.036.56 0.126.60 0.046.73 0.046.69 0.036.80 0.036.60 0.046.74 0.0344.3 3.3546 2.3246.6 2.3248.3 2.3356 1.0150 0.9851.6 1.0055 1.0056 1.0096.70 2.4799.28 5.90100.29 2.2096.51 3.8097.22 3.9099.71 1.3696.51 3.8095.24 2.4695.18 2.44Table 3: In-vitro drug release studies of E5TIME (mins)124681012% of drug 9.4-Table 4: In –vitro drug release studies of E 15TIME (mins)124681012% of drug 4.89198.59599.298.5Table 5: In-vitro drug release studies of E50TIME (mins)124681012% of drug 1.28479.874.58881.3677.59184.480.4International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 2 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2016
ISSN 2395-3411Available online at www.ijpacr.comTable 6: Correlation coefficient values of RFormulation codeF1F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F91372Correlation coefficient (R2 ) values ofvarious release kineticsZero orderFirst 60.49920.7177% DRUG RELEASE OF HPMC E5% OF DRUG 5TIME(mins)Fig. 8% DRUG DISSOLVED HPMC E-15%DRUG 101214TIME(mins)Fig. 9International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 2 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2016
ISSN 2395-3411Available online at www.ijpacr.com138% OF DRUG DISSOLVED% DRUG DISSOLVED HPMC ns)Fig. 10%DRUG DISSOLVEDZERO ORDER KINETICS120100806040200F1R²R² 0.99520.98410.974F2F30246Linear (F1)8Linear (F2)TIME(mins)Fig. 11FIRST ORDER PLOTS OF F1,F2,F3LOG% DRUG REMAINING32F11F20F3-1-2-30510R² 0.929215Linear (F1)Linear (F2)R² 0.92050.9203Linear (F3)TIME(mins)Fig. 12International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 2 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2016
ISSN 2395-3411Available online at www.ijpacr.com139ZERO ORDER PLOTS OF F4,F5,F6%DRUG REALESE200150R² 0.44281000.4741R² 0.5069Series1Series2Series350Linear (Series1)0Linear (Series2)051015Linear (Series3)TIME(mins)Fig. 13LOG %DRUG REMAININGFIRST ORDER PLOTS OF F4,F5,F62.52F41.5F51F60.50-0.5 05-1R² 0.8951R² 0.935610R² 0.8694Linear (F4)Linear (F5)15Linear (F6)TIME(mins)Fig. 14ZERO ORDER PLOTS OF F7,F8,F9%DRUG RELEASE120R² 0.5085R²R² 0.46750.499210080Series1Series260Series340Linear (Series1)20Linear (Series2)0051015Linear (Series3)TIME(mins)Fig. 15International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 2 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2016
ISSN 2395-3411Available online at www.ijpacr.com140LOG%DRUG REMAININGFIRST ORDER PLOTS OF F7,F8,F92.52Series1Series21.5R²R² 0.71770.7026R² 0.82651Series30.5Linear (Series1)0Linear (Series2)051015Linear (Series3)TIME(mins)Fig. 16REFERENCES1. B Bhupinder, J Sarita, K Mandeep, SHarmanpreet. Orally Fast DissolvingFilms: Innovations In Formulation AndTechnology, Int. J. Pharma. Sci. ReviewRes, 9(2), 2011, 50-7.2. T Nishi, B Mayank, S Neha, YGhanshyam and K Pragati Overview “ANovel Approach of Fast Dissolving Filmsand Their Patients” Advan. Biol. Res,7(2), 2013, 50-8.3. S Farhana, A Mohammad, IP Saiful,Preparation and Evaluation Of FastDissolving Oral Thin Film Of CaffeineInt. J. Pharm. Bio. Sci, 3(1), 2013, 15361.4. A Arun, C Amrish, S Vijay and P Kamla,Fast Dissolving Oral Films: AnInnovative Drug Delivery System andDosage Form Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res,2(1), 2010,576-83.5. BP Prafulla, MT Vinod, WT Bharat, PCKundan, Development And EvaluationOf Fast Dissolving Metoprolol SuccinateTablet Asian J. Pharma. Res, 4( 1),2014, 39-46.6. DK Yatin, AT Dipen, VP Amit, PP Vipul.Formulation And Evaluation Of FastDissolving Sublingual Film of MetoprololSuccinate Int. J. Pharma. Sci, 4(3),2013, 140-54.7. SC Prabhu, S Parsekar, A Shetty, SSMonteiro, M Azharuddin, AR Shabaraya.Design And Characterisation of FastDissolvingSublingualFilmsofMontelukast Sodium. Int. J. Pharma.Res. Bio-Sci, 3(3), 2014, 268-81.8. KA Rawda, AR Shabarayal, MAzharuddin Design and Evaluation ofFastDissolvingOralFilmsofGranisetron Hydrochloride Am. J.Pharm. Tech Res, 2(6), 2012, 591-609.9. RP Narayana, KM Sravan, M Reddy, KRavishanker.FormulationandEvaluation of Fast Dissolving Films ofLoratidine by Solvent Casting Method.The Pharma. Innovation-J, 2(2), 2013,31-5.10. DJ Sandeep, NK Rahul, MJ Chetan, WTBharat, RP Vijay. Formulation AndEvaluation Of Fast Dissolving Oral FilmOf Levocetirizine Dihydrochlorid Int JPharm Pharma Sci, 4(1), 2012, 337-41.11. HD Karen, DM Patel, AR Jasakiya, andCN Patel. Development of Oral Strip forLoratidine and Invitro Evaluation. Int. J.Pharma. Pharmacology, 2(8), 2013,125-30.12. U Kamalesh, K Lalit, PA Stutie, C Viney.Formulation and Evaluation of MouthDissolving Films of Paracetamol Int. J.Pharm. Pharma. Sci, 6(5), 2014, 200-2.International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 2 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2016
uniformity of films, surface pH, disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution studies. The formulation F5 has disintegration time of 56 seconds and is more promising and showed drug release of 99.89%; hence formulation F5 was selected as best formulation. Keywords: Oral Films, Metoprolol Succinate, Solvent Casting Method. INTRODUCTION
Evaluation of Formulation. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY: ‘PSYCHOLOGICAL FORMULATION’? Some definitions: Formulation is a provisional explanation or hypothesis of how an individual comes to present with a certain disorder or circumstance at a particular-point in time. (Weerasekera, 1996) A formulation is a tool used by clinicians to relate theory to practice . It is the lynchpin that .
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Enteric Coated Tablets of Rabeprazole Sodium B.Rama*, Shalem Raju Talluri, Grace Rathnam Department of Pharmaceutics, C. L. Baid Metha College Of Pharmacy, Chennai Abstract: Rabeprazole sodium is highly acid-labile and presents many formulation challenges and to protect it from acidic environment of the stomach an enteric coated tablet formulation is .
Formulation and evaluation of almotriptan chewable tablets 1V. Anil kumar*, K.L. Deepthi*, 1R. Kalyani, 1B. Padmasri, 2D.Prasanth . in the formulation of a chewable tablet is to obtain a complete profile of the active drug. This usually leads to the most efficient formulation of a stable and quality product as the drug usually dictates the choice of fillers, carriers, sweeteners, flavor .
Ravindran et al. / Formulation and Evaluation IJPCR, Volume 8, Issue 9: September 2016 Page 1306 Tween 80 Figure 1: Fruits of Dimocarpus longan. Formulation 1 Formulation 2 Figure 2: Formulated antioxidant creams The added to a free radical Chemicals 2,2 -Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich Co, St Louis, USA .
The MikroTik Fast Path and Conntrack's work together gave the name Fast Track. Fast Track Fast Path extentions Only Ipv4 TCP/UDP (Total Traffic %99) FastTrack management is left to network admin FastTrack can be used on devices with Fast Path support. After the first packet of the connection passing through the router is marked as Fast Track .
mixed. Since formulation containing antimicrobial agents as active moiety, it is likely to protect from microbial growth 8, 9. To determine the activity of formulation is subject to study the prepared formulation with standard method called standard cup plate method and the inhibition zone diameters were measured with the help of zone reader.
Citation: Arunadevi Birajdar., et al. "Formulation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Hair Gel from Abrus Precatorius". Medicon Pharmaceutical Sciences 1.3 (2021): 02-13. Formulation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Hair Gel from Abrus Precatorius 03 Figure 1: Alopecia. Many herbal products have been praised for their hair growth-promoting activities [10].
An Introduction to Literary Criticism and Theory Before we begin our examination and study of literary theory, it is important that we define exactly what literary theory is and is not, identify some of the main characteristics of such, as well as identify some of the key differences between traditional “literary criticism” and “literary theory.” While literary criticism since the late .
