The Queensland Renewable Energy Plan - Queensland Government
The QueenslandRenewableEnergy PlanA Clean Energy Future for QueenslandJune 2009
Queensland is ready for a renewable energy revolution The State of Queensland (Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation) 2009.Printed on Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified stock.FSC certified forests are managed to ensure long term timber supplies while protecting the environment and the lives of forest-dependent peoples.
1.01ForewordOur state is rich in renewable energy resources—solar, geothermal, biomass,wind, hydro—and now we’ve created a raft of new actions and a broad policyplatform to expand the sector and accelerate our economy towards a cleanenergy future.The Queensland Renewable Energy Plan sets out howwe intend to support and grow this incredibly importantand rapidly emerging global sector in our state.Queensland has signed up to the national renewableenergy target of 20 per cent of Australia’s electricitysupply to come from renewable energy sources by 2020.The Federal Renewable Energy Target plan aims tostimulate about 12 billion of investment in renewableenergy across the country by 2020.Through the measures outlined in our plan we areseeking to leverage 3.5 billion of that investmentcreating 3,500 jobs in these exciting new industries.Our plan also shows how effective planning andtargeted incentives will be good for the Queenslandeconomy and create new ‘green’ jobs now and intothe future.Importantly, the Queensland Renewable Energy Plancomplements energy initiatives to slow the growth ofthe state’s energy consumption, manage peak demandand avoid costly network upgrades.My Government recognises that climate change is oneof the great challenges of our age. With this plan wecontinue our efforts to rise to that challenge.This will result in the generation of 9,000 gigawatthours or approximately 2,500 megawatts ofQueensland based renewable energy by 2020 – andthat will reduce our greenhouse gas emissions by morethan 40 million tonnes by 2020.Our plan outlines a holistic approach to industrydevelopment. It creates new opportunities forQueensland’s energy sector based on collaborationand strategic partnerships.Anna Bligh MPPremier of QueenslandStephen Robertson MPMinister for Natural Resources, Minesand Energy and Minister for Trade
2
3contents1.0 Foreword12.0 Executive summary42.1 Summary of initiatives53.0 Context: Why renewableenergy for Queensland63.1 Why now—the nationaldrivers for change3.2 Queensland’s currentrenewable energy capacity4.0 The vision—creating a cleanenergy future for Queensland 164.1 How we’re going to get there1785.0 The Queensland RenewableEnergy Plan1895.1 Accelerating deployment195.2 Efficient and effectiveregulation225.3 Smart industry, jobsand investment246.0 Implementation286.1 The Office of Clean Energy286.2 Review293.3 Queensland Governmentaction to date123.4 The challenges ahead14
2.04Executive summaryQueensland has been proactive in its approach to climate change—thegovernment has committed to a national greenhouse gas emissions target of60 per cent below 2000 levels by 2050 and developed a suite of initiatives aimedat abatement and adaptation. Key to achieving the state’s emissions reductiontargets will be the continued expansion of the renewable energy sector.The Queensland Renewable Energy Plan is acomprehensive economic and industry developmentstrategy aimed at accelerating the growth of therenewable energy sector in Queensland. The Planis broad in scope and includes a raft of initiativesaimed at addressing areas of market failure, drivingregulatory reform, streamlining planning processes,removing non-economic barriers and facilitatingtechnological innovation. It will position the stateto lead the national renewable energy agenda whiledetailing mechanisms to attract a maximum share ofinvestment under the expanded national RenewableEnergy Target.The primary objective of the Plan is to increase thedeployment of renewable energy infrastructure inQueensland. This means providing the right incentivesto encourage industry to move beyond business asusual and look for new opportunities.The Queensland Government estimates thatsuccessful implementation of the Plan will help toleverage up to 3.5 billion in new investment, createup to 3,500 new jobs and reduce greenhouse gasemissions by more than 40 million tonnes by 2020.Queensland is set to become Australia’s solar hotwater state, with the Queensland Solar Hot WaterProgram to accelerate the installation of up to200,000 solar hot water systems over three years.The program will reduce the household electricitybills of participants by approximately 25 per centand decrease emissions from household electricityuse by up to 30 per cent. The Program representsone of the largest and most complex industrytransformation projects of its kind in Queensland.With Queensland’s renewable energy resourcesprimarily located outside of major populationcentres, an important objective of the Plan is tomaximise regional development opportunities. A pilotproject aimed at powering the state’s most isolatedcommunities with renewable energy alternativeswill commence and be evaluated over the next yearto determine whether there should be a state-widerollout. There is significant potential for a numberof solar thermal plants to be deployed in regionalcentres. Renewable Energy Zones will be created inareas with high quality renewable resources whereaccess to state land is facilitated, planning processesare streamlined and incentives are developed toattract renewable energy proponents.The Plan will be finalised and implemented throughthe Office of Clean Energy — a ‘one stop shop’ that willprovide ongoing policy and program support whiledispensing expertise to assist renewable energydevelopers fast track projects.Initiatives will be progressed based on their ability toleverage Commonwealth and private sector fundingand the extent of community and industry support.
52.1Summary of initiativesAccelerating deployment1. Queensland: The Solar Hot Water State — a Solar Hot Water Program toaccelerate the installation of up to 200,000 solar hot water systems overthree years2. Solar Thermal Options for Regional Queensland:a) Multiple small-scale solar thermal plants — encourage the creationof consortia to deploy multiple solar thermal plants (of between5-20 megawatts) throughout regional Queenslandb) Large-scale solar thermal feasibility study3. Queensland’s hot dry rocks — investigate commencing a pilot geothermalproject by 20144. Small-scale renewable energy systems for Queensland’s Isolated Networks5. Government Owned Generators partnering with industry to identify renewableenergy solutions6. Clean Energy Communities — increase opportunities for distributed electricitygeneration in Queensland’s growth hot spotsEfficient and effective regulation7. Regulatory Reform Package — best practice regulation for renewable energyin Queensland8. Agricultural lease holders able to sublease to wind farms and other renewableenergy technologiesSmart industry, jobs and investment9. Resource Mapping —map areas of strategic importance to Queensland includingsolar, wind and geothermal10. Designate renewable energy as a Queensland Priority IndustrySector — Renewable Energy Industry Development Plan, including:a) The Renewable Energy Jobs Policy — up to 3,500 jobs by 2020b) The creation of pilot Renewable Energy Priority Zonesc) Renewable Energy Incentives Packaged) Renewable Energy Technology and Innovation Program
633.0Context:Why renewable energy for QueenslandQueensland is the fastest growing and most energy intensive state in Australia.More harmful greenhouse gases are produced per person in Queensland thanany other state with approximately 43 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissionsper capita. With strong growth in electricity demand predicted (consumptionwill grow from 44,500 gigawatt hours to 69,000 gigawatt hours by 2020),Queensland faces the challenge of mitigating growth in greenhouse gasemissions while ensuring access to competitively priced energy. Queenslandalso faces unique challenges as a result of its vast geographic area and highlydecentralised population, particularly in regard to ensuring cost-effectiveand reliable supply of electricity to remote and sparsely populated regions.Renewable energy will play a key role in addressing all of these challenges.Why we need it.Climate change mitigationRegional and rural economicdevelopment and employmentRenewable energy has low or nilgreenhouse gas emissions whichcontributes to environmentalquality and reduced economywide greenhouse gas emissions,while providing a means for energyinvestors to manage long termcarbon risk.Most of Queensland’s qualityrenewable energy resources arelocated outside of major populationcentres. Renewable energygeneration projects will positivelystimulate regional economies asa result of new investment andthe provision of direct and indirectinfrastructure and service delivery.
7What is renewable energy?Renewable energy is a clean energy source that can be replenished naturallyand used to produce electricity with minimal or nil greenhouse gas emissions. Itincludes energy generation from sources such as the sun, wind, biomass, hydroand heat from beneath the earth’s surface.Why we need it.Sustainable industries and jobsTechnology developmentReducing the strain on thestate’s electricity networksThe expansion of the renewableenergy sector and the transition to agreen economy will drive productivityand economic growth which meansnew jobs and new investment.Renewable energy technologywill be a fundamental componentof industry’s climate changeresponse. A critical mass ofresearch and developmentexpertise in Queenslandwill create new investmentopportunities and developknowledge based export markets.In densely populated urban areasrenewable energy can reducethe need for costly upgradesto electricity transmission anddistribution networks by alleviatingdemand on these networks. As aform of distributed energy, it can alsosupply power to remote areas whereaccess to the grid is not physicallyor economically feasible. In isolatedparts of the state, the cost of fuelfor generation of electricity canbe as high as 450 per megawatthour. For these isolated networks,renewable energy could be a costcompetitive alternative to traditional,fossil fuel-based energy sources. Adiversified electricity generation fleetwill provide security and reliabilityfor the state’s energy consumers.
83.1Why now—the national drivers for changeThe threat of climate change has mobilised Australian and state governmentsto develop and implement a range of clean energy policy responses.Australian initiatives include: the expanded national Renewable Energy Targetwhich stimulates direct investment in renewableenergy and will require 20 per cent of electricity (anadditional 45,000 gigawatt hours) to be sourcedfrom renewable energy in Australia by 2020 the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme which willcreate a price signal for carbon and will reducegreenhouse gas emissions by between 5 and25 per cent by 2020. A price on carbon will makeenergy from fossil fuels increasingly more costly,thereby increasing the economic feasibility ofa range of low emission technologies such asrenewable energy.The national Renewable Energy Target will be a keyinvestment driver for Queensland, providing significantfinancial incentives for renewable energy developmentin the state. The sale of Renewable Energy Certificatesthrough the Renewable Energy Target will ensurethat in the short term, Queensland will continue todevelop and deploy a range of more mature, low-costrenewable energy technologies (such as bagasse, windand hydro).Modelling indicates that the national RenewableEnergy Target could stimulate up to 12 billion ofinvestment by 2020 and that this will be sufficient tosupport both existing and emerging renewable energytechnologies. This means emerging technologies withstrategic significance for the state such as geothermaland large-scale solar thermal could receive supportand be deployed on a significant scale beyond 2015.It is vital that Queensland maximises its share ofthe Renewable Energy Target while minimising itsexposure to the Carbon Pollution Reduction Schemeby diversifying the state’s electricity infrastructure withlow emission technology such as renewable energy.The Australian Government has also recentlyannounced, as part of its Climate Change Strategy,a 4.5 billion Clean Energy Initiative. This includes 1.6 billion for large-scale solar power stations and 465 million for Renewables Australia which willpromote the development, commercialisation anddeployment of renewable technologies. Leveragingfrom this funding will be critical in achieving theAustralian Government’s vision for the sector. TheOffice of Clean Energy will assist industry proponentsform constructive partnerships to access this funding.
93.2Queensland’s current renewableenergy capacityIn 2008, renewable energy accounted for approximately 6 per cent or almost 750 megawatts ofQueensland’s total installed generating capacity of more than 12,500 megawatts (including solarhot water systems). Biomass co-generation (primarily from bagasse) is the major renewable energysource in Queensland and provides 415 megawatts of the state’s renewable energy capacity.Hydroelectricity provides 169 megawatts and solar hot water systems around 144 megawatts.Wind, solar photovoltaic and geothermal sources provide only small amounts of electricity.Queensland Renewable Energy Projects
10BiomassHydroelectricitySolar technologiesBiomass is any type of plant ororganic matter which can beincinerated and used as an energysource to produce electricity.Biomass co-generation (primarilyfrom bagasse — sugar cane waste)is the major renewable energysource in Queensland and provides415 megawatts of the state’srenewable energy capacity.Hydroelectric energy is a maturerenewable energy source thatgenerates electricity by utilisingwater flowing by gravity to driveturbines. It has the ability toprovide both base-load andpeak generation to the electricitynetwork. Hydroelectricitycurrently provides 169 megawattsof Queensland’s renewableelectricity generation, at locationsacross the state, including over90 megawatts at the KareeyaHydro and Koombooloomba Hydroinstallations located west of Tullyin Far North Queensland.A range of solar technologies willplay a part in increasing renewableenergy generation capacity inQueensland. These will includesolar hot water systems, solarphotovoltaics and solar thermaltechnology. The QueenslandGovernment is already investing ina variety of trials and pilot projectsto prove these technologies. Solarthermal systems use the sun’sheat to generate electricity, usuallyby heating fluid such as waterand using it to drive a turbine,whereas photovoltaics are asemiconductor-based technologythat convert the sun’s lightenergy directly into an electricalcurrent. These technologies areexperiencing unprecedentedglobal growth — solar thermal isbeing deployed on a large-scaleto provide base-load capacity,while photovoltaics are beingused worldwide to generatedomestic energy supplies in bothstand-alone and grid-connectedapplications.Twenty-four sugar mills locatedfrom the south of Brisbane tothe north of Cairns generateelectricity from bagasse, andthis accounts for more thanhalf of Queensland’s renewableenergy generation. Bagasse-firedrenewable energy generation hassignificant potential for furtherexpansion in Queensland.Biogas from landfill is producedby the decomposition of landfillwaste, which consists of methaneand carbon dioxide. Thereare a number of landfill gasoperators in Queensland with acombined capacity of more than30 megawatts.
11Solar technologies (continued)Geothermal technologiesWindAustralia’s newest solar farm,an installation of concentratingphotovoltaics, is now deliveringsolar energy to Windorah in WesternQueensland, with the GovernmentOwned Corporation, Ergon Energycontributing 4 million in fundingtowards this project.Geothermal generation usesthermal energy from under thesurface of the earth to generateelectricity. There are two mainsources of geothermal energy:wet geothermal, where bores aredrilled into naturally occurring hightemperature aquifers, to generateenergy; and, hot dry rocks, wherewater is pumped undergroundto high heat producing granites,then the heat energy extractedis converted into electricity.Queensland has significantgeothermal resources which couldpotentially provide large-scaleemission-free electricity generationin the future.Wind electricity is one of the mosttechnically advanced sources ofrenewable energy. AGL has recentlybought the development rights forthe proposed Coopers Gap WindFarm, a 1.2 billion project with upto 500 megawatts of capacity, orenough to supply approximately320,000 households. AGL is alsoundertaking a feasibility study for a150 megawatts wind farm at CrowsNest near Toowoomba.The Queensland Government hascommitted 5 million to supportErgon Energy’s Townsville-basedSolar Cities Project. The Solar CitiesProject is expected to generate11 gigawatt hours of renewableenergy electricity by 2013 andreduce greenhouse gas emissionsby over 500,000 tonnes.The Queensland Governmenthas signed a Memorandum ofUnderstanding with the ClintonClimate Initiative of the WilliamJ. Clinton Foundation (ClintonFoundation) for cooperation inundertaking a pre-feasibility studyinto the potential for establishinga concentrated solar thermal parkin Queensland.Queensland has Australia’s onlyoperational geothermal plant.The Birdsville Geothermal PowerStation, owned and operated byErgon Energy, uses wet geothermalenergy to generate 80 kilowatts ofelectricity for the town of Birdsville,providing around a quarter of thetown’s electricity requirements.Windy Hill Wind Farm, in theAtherton Tablelands, currentlyhas 12 megawatts of capacity, orenough energy to supply 3,500homes — equivalent to the townsof Atherton and Mareeba.Ergon Energy also currentlyoperates wind turbines onThursday Island in the Torres Strait.These have a combined capacityof 450 kilowatts, which supplyapproximately 10 per cent of theIsland’s electricity.
123.3Queensland Government action to dateHigh capital costs, technology impediments, regulatory barriers and the remote,dispersed location of some renewable resources have limited the sector’sgrowth. This situation is changing however, with new and expanded AustralianGovernment measures for renewable energy being complemented by strongpolicy statements in Queensland’s ClimateSmart 2050 and a Q2 Target to cutQueenslanders’ carbon footprint by one third.The Queensland Renewable Energy Plan builds on theexisting strategies and policies currently employed bythe government to diversify Queensland’s stationaryenergy sector. Some of these initiatives include: the 50 million Queensland Renewable EnergyFund (QREF) that supports the development anddeployment of renewable energy generationtechnologies the 15 million Queensland Geothermal EnergyCentre of Excellence to drive geothermalresearch and technology the Solar Bonus Scheme, a feed-in tariff to paydomestic and small energy customers for the surpluselectricity generated from roof-top solar systems the 60 million Solar and Energy Efficiency Programfor more than 1,250 Queensland State schoolswhich includes the delivery of 2 kilowatts capacitysolar photovoltaic panels, smart metering, ITsystems and the installation of energy efficientlighting over the next three years Queensland Solar Homes Trial, a government bulkpurchase of solar panels to drive down cost andincrease uptake of solar panels up to 5 million toward the 30 million TownsvilleSolar Cities project which will fund grid-connectedsolar distributed generation.In addition, the Queensland Government has investedin a number of renewable energy generation assetsthrough the Government Owned Corporationsincluding wind, solar thermal, hydro, biogas andAustralia’s first wet geothermal plant.
13Cloncurry Solar Thermal ProjectCloncurry, in north-west Queensland, is set to become the first town in Queensland to produce solar thermalpower capable of supplying all of the town’s electricity needs, 24-hours a day. The technology used at Cloncurrywill ensure the 10 megawatts power station will continue to generate electricity when the sun is not shining.Up to 8,000 mirrors will reflect sunlight onto graphite blocks. Water will be pumped through the blocks togenerate steam that will operate a conventional steam turbine electricity generator. This project will determineif this clean energy solution can be replicated in other rural and remote areas of Queensland. The QueenslandGovernment has committed up to 7 million from the Queensland Renewable Energy Fund for the CloncurrySolar Thermal Project.Renewable energy—diversifying the Mackay Sugar Co-operativeIn the face of low sugar prices, Mackay Sugar successfully applied for 9 million from the Queensland RenewableEnergy Fund to diversify into renewable energy production in the form of cogeneration and ethanol production.The cogeneration plant will provide 27 megawatts of renewable energy capacity to the Mackay district electricitygrid for 50 weeks of the year, 30 per cent of the district’s current usage and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by200,000 tonnes per annum. At the same time it will provide steam and electricity for the sugar refinery and forethanol production. The proposed 60 megalitre ethanol plant will derive all of its production steam and electricityfrom the cogeneration project, making it the ‘greenest’ ethanol produced in Australia. The project is significant inthat unlike other bagasse cogeneration plants, it will be capable of supplying electricity in the crushing and noncrushing season. During the non crushing season, the plant will be fuelled by stored bagasse.Wind mappingThe Queensland Government hascommitted 250,000 from theQueensland Renewable EnergyFund to purchase detailed windmapping data for Queenslandto inform local and regionalplanning. The map will identify thebest high-wind areas, detailingtheir proximity to the power grid.It is anticipated that the provisionof this type of data will makeinvestment in wind power projectsin Queensland more attractive toprivate sector investors.Coastal Geothermal EnergyInitiativeQueensland’s known geothermalresources are a long distancefrom transmission lines andthe major population centreson the east coast. The CoastalGeothermal Energy Initiative is a 5 million drilling program thatwill build on existing geologicaldata in Queensland. Its aim isto identify possible sources ofhot rocks for geothermal energycloser to existing electricitytransmission linesand population centres.Birdsville GeothermalThe Queensland Government hascommitted 4.3 million to ErgonEnergy for the new BirdsvilleGeothermal Power Station. Theproject will replace existing plantthat is reaching the end of itsdesign life with more efficientequipment that will use theexisting wet geothermal resourcesmore efficiently, producing moreenergy from these resources.
143.4The challenges aheadDespite the potential of renewable energy, there remain challenges todeveloping these technologies.High costRegulatory impedimentsElectricity generation from renewable energysources in Australia is generally not as competitiveas traditional electricity generation for large-scalegrid connected demand. For example, accordingto ACIL Tasman modelling; the cost of newelectricity generation from coal in Queensland canbe as high as 65 per megawatt hour1. Based onmodelling2 commissioned by the Commonwealth,renewable energy sources range in price from 80– 90 per megawatt hour for wind and hydroand up to more than 300 per megawatt hour forsolar photovoltaic.Industry participants have identified uncertainty aroundregulatory requirements as a barrier to the uptake ofrenewable energy in Queensland.Renewable energy projects can have very highcapital costs per unit of electricity generated,but lower ongoing operational expenditure, asthey generally do not have fuel costs. To date, thishas been insufficient to service capital expenditure,even over very long timeframes. The commencementof the Australian Government’s Carbon PollutionReduction Scheme (which will create a price signalfor carbon), and the expansion of the nationalRenewable Energy Target (which stimulates directinvestment in renewables) will narrow the cost gapbetween renewable sources and fossil fuel basedenergy sources.A lack of clarity on issues relating to land planning,land access, native title, royalty and fee regimes andenvironmental, noise and visual impacts, have thepotential to hinder renewable energy developments.Regulatory issues regarding transmission andconnection to the grid have also been identified asserious impediments.IntermittencyThe intermittent nature of some renewable energysources and the corresponding fluctuations inelectrical energy have in some cases limited theexpansion of renewable energy, particularly given thatthe electricity grid must maintain an acceptable andpredictable level of frequency and voltage variation.1. ACIL Tasman (13 February 2009) Fuel resource, new entry and generation costs in the NEM, Prepared for the Inter-Regional Planning Committee.2. MMA (2008) Impacts of the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme on Australia’s Electricity Markets — Report to Federal Treasury.
15Fluctuations can occur because: sugar is a seasonal crop andunless bagasse is stored foroff-season use, generation islimited to the crushing season(i.e. June to January) wind intensity does not alwaysmeet the speed necessary fordelivery of electricity at maximumefficiency (e.g. wind over sevenmetres per second) cloud cover and darkness limitsolar generation.Given that renewable energysources cannot always providea dependable electricity supplyto the grid, alternative electricityinfrastructure must still be builtto ensure reliability for homes,business and industry.The costs of servicing the capital forthis duplicative infrastructure canin some situations add costs to thesupply of electricity.The capacity for integration ofintermittent renewable energysources into electricity grids willdepend on the improvementof energy storage technologieswhich allow renewable power tobe stored and released in a morecontrolled manner. However,substantial technologicaladvances are already occurringand reliable, scalable storagedevices are being developed.Intermittency issues are alsobeing addressed by a greaterdistribution and diversity ofrenewable energy sources andthe use of gas-fired plants tosmooth peaks.Other issuesAchieving the transition to asustainable low carbon economywill require mobilisation of newskills and training. However,with the rapid expansion ofthe renewable sector globally,evidence of skills shortages arebeginning to emerge.Technology will underpin advancesin renewable energy and willbe essential in helping lowercosts while increasing efficacy ofrenewable energy solutions. Theneed for an increase in publicand private funding for renewableenergy research has beenidentified by industry proponents.
44.016The vision—creating a clean energyfuture for QueenslandThe Queensland Government’s vision for the renewable energy sectorencompasses new industry, new jobs and new investment. Aiming to achieveat least 20 per cent of investment generated through the national RenewableEnergy Target, the Plan will help stimulate up to 3.5 billion in new investment,create up to 3,500 jobs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by more than40 million tonnes.Whilst the government’s intent for the sector is ambitious, a bold vision is a necessary prerequisite to underpinthe required regulatory, investment, incentive and stakeholder engagement frameworks that need to be in placefor Queensland to demonstrate leadership in the renewable energy sector.2008 Renewable Energy MixTotal: 745 megawatts (MW)Wind 12 MWSolar photovoltaic 6 MWHydro 169 MWBiomass 415 MWSolar hot water 144 MW
174.1How we’re going to get thereShould Queensland achieve a 20 per cent share of the national RenewableEnergy Target, this would equate to 9,000 gigawatt hours (or more than2,500 megawatts of capacity) of Queensland-based renewable energy by 2020.The pie graph below represents a possible renewable energy profile for Queensland by 2020. The scenariosfor each technology type and the approximate share of each renewable energy source for the state have beenestimated using advice from industry, renewable energy proponents and national and international modelling.2020 Renewable Energy MixTotal: 2635 megawatts (MW)Solar photovoltaic 40 MWSolar thermal 250 MWWind 750 MWGeothermal 250 MWBiomass 645 MWHydro 200 MWSolar hot water 500 MW
55.018The Queensland Renewable Energy PlanThe Plan will help leverage up 3.5 billion in newinvestment, create up to 3,500 new jobs and reducegreenhouse gas emissions by more than40 million tonnes by 2020.
195.1Accelerating deploymentThe primary objective of the Plan is to increase the deployment of renewableenergy infrastructure in Queensland. This means providing the right incentives,financial and otherwise, to encourage industry to move beyond ‘business asusual’ and look for new opportunities to deploy renewable energy.Initiatives1. Queensland: the solar hot water stateThe Queensland Solar Hot Water Program (theProgram) will accelerate the installation of up to200,000 solar hot water systems (including heatpumps) over a three-year period from 1 July 2009.The Program aims to: reduce participating Queensland householdelectricity bills by approximately 20 – 30 per centannually which could save up to 100 million intotal over the three-year life of the scheme andup to 825 million state-wide over the life of theinstalled systems achieve a cumulative greenhouse gas emissionreduction of 630,000 tonnes over
The Queensland Government estimates that successful implementation of the Plan will help to leverage up to 3.5 billion in new investment, create up to 3,500 new jobs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by more than 40 million tonnes by 2020. Queensland is set to become Australia's solar hot water state, with the Queensland Solar Hot Water
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
renewable resources (renewable energy) and sets the FiT rate. The DLs will pay for renewable energy supplied to the electricity grid for a specific duration. By guaranteeing access to the grid and setting a favourable price per unit of renewable energy, the FiT mechanism would ensure that renewable energy becomes a viable and sound long-term
IG Cambridge International Mathematics (Extended) 0607/42 2h 15m PM OL Swahili 3162/01 3h EV Syllabus/Component Code Duration Session IG History 0470/13 2h AM Wednesday 02 May Syllabus/Component Code Duration Session IG Bahasa Indonesia 0538/01 1h 45m PM AS English Language 9093/12 2h 15m PM IG Pakistan Studies 0448/01 1h 30m EV OL Pakistan Studies 2059/01 1h 30m EV AS Marine Science 9693/23 .
