Assessment Of Renewable Energy Sources - IJSER
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 12, December-2015ISSN 2229-5518Assessment of Renewable Energy SourcesShahin Ansari a, Mr.Quazi T.Z b*, Dr.Fauzia Siddique c.a.M.E (Mechanical) Pursuing, Lecturer at Abdul Razzak Kalsekar Polytechnic, New Panvel.b.ME (Mechanical), Associate Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering, Kharghar.c.HOD Mechanical Department, Saraswati College of Engineering, KhargharAbstract: Renewable energy is plentiful, and the technologies are improving all thetime. There are many ways to use renewable energy. We have realized that our fossil andatomic fuels will not last forever, and that their use contributes to environmental pollution.Renewable energy – which basically comes from the sun in one way or another – providesopportunities for an unlimited, sustainable energy supply with low environmental impact.Most of the power generation in India is carried out by conventional energy sources, coaland mineral oil-based power plants which contribute heavily to greenhouse gasesemission. This focuses the solution of the energy crisis on judicious utilization of abundantrenewable energy resources. . It begins by describing the importance of renewable energyand its advantages over fossil fuels. This paper gives an overview about types ofrenewable energies and their effective uses. It also reviews the multi-criteria assessment ofdifferent renewable energy and draws out vital conclusions.Keywords: tidal power, lignocellulosic biomass, photovoltaic, geothermal gradient.IJSERINTRODUCTION:as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves,and geothermal heat. Renewable energysources, that derive their energy from thesun, either directly or indirectly, such ashydro and wind, are expected to becapable of supplying humanity energy foralmost another 1 billion years, at whichpoint the predicted increase in heat fromthe sun is expected to make the surface ofthe earth too hot for liquid water to exist.Renewable energy resources andsignificantopportunitiesfor energyefficiency exist over wide geographicalareas, in contrast to other energy sources,which are concentrated in a limitednumber of countries. Rapid deploymentof renewable energy and energyefficiency,andtechnologicaldiversification of energy sources, wouldresult in significant energy security andeconomic benefits. It would also reduceenvironmental pollution suchas airRenewable energy is derived fromnatural processes that are replenishedconstantly. In its various forms, it derivesdirectly from the sun, or from heatgenerated deep within the earth. Includedin the definition is electricity and heatgeneratedfromsolar,wind,ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermalresources, and biofuels and hydrogenderived from renewable resources. Theimportance of alternative energy sourcescomes together with climate changechallenges associated with the excessiveuse of fossil fuels. There are threeprimary motivators that stimulate thegrowthofrenewableenergytechnologies: energy security, economicimpacts and carbon dioxide emissionreduction. Renewable energy is generallydefinedasenergythatcomesfrom resources whicharenaturallyreplenished on a human timescale, such1IJSER 2015http://www.ijser.org206
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 12, December-2015ISSN 2229-5518pollution caused by burning of fossilfuels and improve public health, reducepremature mortalities due to pollutionand save associated health costs.Renewable energy sources, that derivetheir energy from the sun, either directlyor indirectly, such as hydro and wind, areexpected to be capable of supplyinghumanity energy for almost another 1billion years, at which point the predictedincrease in heat from the sun is expectedto make the surface of the earth too hotfor liquid water to exist. Climatechange and globalwarming concerns,coupled with high oil prices, peak oil,and increasing government support, aredriving increasing renewable energylegislation,incentivesand commercialization. New governmentspending, regulation and policies helpedthe industry weather the global financialcrisis betterthanmanyothersectors. According to a 2011 projectionby the International Energy Agency,solar power generators may produce mostof the world's electricity within 50 years,reducing the emissions of greenhousegases that harm the environment.Considering that the major component ofgreenhouse gases (GHGs) is carbondioxide, there is a global concern aboutreducing carbon emissions. In this regard,different policies could be applied toreduce carbon emissions, such asenhancing renewable energy deploymentandencouragingtechnologicalinnovations. In addition, supportingmechanisms, such as feed-in tariffs,renewable portfolio standards and taxpolicies, are employed by governments todevelop renewable energy generationalong with implementing energy useefficiency for saving energy. Renewableenergy is plentiful, and the technologiesare improving all the time. There aremany ways to use renewable energy.Most of us already use renewable energyin our daily lives.Renewable Energy Sources Types:There are several renewable energysources that are in use today. Listed beloware brief descriptions of these resources;HYDROPOWEREnergy in water can be harnessed andused. Since water is about 800times denser than air, even a slow flowingstream of water, or moderate sea swell, canyield considerable amounts of energy.There are many forms of water energy:Hydroelectric energy is a term usuallyreserved for large-scale hydroelectricdams.Microhydro systemsarehydroelectric power installations thattypically produce up to 100 kW of power.They are often used in water rich areas asa remote-area power supply (RAPS).Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity systemsderive kinetic energy from rivers withoutthe creation of a large reservoir.IJSERHydropower is produced in 150 countries,with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32percent of global hydropower in 2010. Forcounties having the largest percentage ofelectricity from renewables, the top 50 areprimarily hydroelectric. China is thelargest hydroelectricity producer, with 721terawatt-hours of production in 2010,representing around 17 percent ofdomestic electricity use. There are nowthree hydroelectricity stations larger than10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam inChina, ItaipuDam acrosstheBrazil/Paraguay border, and Guri Dam inVenezuela.Wave power, which captures the energy ofocean surface waves, and tidal power,converting the energy of tides, is twoforms of hydropower with future potential;however, they are not yet widely employedcommercially. A demonstration projectoperated by the Ocean Renewable PowerCompany on the coast of Maine, andconnected to the grid, harnesses tidalpower from the Bay of Fundy, location ofworld's highest tidal flow. Ocean thermalenergy conversion, which uses thetemperature difference between cooler2IJSER 2015http://www.ijser.org207
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 12, December-2015ISSN 2229-5518deep and warmer surface waters, hascurrently no economic feasibility. In 2013hydropower generated almost 16% of theworld’s total electricityenergy. Passive solar techniques includeorienting a building to the Sun, selectingmaterials with favourable thermal mass orlight dispersing properties, and designingspaces that naturally circulate air. Activesolartechnologiesencompass solarthermal energy, using solar collectors forheating,and solarpower,converting sunlight into electricity eitherdirectlyusing photovoltaic (PV),orindirectlyusing concentratedsolarpower(CSP).WIND POWERAirflows can be used to run wind turbines.Modern utility-scale wind turbines rangefrom around 600 kW to 5 MW of ratedpower, although turbines with rated outputof 1.5–3 MW have become the mostcommon for commercial use; the poweravailable from the wind is a function of thecube of the wind speed, so as wind speedincreases, power output increases up to themaximum output for the particularturbine. Areas where winds are strongerand more constant, such as offshore andhigh altitude sites are preferred locationsforwindfarms.Typical capacityfactors are 20-40%, with values at theupper end of the range in particularlyfavourable sites.A photovoltaic system converts light intoelectrical direct current (DC) by takingadvantage of the photoelectric effect. SolarPV has turned into a multi-billion, fastgrowing industry, continues to improve itscost-effectiveness, and has the mostpotential of any renewable technologiestogether with CSP. Concentrated solarpower (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrorsand tracking systems to focus a large areaof sunlight into a small beam. Commercialconcentrated solar power plants were firstdeveloped in the 1980s. CSP-Stirling hasby far the highest efficiency among allsolar energy technologies.IJSERGlobally, the long-term technical potentialof wind energy is believed to be five timestotal current global energy production, or40 times current electricity demand,assuming all practical barriers needed wereovercome. This would require windturbines to be installed over large areas,particularly in areas of higher windresources, such as offshore. As offshorewind speeds average 90% greater thanthat of land, so offshore resources cancontribute substantially more energy thanland stationed turbines. In 2013 windgenerated almost 3% of the world’s totalelectricity.In2011,the InternationalEnergyAgency said that "the development ofaffordable, inexhaustible and clean solarenergy technologies will have huge longerterm benefits. It will increase countries'energy security through reliance on anindigenous, inexhaustible and mostlyimport-independentresource,enhance sustainability, reduce pollution,lower the costs of mitigating climatechange, and keep fossil fuel prices lowerthan otherwise. These advantages areglobal. Hence the additional costs of theincentives for early deployment should beconsidered learning investments; theymust be wisely spent and need to bewidely shared". In 2013 solar generatedless than 1% of the worlds total gridelectricity.SOLAR ENERGYSolar energy, radiant light and heat fromthe sun, is harnessed using a range of everevolving technologies such as solarheating,photovoltaics, concentrated solarpower, solararchitecture and artificialphotosynthesis. Solar technologies arebroadly characterized as either passivesolar or active solar depending on the waythey capture, convert and distribute solarGEO THERMAL ENERGY3IJSER 2015http://www.ijser.org208
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 12, December-2015ISSN 2229-5518Geothermal energy is from thermalenergy generated and stored in the Earth.Thermal energy is the energy thatdetermines the temperature of matter.Earth's geothermal energy originates fromthe original formation of the planet andfrom radioactive decay of minerals (incurrently uncertain but possibly roughlyequalproportions).The geothermalgradient, which is the difference intemperature between the core of the planetand its surface, drives a continuousconduction of thermal energy in the formof heat from the core to the surface. Theadjective geothermal originates from theGreekroots geo,meaningearth,and thermos, meaning heat.called landfillgas or biogas.Withadvanced technology being developed,cellulosic biomass, such as trees andgrasses, are also used as feedstocks forethanol production. Ethanol can be used asa fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it isusually used as a gasoline additive toincrease octane and improve vehicleemissions.HEAT PUMPA heat pump is a device that provides heatenergy from a source of heat to adestination called a "heat sink". Heatpumps are designed to move thermalenergy opposite to the direction ofspontaneous heat flow by absorbing heatfrom a cold space and releasing it to awarmer one. A heat pump uses someamount of external power to accomplishthe work of transferring energy from theheat source to the heat sink.The heat that is used for geothermalenergy can be from deep within the Earth,all the way down to Earth's core – 4,000miles (6,400 km) down. At the core,temperatures may reach over 9,000 F(5,000 C). Heat conducts from the core tosurroundingrock.Extremely hightemperature and pressure cause some rockto melt, which is commonly known asmagma. Magma convects upward since itis lighter than the solid rock. This magmathen heats rock and water in the crust,sometimes up to 700 F (371 C).IJSERWhile airconditioners and freezers arefamiliar examples of heat pumps, the term"heat pump" is more general and applies tomany HVAC (heating, ventilating, and airconditioning) devices used for spaceheating or space cooling. When a heatpump is used for heating, it employs thesame basic refrigeration-type cycle usedby an air conditioner or a refrigerator, butin the opposite direction - releasing heatinto the conditioned space rather than thesurrounding environment. In this use, heatpumps generally draw heat from the coolerexternal air or from the ground. In heatingmode, heat pumps are three to four timesmore efficient in their use of electricpower than simple electrical resistanceheaters.BIO ENERGYBiomass is biological material derivedfrom living, or recently living organisms.It most often refers to plants or plantderived materials which are specificallycalled lignocellulosic biomass. As anenergy source, biomass can either be useddirectly via combustion to produce heat, orindirectly after converting it to variousforms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass tobiofuel can be achieved by differentmethods which are broadly classifiedinto: thermal, chemical,and biochemical methods. Biomass can beconverted to other usable forms of energylike methane gas or transportation fuelslike ethanol and biodiesel.Rottinggarbage, and agricultural and humanwaste, all release methane gas – alsoIn the context of renewable energy, heatpumps are able to use electricity fromrenewable sources to provide heating andcooling of structures in a cost and energyeffective way, displacing non-renewablesources.4IJSER 2015http://www.ijser.org209
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 12, December-2015ISSN 2229-5518become the major source of electricity",Philibert said.CommercialisationGrowth of renewablesWind power is growing at the rate of 30%annually, with a worldwide installedcapacity of 282,482 megawatts (MW) atthe end of 2012, and is widely usedin Europe, Asia, and the United States. Atthe end of 2012 the photovoltaic (PV)capacity worldwide was 100,000 MW, andPVpowerstationsarepopularin Germany and Italy. energystationsoperate in the USA and Spain, and thelargest of these is the 354 MW SolarEnergy Generating Systems power plant inthe Mojave Desert. The world's largestgeothermal installation is The Geysers inCalifornia, with a rated capacity of 750MW. Brazil has one of the largestrenewable energy programs in the world,involving production of ethanol fuel fromsugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18%of the country's automotive fuel. Ethanolfuel is also widely available in the USA.Global growth of renewables through 2011From the end of 2004, worldwiderenewable energy capacity grew at rates of10–60% annually for many technologies.For wind power and many other renewabletechnologies, growth accelerated in 2009relative to the previous four years. Morewind power capacity was added during2009 than any other renewable technology.However, grid-connected PV increased thefastest of all renewables technologies, witha 60% annual average growth rate. In2010, renewable power constituted about athird of the newly built power generationcapacities.IJSERConclusionOn-going concerns about climate changehave made renewable energy sources animportant component of the world energyconsumption portfolio. Renewable energytechnologies could reduce carbon dioxideemissions by replacing fossil fuels in thepower generation industry and thetransportation sector. Due to negative andirreversible externalities in conventionalenergy production, it is necessary todevelop and promote renewable energysupply technologies. Power generationusing renewable energy sources should beincreased in order to decrease the unit costof energy and to make them compatiblewith a competitive alternative to theconventional energy sources. Two mainsolutions may be implemented to reduceCO2 emissions and to overcome theproblem of climate change: replacingfossil fuels with renewable energy sourcesas much as possible and enhancing energyefficiency regardless of type. In thisreview, we considered hydro, wind, solarand geothermal sources, because of theirProjections vary, but scientists haveadvanced a plan to power 100% of theworld's energy with wind, hydroelectric,and solar power by the year 2030.According to a 2011 projection by theInternational Energy Agency, solar powergenerators may produce most of theworld's electricity within 50 years,reducing the emissions of greenhousegases that harm the environment. CedricPhilibert, senior analyst in the renewableenergy division at the IEA said:"Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plantsmay meet most of the world's demand forelectricity by 2060 – and half of all energyneeds – with wind, hydropower andbiomass plants supplying much of theremaining generation". "Photovoltaic andconcentrated solar power together can5IJSER 2015http://www.ijser.org210
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 12, December-2015ISSN 2229-5518significant contribution to power generatedby renewable sources.References:1. Shahrouz Abolhosseini Almas HeshmatiJörn Altmann, A Review of RenewableEnergy Supply and Energy EfficiencyTechnologies, IZA DP No. 8145, April2014.2. Rijul Dhingra, Abhinav Jain, AbhishekPandey, and Srishti Mahajan, AssessmentofRenewableEnergy inIndia,International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Development, Vol. 5, No. 5,October 2014.3. Katarzyna Halicka, Designing routes ofdevelopmentof renewableenergytechnologies, 19th International ScientificConference; Economics and Management2014, ICEM 2014, 23-25 April 2014,Riga, Latvia.IJSER4. Bengt Johansson, Security aspects offuture renewable energy systemseA shortoverview, Energy 61 (2013) 598e 605.6IJSER 2015http://www.ijser.org211
1 . Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources . Shahin Ansari a, Mr.Quazi T.Z b*, Dr.Fauzia Siddique c. a.M.E (Mechanical) Pursuing, Lecturer at Abdul Razzak Kalsekar Polytechnic, New Panvel. b.ME (Mechanical), Associate Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering, Kharghar. c.HOD Mechanical Department, Saraswati College of Engineering, Khar
renewable energy sources. The Government has set a very ambitious target of adding 175 GW of renewable energy by 20226. While this is a recent policy announcement, it would be pertinent to highlight the progress of renewable energy sources over the last two decades. The following graph depicts the journey of renewable energy
4.0 Renewable Energy Market 4.1 Policy Framework for renewable energy 4.1.1 Policies and Strategies for Renewable Energy Promotion 4.1.2 Main actors 4.1.3 Regulatory Framework 4.1.4 Licensing Procedures for Renewable Energy 4.1.5 Feed-in-Tariff 4.2 Business Opportunities and Potentials of Renewable Energy Sources 4.2.1 Bioenergy 4.2.2 Solar energy
renewable resources (renewable energy) and sets the FiT rate. The DLs will pay for renewable energy supplied to the electricity grid for a specific duration. By guaranteeing access to the grid and setting a favourable price per unit of renewable energy, the FiT mechanism would ensure that renewable energy becomes a viable and sound long-term
The EU's renewable energy policy framework 5 - 9 Renewable energy support schemes 10 - 12 Renewable energy within the EU's rural development policy framework 13 - 17 Audit scope and approach 18 - 22 Observations 23 - 82 The EU's renewable energy policy framework could better exploit the opportunities of renewable energy deployment in .
1. FOUNDATIONS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGETS 14 1.1 Overview of renewable energy targets at the global level 14 1.2. Brief history of renewable energy targets 17 1.3. Key aspects and definition of renewable energy targets 22 1.4. Theoretical foundations of targets 28 2. MAIN FUNCTIONS AND BASIS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGETS 31 2.1.
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) Tracking Systems: Costs & Verification Issues . Jenny Heeter, Renewable Energy Analyst . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . October 11, 2013
Renewable energy sources derive their energy from existing flows of energy from on-going natural processes, such as sunshine, wind, flowing water, biological processes, and geothermal heat flows. A general definition of renewable energy sources is that renewable energy is captured from an energy resource that is replaced rapidly by a natural .
Renewable Energy Progress Report . 1 . 1. INTRODUCTION Renewable energy is at the core of the European Green Deal priorities. The Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. 1 (RED I) is a central element in the EU's energy policy and a key driver for meeting the renewable energy
