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Contents iIC EnginesFourth Edition
iiContentsAbout the AuthorV. GANESAN currently working as Professor Emeritus in theDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute ofTechnology Madras, is the recipient of Anna University NationalAward for Outstanding Academic for the Year 1997. He was theHead of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, at IndianInstitute of Technology Madras between October 2000 and June2002. He was also the Dean (Academic Research) at Indian Instituteof Technology Madras between January 1998 and October 2000.He has so far published more than 350 research papers in nationaland international journals and conferences and has guided 20 M.S. and 40 Ph.D.s.Among other awards received by him are the Babcock Power Award for the best fundamentalscientific paper of Journal of Energy (1987), the Institution of Engineers Merit Prize and Citation(1993), SVRCET Surat Prize (1995), Sri Rajendra Nath Mookerjee Memorial Medal (1996),Automobile Engineer of the Year by the Institution of Automobile Engineers (India) (2001),Institution of Engineers (India), Tamil Nadu Scientist Award (TANSA) – 2003 by Tamil NaduState Council for Science and Technology, ISTE Periyar Award for Best Engineering CollegeTeacher (2004), N K Iyengar Memorial Prize (2004) by Institution of Engineers (India), SVRCETSurat Prize (2004), Khosla National Award (2004), Bharat Jyoti Award (2006), UWA OutstandingIntellectuals of the 21st Century Award by United Writers Association, Chennai (2006), 2006 SAECliff Garrett Turbomachinery Engineering Award by SAE International, USA, Sir Rajendra NathMookerjee Memorial Prize (2006) by Institution of Engineers, Environmental Engineering DesignAward 2006 by The Institution of Engineers (India), 2006 SAE Cliff Garrett TurbomachineryEngineering Award (2007), Excellence in Engineering Education (Triple “E”) Award by SAEInternational, USA (2007), Rashtriya Gaurav Award in the field of Science and Technology byIndia International Friendship Society (2012), and Best Citizens of India Award by InternationalPublishing House New Delhi (2012). He is the Fellow of Indian National Academy of Engineering,National Environmental Science Academy, Fellow of SAE International, USA, and Institution ofEngineers (India). He has also been felicitated by International Combustion Institute Indian Sectionfor lifetime contribution in the field of I C engines and combustion.Dr. Ganesan has authored several other books on Gas Turbines, Computer Simulation of FourStroke Spark-Ignition Engines and Computer Simulation of Four-Stroke Compression-IgnitionEngines and has also edited several proceedings. He was formerly the Chairman of CombustionInstitute (Indian Section) and is currently the Chairman of Engineering Education Board of SAE(India), besides being a member of many other professional societies.Dr. Ganesan is actively engaged in a number of sponsored research projects and is a consultantfor various industries and R&D organizations.
Contents iiiIC EnginesFourth EditionV GanesanProfessor EmeritusDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology MadrasChennaiTata McGraw Hill Education Private LimitedNew DelhiMcGraw-Hill OfficesNew Delhi New York St louis San Francisco Auckland Bogotá CaracasKuala lumpur lisbon london Madrid Mexico City Milan MontrealSan Juan Santiago Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto
ivContentsTata McGraw-HillPublished by the Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited,7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008.IC EnginesCopyright 2012, by Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited.No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system withoutthe prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored andexecuted in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers,Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited.ISBN (13): 978-1-25-900619-7ISBN (10): 1-25-900619-0Vice President and Managing Director—MHE: Ajay ShuklaHead—Higher Education Publishing and Marketing: Vibha MahajanPublishing Manager—SEM & Tech Ed.: Shalini JhaSr Editorial Researcher: Harsha SinghExecutive—Editorial Services: Sohini MukherjeeSr Production Manager: Satinder Singh BavejaProduction Executive: Anuj K ShriwastavaMarketing Manager—Higher Education: Vijay SarathiSr Product Specialist—SEM and Tech. Voc: Tina JajoriyaGraphic Designer—Cover: Meenu RaghavGeneral Manager—Production: Rajender P GhanselaProduction Manager—Production: Reji KumarInformation contained in this work has been obtained by Tata McGraw-Hill, from sources believed to bereliable. However, neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness ofany information published herein, and neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible forany errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with theunderstanding that Tata McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attemptingto render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of anappropriate professional should be sought.Printed at Avon Printers, Plot No. 16, Main Loni Road, Jawahar Nagar, Industrial Area, Shahdara,Delhi-110094.Cover Printer: AP OffsetR
DEDICATED TO MY BELOVED MOTHERL. SEETHA AMMAL
FOREWORDFocussing on the need of a first level text book for the undergraduates, postgraduates and a professional reference book for practicing engineers, the author of this work Dr. V. Ganesan has brought forth this volume using hisextensive teaching and research experience in the field of internal combustionengineering. It is a great pleasure to write a foreword to such a book whichsatisfies a long-felt requirement.For selfish reasons alone, I wish that this book would have come out muchearlier for the benefit of several teachers like me who have finished their innings a long time ago. For me, this would have been just the required textbook for my young engineering students and engineers in the transportationand power fields. The style of the book reflects the teaching culture of premier engineering institutions like IITs, since a vast topic has to be covered in acomprehensive way in a limited time. Each chapter is presented with elegantsimplicity requiring no special prerequisite knowledge of supporting subjects.Self-explanatory sketches, graphs, line schematics of processes and tables havebeen generously used to curtail long and wordy explanations. Numerous illustrated examples, exercises and problems at the end of each chapter serveas a good source material to practice the application of the basic principlespresented in the text. SI system of units has been used throughout the bookwhich is not so readily available in the currently-used books.It is not a simple task to bring out a comprehensive book on an allencompassing subject like internal combustion engines. Over a century haselapsed since the discovery of the diesel and gasoline engines. Excluding a fewdevelopments of rotary combustion engines, the IC engines has still retainedits basic anatomy. As a descendent of the steam engine, it is still crystallizedinto a standard piston-in-cylinder mechanism, reciprocating first in order torotate finally. The attendant kinematics requiring numerous moving partsare still posing dynamic problems of vibration, friction losses and mechanicalnoise. Empiricism has been the secret of its evolution in its yester years.As our knowledge of engine processes has increased, these engines have continued to develop on a scientific basis. The present day engines have to satisfythe strict environmental constraints and fuel economy standards in additionto meeting the competitiveness of the world market. Today, the IC engine hassynthesized the basic knowledge of many disciplines — thermodynamics, fluidflow, combustion, chemical kinetics and heat transfer as applied to a systemwith both spatial and temporal variations in a state of non-equilibrium. Withthe availability of sophisticated computers, art of multi-dimensional mathematical modelling and electronic instrumentation have added new refinementsto the engine design. From my personal knowledge, Dr. Ganesan has himselfmade many original contributions in these intricate areas. It is a wonder forme how he has modestly kept out these details from the text as it is beyondthe scope of this book. However, the reader is not denied the benefits of these
viiiIC Enginesinvestigations. Skillfully the overall findings and updated information havebeen summarized as is reflected in topics on combustion and flame propagation, engine heat transfer, scavenging processes and engine emissions – toname a few examples. Indeed, it must have been a difficult task to summarize the best of the wide ranging results of combustion engine research andcompress them in an elegant simple way in this book. The author has alsointeracted with the curriculum development cell so that the contents of thebook will cater to the needs of any standard accredited university.I congratulate the author, Dr. V. Ganesan on bringing out this excellentbook for the benefit of students in IC engines. While many a student willfind it rewarding to follow this book for his class work, I also hope that it willmotivate a few of them to specialize in some key areas and take up combustionengine research as a career. With great enthusiasm, I recommend this bookto students and practicing engineers.B. S. MurthyFormer Professor, IIT Madras
PREFACEWe are bringing out the fourth edition of the book after the third editionhas undergone fifteen reprints. Just to recall the history, the first edition ofthis book, published in 1994, had 15 Chapters which were framed in sucha way that it will be useful to both academia and industry. Based on thefeedback and response from the students and teachers the book was revisedin 2003 with the addition of five more chapters taking into account the recentdevelopments in engine technology and management. Again, the feedbackfrom academia helped me to revise the book in 2007 for the second time withthe addition of multiple choice questions. It is gratifying to note that all thethree editions have received overwhelming response and appreciation from thestudents, teachers and practicing engineers.I am extremely happy to receive the continuous positive feedback from thestudents and teachers. The review of the third edition by eminent reviewershas prompted me to revise the book to bring out this edition. In this, I haveincluded a new chapter on Nonconventional Engines, which brings out themodern trends in the I C Engine development. The topics included are: Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) Engine Dual fuel and Multi-fuel Engine Free Piston Engine Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engine Homogeneous charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine Lean Burn Engine Stirling Engine Stratified Charge Engine Variable Compression Ratio(VCR) Engine Wankel EngineI am sure that this will satisfy the long felt need of teachers, students andpracticing engineers to understand the latest developments. Further, I haveincluded the topic on vegetable oil and biodiesel in the chapter on alternatefuels which is the latest trend in engine fuel research. Additional materials,wherever appropriate, have been added in various chapters. Almost all thechapters have been thoroughly revised.In writing this book, I have kept in mind the tremendous amount of material which the students and practicing engineers of today are expected tocover. On this count, the chapters have been organized to form a continuous
xIC Engineslogical narrative. Maximum care has been taken to minimize the errors andtyping mistakes. I would be obliged to the readers for informing me any sucherrors and mistakes and will be thankful for bringing them to my notice. Iam grateful to all those who are supporting this book.It would be impossible to refer in detail, to the many persons whom Ihave consulted in the compilation of this work. I take this opportunity tothank all those who have helped me directly or indirectly in bringing outthis book. This edition would not have been brought to this perfection butfor the sincere and dedicated efforts of Ms. Vijayashree, who has helped mein compiling this book. My thanks are due to the Centre for ContinuingEducation of IIT Madras for their support under book writing scheme.I hope this edition will also receive the same continued overwhelming support from academia and practicing engineers. I will be thankful for any constructive criticism for improvements in the future edition of the book.V GANESAN
ContentsForewordPrefaceNomenclature1 Introduction1.1 Energy Conversion1.1.1 Definition of ‘Engine’1.1.2 Definition of ‘Heat Engine’1.1.3 Classification and Some Basic Details of Heat Engines1.1.4 External Combustion and Internal Combustion Engines1.2 Basic Engine Components and Nomenclature1.2.1 Engine Components1.2.2 Nomenclature1.3 The Working Principle of Engines1.3.1 Four-Stroke Spark-Ignition Engine1.3.2 Four-Stroke Compression-Ignition Engine1.3.3 Four-stroke SI and CI Engines1.3.4 Two-Stroke Engine1.3.5 Comparison of Four-Stroke and Two-Stroke Engines1.4 Actual Engines1.5 Classification of IC Engines1.5.1 Cycle of Operation1.5.2 Type of Fuel Used1.5.3 Method of Charging1.5.4 Type of Ignition1.5.5 Type of Cooling1.5.6 Cylinder Arrangements1.6 Application of IC Engines1.6.1 Two-Stroke Gasoline Engines1.6.2 Two-Stroke Diesel Engines1.6.3 Four-Stroke Gasoline Engines1.6.4 Four-Stroke Diesel 1919202021
xiiContents1.71.8The First Law Analysis of Engine CycleEngine Performance Parameters1.8.1 Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith )1.8.2 Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth )1.8.3 Mechanical Efficiency (ηm )1.8.4 Volumetric Efficiency (ηv )1.8.5 Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel )1.8.6 Mean Effective Pressure (pm )1.8.7 Mean Piston Speed (sp )1.8.8 Specific Power Output (Ps )1.8.9 Specific Fuel Consumption (sf c)1.8.10 Inlet-Valve Mach Index (Z)1.8.11 Fuel-Air (F/A) or Air-Fuel Ratio (A/F )1.8.12 Calorific Value (CV )1.9 Design and Performance DataWorked out ExamplesReview QuestionsExerciseMultiple Choice Questions2 Air-Standard Cycles and Their Analysis2.1 Introduction2.2 The Carnot Cycle2.3 The Stirling Cycle2.4 The Ericsson Cycle2.5 The Otto Cycle2.5.1 Thermal Efficiency2.5.2 Work Output2.5.3 Mean Effective Pressure2.6 The Diesel Cycle2.6.1 Thermal Efficiency2.6.2 Work Output2.6.3 Mean Effective Pressure2.7 The Dual Cycle2.7.1 Thermal Efficiency2.7.2 Work Output2.7.3 Mean Effective Pressure2.8 Comparison of the Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycles2.8.1 Same Compression Ratio and Heat Addition2.8.2 Same Compression Ratio and Heat Rejection2.8.3 Same Peak Pressure, Peak Temperature & Heat Rejection2.8.4 Same Maximum Pressure and Heat Input2.8.5 Same Maximum Pressure and Work 5051525354555556585858586060616162626364
Contents2.9 The Lenoir Cycle2.10 The Atkinson Cycle2.11 The Brayton CycleWorked out ExamplesReview QuestionsExerciseMultiple Choice Questionsxiii6465666897981033 Fuel–Air Cycles and their Analysis3.1 Introduction3.2 Fuel–Air Cycles and their Significance3.3 Composition of Cylinder Gases3.4 Variable Specific Heats3.5 Dissociation3.6 Effect of Number of Moles3.7 Comparison of Air–Standard and Fuel–Air Cycles3.8 Effect of Operating Variables3.8.1 Compression Ratio3.8.2 Fuel–Air RatioWorked out ExamplesReview QuestionsExerciseMultiple Choice 81294 Actual Cycles and their Analysis4.1 Introduction4.2 Comparison of Air-Standard and Actual Cycles4.3 Time Loss Factor4.4 Heat Loss Factor4.5 Exhaust Blowdown4.5.1 Loss Due to Gas Exchange Processes4.5.2 Volumetric Efficiency4.6 Loss due to Rubbing Friction4.7 Actual and Fuel-Air Cycles of CI EnginesReview QuestionsMultiple Choice Questions1311311311321371371381391421421431445 Conventional Fuels5.1 Introduction5.2 Fuels5.2.1 Solid Fuels5.2.2 Gaseous Fuels5.2.3 Liquid Fuels147147147147147148
xivContents5.3Chemical Structure of Petroleum5.3.1 Paraffin Series5.3.2 Olefin Series5.3.3 Naphthene Series5.3.4 Aromatic Series5.4 Petroleum Refining Process5.5 Important Qualities of Engine Fuels5.5.1 SI Engine Fuels5.5.2 CI Engine Fuels5.6 Rating of Fuels5.6.1 Rating of SI Engine Fuels5.6.2 Rating of CI Engine FuelsReview QuestionsMultiple Choice Questions6 Alternate Fuels6.1 Introduction6.2 Possible Alternatives6.3 Solid Fuels6.4 Liquid Fuels6.4.1 Alcohol6.4.2 Methanol6.4.3 Ethanol6.4.4 Alcohol for SI Engines6.4.5 Reformulated Gasoline for SI Engine6.4.6 Water-Gasoline Mixture for SI Engines6.4.7 Alcohol for CI Engines6.5 Surface-Ignition Alcohol CI Engine6.6 Spark-Assisted Diesel6.7 Vegetable Oil6.8 Biodiesel6.8.1 Production6.8.2 Properties6.8.3 Environmental Effects6.8.4 Current Research6.9 Gaseous Fuels6.9.1 Hydrogen6.10 Hydrogen Engines6.10.1 Natural Gas6.10.2 Advantages of Natural Gas6.10.3 Disadvantages of Natural Gas6.10.4 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)6.10.5 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 5175175176176177178179179180180
Contents6.10.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of LPG6.10.7 Future Scenario for LPG Vehicles6.10.8 LPG (Propane) Fuel Feed System6.11 Dual Fuel Operation6.12 Other Possible Fuels6.12.1 Biogas6.12.2 Producer Gas6.12.3 Blast Furnace Gas6.12.4 Coke Oven Gas6.12.5 Benzol6.12.6 Acetone6.12.7 Diethyl EtherReview QuestionsMultiple Choice Questions7 Carburetion7.1 Introduction7.2 Definition of Carburetion7.3 Factors Affecting Carburetion7.4 Air–Fuel Mixtures7.5 Mixture Requirements at Different Loads and Speeds7.6 Automotive Engine Air–Fuel Mixture Requirements7.6.1 Idling Range7.6.2 Cruising Range7.6.3 Power Range7.7 Principle of Carburetion7.8 The Simple Carburetor7.9 Calculation of the Air–Fuel Ratio7.9.1 Air–Fuel Ratio Neglecting Compressibility of Air7.9.2 Air–Fuel Ratio Provided by a Simple Carburetor7.9.3 Size of the Carburetor7.10 Essential Parts of a Carburetor7.10.1 The Fuel Strainer7.10.2 The Float Chamber7.10.3 The Main Metering and Idling System7.10.4 The Choke and the Throttle7.11 Compensating Devices7.11.1 Air-bleed jet7.11.2 Compensating Jet7.11.3 Emulsion Tube7.11.4 Back Suction Control Mechanism7.11.5 Auxiliary Valve7.11.6 Auxiliary 01201202204206206207207208210210
xviContents7.12 Additional Systems in Modern Carburetors7.12.1 Anti-dieseling System7.12.2 Richer Coasting System7.12.3 Acceleration Pump System7.12.4 Economizer or Power Enrichment System7.13 Types of Carburetors7.13.1 Constant Choke Carburetor7.13.2 Constant Vacuum Carburetor7.13.3 Multiple Venturi Carburetor7.13.4 Advantages of a Multiple Venturi System7.13.5 Multijet Carburetors7.13.6 Multi-barrel Venturi Carburetor7.14 Automobile Carburetors7.14.1 Solex Carburetors7.14.2 Carter Carburetor7.14.3 S.U. Carburetor7.15 Altitude Compensation7.15.1 Altitude Compensation DevicesWorked out ExamplesReview QuestionsExerciseMultiple Choice 82202222232242252342352388 Mechanical Injection Systems8.1 Introduction8.2 Functional Requirements of an Injection System8.3 Classification of Injection Systems8.3.1 Air Injection System8.3.2 Solid Injection System8.3.3 Individual Pump and Nozzle System8.3.4 Unit Injector System8.3.5 Common Rail System8.3.6 Distributor System8.4 Fuel Feed Pump8.5 Injection Pump8.5.1 Jerk Type Pump8.5.2 Distributor Type Pump8.6 Injection Pump Governor8.7 Mechanical Governor8.8 Pneumatic Governor8.9 Fuel 248250251251
Contents8.10 Nozzle8.10.1 Types of Nozzle8.10.2 Spray Formation8.10.3 Quantity of Fuel and the Size of Nozzle Orifice8.11 Injection in SI EngineWorked out ExamplesReview QuestionsExerciseMultiple Choice Questionsxvii2522532552572582592662672689 Electronic Injection Systems2719.1 Introduction2719.2 Why Gasoline Injection?2719.2.1 Types of Injection Systems2729.2.2 Components of Injection System2739.3 Electronic Fuel Injection System2759.3.1 Merits of EFI System2769.3.2 Demerits of EFI System2769.4 Multi-Point Fuel Injection (MPFI) System2779.4.1 Port Injection2779.4.2 Throttle Body Injection System2789.4.3 D-MPFI System2789.4.4 L-MPFI System2799.5 Functional Divisions of MPFI System2799.5.1 MPFI-Electronic Control System2799.5.2 MPFI-Fuel System2799.5.3 MPFI-Air Induction System2799.6 Electronic Control System2819.6.1 Electronic Control Unit (ECU)2819.6.2 Cold Start Injector2829.6.3 Air Valve2829.7 Injection Timing2839.8 Group Gasoline Injection System2849.9 Electronic Diesel Injection System2869.10 Electronic Diesel Injection Control2879.10.1 Electronically Controlled Unit Injectors2879.10.2 Electronically Controlled Injection Pumps (Inline andDistributor Type)2889.10.3 Common-Rail Fuel Injection System290Review Questions292Multiple Choice Questions293
xviiiContents10 Ignition10.1 Introduction10.2 Energy Requirements for Ignition10.3 The Spark Energy and Duration10.4 Ignition System10.5 Requirements of an Ignition System10.6 Battery Ignition System10.6.1 Battery10.6.2 Ignition Switch10.6.3 Ballast Resistor10.6.4 Ignition Coil10.6.5 Contact Breaker10.6.6 Capacitor10.6.7 Distributor10.6.8 Spark Plug10.7 Operation of a Battery Ignition System10.8 Limitations10.9 Dwell Angle10.10 Advantage of a 12 V Ignition System10.11 Magneto Ignition System10.12 Modern Ignition Systems10.12.1 Transistorized Coil Ignition (TCI) System10.12.2 Capacitive Discharge Ignition (CDI) System10.13 Firing Order10.14 Ignition Timing and Engine Parameters10.14.1 Engine Speed10.14.2 Mixture Strength10.14.3 Part Load Operation10.14.4 Type of Fuel10.15 Spark Advance Mechanism10.15.1 Centrifugal Advance Mechanism10.15.2 Vacuum Advance Mechanism10.16 Ignition Timing and Exhaust EmissionsReview QuestionsMultiple Choice 1631731831932011 Combustion and Combustion Chambers11.1 Introduction11.2 Homogeneous Mixture11.3 Heterogeneous Mixture11.4 Combustion in Spark–Ignition Engines11.5 Stages of Combustion in SI Engines11.6 Flame Front Propagation323323323324324324326
Contentsxix11.7 Factors Influencing the Flame Speed11.8 Rate of Pressure Rise11.9 Abnormal Combustion11.10 The Phenomenon of Knock in SI Engines11.10.1 Knock Limited Parameters11.11 Effect of Engine Variables on Knock11.11.1 Density Factors11.11.2 Time Factors11.11.3 Composition Factors11.12 Combustion Chambers for SI Engines11.12.1 Smooth Engine Operation11.12.2 High Power Output and Thermal Efficiency11.13 Combustion in Compression-Ignition Engines11.14 Stages of Combustion in CI Engines11.14.1 Ignition Delay Period11.14.2 Period of Rapid Combustion11.14.3 Period of Controlled Combustion11.14.4 Period of After-Burning11.15 Factors Affecting the Delay Period11.15.1 Compression Ratio11.15.2 Engine Speed11.15.3 Output11.15.4 Atomization and Duration of Injection11.15.5 Injection Timing11.15.6 Quality of Fuel11.15.7 Intake Temperature11.15.8 Intake Pressure11.16 The Phenomenon of Knock in CI Engines11.17 Comparison of Knock in SI and CI Engines11.18 Combustion Chambers for CI Engines11.18.1 Direct–Injection Chambers11.18.2 Indirect–Injection ChambersReview QuestionsMultiple Choice 5335535735812 Engine Friction and Lubrication12.1 Introduction12.1.1 Direct Frictional Losses12.1.2 Pumping Loss12.1.3 Power Loss to Drive Components to Chargeand Scavenge12.1.4 Power Loss to Drive the Auxiliaries12.2 Mechanical Efficiency361361361361362362362
xxContents12.3 Mechanical Friction12.3.1 Fluid-film or Hydrodynamic Friction12.3.2 Partial-film Friction12.3.3 Rolling Friction12.3.4 Dry Friction12.3.5 Journal Bearing Friction12.3.6 Friction due to Piston Motion12.4 Blowby Losses12.5 Pumping Loss12.5.1 Exhaust Blowdown Loss12.5.2 Exhaust Stroke Loss12.5.3 Intake Stroke Loss12.6 Factors Affecting Mechanical Friction12.6.1 Engine Design12.6.2 Engine Speed12.6.3 Engine Load12.6.4 Cooling Water Temperature12.6.5 Oil Viscosity12.7 Lubrication12.7.1 Function of Lubrication12.7.2 Mechanism of Lubrication12.7.3 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication12.7.4 Journal Bearing Lubrication12.7.5 Stable Lubrication12.8 Lubrication of Engine Components12.8.1 Piston12.8.2 Crankshaft Bearings12.8.3 Crankpin Bearings12.8.4 Wristpin Bearing12.9 Lubrication System12.9.1 Mist Lubrication System12.9.2 Wet Sump Lubrication System12.9.3 Dry Sump Lubrication System12.10 Crankcase Ventilation12.11 Properties of Lubricants12.11.1 Viscosity12.11.2 Flash and Fire Points12.11.3 Cloud and Pour Points12.11.4 Oiliness or Film Strength12.11.5 Corrosiveness12.11.6 Detergency12.11.7 Stability12.11.8 379382383384385385385386386386386386
Contents12.12 SAE Rating of Lubricants12.12.1 Single-grade12.12.2 Multi-grade12.13 Additives for Lubricants12.13.1 Anti-oxidants and Anticorrosive Agents12.13.2 Detergent-Dispersant12.13.3 Extreme Pressure Additives12.13.4 Pour Point Depressors12.13.5 Viscosity Index Improvers12.13.6 Oiliness and Film Strength Agents12.13.7 Antifoam AgentsReview QuestionsMultiple Choice Questions13 Heat Rejection and Cooling13.1 Introduction13.2 Variation of Gas Temperature13.3 Piston Temperature Distribution13.4 Cylinder Temperature Distribution13.5 Heat Transfer13.6 Theory of Engine Heat Transfer13.7 Parameters Affecting Engine Heat Transfer13.7.1 Fuel-Air Ratio13.7.2 Compression Ratio13.7.3 Spark Advance13.7.4 Preignition and Knocking13.7.5 Engine Output13.7.6 Cylinder Wall Temperature13.8 Power Required to Cool the Engine13.9 Need for Cooling System13.10 Characteristics of an Efficient Cooling System13.11 Types of Cooling Systems13.12 Liquid Cooled Systems13.12.1 Direct or Non-return System13.12.2 Thermosyphon System13.12.3 Forced Circulation Cooling System13.12.4 Evaporative Cooling System13.12.5 Pressure Cooling System13.13 Air–Cooled System13.13.1 Cooling Fins13.13.2 401401402403403407408409409411
xxiiContents13.14 Comparison of Liquid and Air–Cooling Systems13.14.1 Advantages of Liquid-Cooling System13.14.2 Limitations13.14.3 Advantages of Air-Cooling System13.14.4 LimitationsReview QuestionsMultiple Choice Questions41141141241241241341414 Engine Emissions and Their Control14.1 Introduction14.2 Air Pollution due to IC Engines14.3 Emission Norms14.3.1 Overview of the Emission Norms in India14.4 Comparison between Bharat Stage and Euro norms14.5 Engine Emissions14.5.1 Exhaust Emissions14.6 Hydrocarbons (HC)14.7 Hydrocarbon Emission14.7.1 Incomplete Combustion14.7.2 Crevice Volumes and Flow in Crevices14.7.3 Leakage Past the Exhaust Valve14.7.4 Valve Overlap14.7.5 Deposits on Walls14.7.6 Oil on Combustion Chamber Walls14.8 Hydrocarbon Emission from Two-Stroke Engines14.9 Hydrocarbon Emission from CI Engines14.10 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emission14.11 Oxides Of Nitrogen (NOx )14.11.1 Photochemical Smog14.12 Particulates14.13 Other Emissions14.13.1 Aldehydes14.13.2 Sulphur14.13.3 Lead14.13.4 Phosphorus14.14 Emission Control Methods14.14.1 Thermal Converters14.15 Catalytic Converters14.15.1 Sulphur14.15.2 Cold Start-Ups14.16 CI engines14.16.1 Particulate Traps14.16.2 Modern Diesel 440441441442
Contents14.17 Reducing Emissions by Chemical Methods14.17.1 Ammonia Injection Systems14.18 Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)14.19 Non-Exhaust Emissions14.19.1 Evaporative Emissions14.19.2 Evaporation Loss Control Device (ELCD)14.20 Modern Evaporative Emission Control System14.20.1 Charcoal Canister14.21 Crankcase Blowby14.21.1 Blowby Control14.21.2 Intake Manifold Return PCV System (Open Type)Review QuestionsMultiple Choice Questions15 Measurements and Testing15.1 Introduction15.2 Friction Power15.2.1 Willan’s Line Method15.2.2 Morse Test15.2.3 Motoring Test15.2.4 From the Measurement of Indicated and Brake Power15.2.5 Retardation Test15.2.6 Comparison of Various Methods15.3 Indicated Power15.3.1 Method using the Indicator Diagram15.3.2 Engine Indicators15.3.3 Electronic Indicators15.4 Brake Power15.4.1 Prony Brake15.4.2 Rope Brake15.4.3 Hydraulic Dynamometer15.4.4 Eddy Current Dynamometer15.4.5 Swinging Field DC Dynamometer15.4.6 Fan Dynamometer15.4.7 Transmission Dynamometer15.4.8 Chassis Dynamometer15.5 Fuel Consumption15.5.1 Volumetric Type Flowmeter15.5.2 Gravimetric Fuel Flow Measurement15.5.3 Fuel Consumption Measurement in Vehicles15.6 Air Consumption15.6.1 Air Box Method15.6.2 Viscous-Flow Air 471473473474474474475478479479480480
xxivContents15.7 Speed15.8 Exhaust and Coolant Temperature15.9 Emission15.9.1 Oxides of Nitrogen15.9.2 Carbon Monoxide15.9.3 Unburned Hydrocarbons15.9.4 Aldehydes15.10 Visible Emissions15.10.1 Smoke15.11 Noise15.12 Combustion Phenomenon15.12.1 Flame Temperature Measurement15.12.2 Flame Propagation15.12.3 Combustion ProcessReview QuestionsMultiple Choice Questions16 Performance Parameters and Characteristics16.1 Introduction16.2 Engine Power16.2.1 Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (pim )16.2.2 Indicated Power (ip)16.2.3 Brake Power (bp)16.2.4 Brake Mean Effective Pressure (pbm )16.3 Engine Efficiencies16.3.1 Air-Standard Efficiency16.3.2 Indicated and Brake Thermal Efficiencies16.3.3 Mechanical Efficiency16.3.4 Relative Efficiency16.3.5 Volumetric Efficiency16.3.6 Scavenging Efficienc
for lifetime contribution in the field of I C engines and combustion. Dr. Ganesan has authored several other books on Gas Turbines, Computer Simulation of Four-Stroke Spark-Ignition Engines and Computer Simulation of Four-Stroke Compression-Ignition Engines and has also edited several proceedings. He was formerly the Chairman of Combustion
Texts of Wow Rosh Hashana II 5780 - Congregation Shearith Israel, Atlanta Georgia Wow ׳ג ׳א:׳א תישארב (א) ׃ץרֶָֽאָּהָּ תאֵֵ֥וְּ םִימִַׁ֖שַָּה תאֵֵ֥ םיקִִ֑לֹאֱ ארָָּ֣ Îָּ תישִִׁ֖ארֵ Îְּ(ב) חַורְָּ֣ו ם
Engines regulated by 40 CFR Part 86 typically include engines used in on-highway applications such as heavy-duty gasoline fueled engines (HDGEs), heavy-duty diesel fueled engines (HDDEs), and heavy-duty engines using alternate fuels (CNG, LPG and LNG). Engines regulated by 40 CFR Part 89 include compression-ignition engines used in nonroad .
that meet the CARB's 2004 exhaust emission standards. Engines meeting these standards have 20% lower emissions than One Star - Low Emission engines. The three-star label identifies engines that meet the CARB's 2008 exhaust emission standards. Engines meeting these standards have 65% lower emissions than One Star - Low Emission engines.
Financial Engines Advisors L.L.C. is a wholly owned Edelman subsidiary of Edelman Financial Engines, LLC. As is discussed in more detail within this document, the name of the registered investment advisor remains Financial Engines Advisors L.L.C.; the overall business will now primarily operate using the name "Edelman Financial Engines.”
Altronic II Self-powered 3-20 Large bore, slow speed engines Altronic III Self-powered 2-16 Medium-sized industrial engines Altronic V Self-powered 1-6 Small in-line engines Horizontal 1-3 cyl. engines TYPICAL CYLINDER BORE SIZE (MM) 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 Altronic I * Altronic II Altronic III Altronic V *
720-750 V28/32S 720-750 L27/38 900-1,000 L21/31 1,000-1,200 L16/24 Speed r/min Engine power MW 0 5 10 15 20 25 Engine type. MAN Medium Speed Engines. MAN Medium Speed Engines Dual Fuel (DF) Engines The dual fuel engines from MAN Diesel & Turbo efficiently run on liquid fu
clustering engines is that they do not maintain their own index of documents; similar to meta search engines [Meng et al. 2002], they take the search results from one or more publicly accessible search engines. Even the major search engines are becoming more involved in the clustering issue. Clustering by site (a form of clustering that
Albert Woodfox, myself and all political prisoners over the years. Thank you for helping to bring these injustices to the forefront. If I omitted anyone it was an honest mistake, my apologies and sincere thanks for everything you have done too!! Free The Angola 3! Free ALL political prisoners and prisoners of conscience! All Power to the People! ROBERT KING AKA Robert King Wilkerson 2008. 15 .
