Report Of The American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) Canine .
SPECIALReportReport of the American Animal HospitalAssociation (AAHA) Canine VaccineTask Force: 2003 Canine VaccineGuidelines, Recommendations,and Supporting LiteratureMichael A. Paul, DVMChairpersonMax Appel, DVM, PhDRalph Barrett, DVM,Diplomate ACVIMLeland E. Carmichael, DVM, PhD,Diplomate ACVMHenry Childers, DVM,Diplomate ABVPSusan Cotter, DVM,Diplomate ACVIMAutumn Davidson, DVM,Diplomate ACVIMRichard Ford, DVM, MS,Diplomate ACVIMDan Keil, DVM, PhD,Diplomate ACVMMichael Lappin, DVM, PhD,Diplomate ACVIMRonald D. Schultz, PhD,Diplomate ACVMEileen Thacker, DVM,Diplomate ACVMJanice L. Trumpeter, DVMLink Welborn, DVM,Diplomate ABVPIntroductionFew in veterinary practice today can recall a time when serious infectiousdiseases were not preventable by the administration of safe immunizations. With the exception of the canine parvovirus (CPV) pandemic in thelate 1970s, widespread morbidity and mortality due to life-threateningdiseases have largely been preventable in recent years. Even when CPVerupted on the scene, the rapid response by researchers and biologics(vaccine) manufacturers allowed our profession to curtail the terriblelosses of dogs to this disease. It is therefore safe to say that no singleachievement has had greater impact on the lives and well-being of ourpatients, our clients, and our ability to prevent infectious diseases than thedevelopment and ongoing improvements in companion animal vaccines.The evolution of biologics represents a continuum of advances encompassing efficacy, safety, and usage. Early vaccines did not enjoy the samesafety and efficacy profiles of currently available products, often resultingin adverse reactions or short durations of immunity (DOI). The resultingrecommendations for revaccination reflected these product limitations,and most of the widely accepted recommendations for revaccination werebased on a “better safe than sorry” approach because the diseases thesevaccines were designed to prevent were widespread and devastating.While the evolution of scientific knowledge has resulted in tremendousThis document was developed by the American Animal Hospital Associationthrough a collaborative effort among Task Force members (see Appendix 1) to aidpractitioners in making decisions about appropriate care of their canine patientswith respect to currently available vaccines.Limited published scientific information exists on duration of vaccine immunity.Therefore, these guidelines and recommendations are based on limited scientificevidence but are supported by consensus and expert opinion as well as clinicalexperience.These guidelines and recommendations should not be construed as dictating anexclusive protocol, course of treatment, or procedure. Variations in practice maybe warranted based on the needs of the individual patient, resources, and limitations unique to each individual practice setting.This report was funded in part by the AAHA Foundation.REPORT of the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) Canine Vaccine Task Force1
2REPORT of the AAHA Canine Vaccine Task Forceimprovements in the field of vaccinology, the ultimate goalof combining 100% efficacy and 100% safety into the samevaccine product is not a reality at this time. Although it ispossible to develop a vaccine that is virtually free of alladverse side effects, it would likely be a poor stimulant ofimmunity or produce a short DOI. Conversely, vaccines canbe produced that provide higher percentages of long-termimmunity but would exact a price of unacceptable adverseevents. Therefore, current knowledge supports the statement that no vaccine is always safe, no vaccine is alwaysprotective, and no vaccine is always indicated. However,the information that this statement is based on is in a constant state of flux; hence, the historical and current debateon appropriate vaccine use.While significant efforts have been expended and realized with respect to vaccine efficacy and safety, theirimpact on product use (specifically vaccine protocols) haslargely been ignored until recently; this despite early recommendations for less frequent revaccination. In 1978, “anideal vaccination program” was recommended where dogsand cats would be vaccinated as puppies and kittens andthen revaccinated at 1 year of age and every third yearthereafter.1 In 1998, the American Association of FelinePractitioners (AAFP) debated and subsequently endorsedthis same recommendation for feline core vaccines; theAAFP recommendations were updated in 2000.2 Also in1998, recommendations from a group of canine vaccineexperts were published.3 They recommended revaccinationwith canine core vaccines no more than once every 3 yearsfollowing initial booster revaccination at 1 year of age. Thisproposed vaccination program, and various iterationsthereof, has been adopted to varying degrees by a growingpart of the profession, but misunderstandings, misinformation, and the conservative nature of the profession haveslowed adoption of these protocols advocating decreasedfrequency of revaccination.In 2002, the American Veterinary Medical Association(AVMA) updated their vaccine guidelines4 after recognizing that traditional guidelines were not compatible with therecommendations of a growing number of veterinary practitioners and experts in the fields of vaccinology and infectious diseases. Although many of these experts supporttriennial vaccination against core diseases, there is a relative paucity of published scientific documentation to indicate that every 3 years is any more rational than every 2years or any less rational than every 7 years. For that reason,the AVMA and AAHA guidelines intentionally allow roomfor individual veterinarians to apply them. Information(including discussions on core/noncore vaccines, immunology, DOI, vaccine production and licensing, adverse eventreporting, and potential practice impact and opportunity) isprovided in this report for veterinarians to review and use asthey develop a vaccine program for their practices and theirindividual patients.Many diseases we immunize against are ubiquitous.Many are serious and some even life threatening. Some areof limited demographic concern given the exposure risk for2003 Canine Vaccine Guidelines and Recommendationseach patient. These factors have all been considered indeveloping the AAHA Canine Vaccine Guidelines and Recommendations. In the end, each veterinarian must do whathe or she determines to be in the best interest of the patient.Vaccination of individual animals produces not only individual immunity but also population or herd immunity.Since we have no readily available and reliable way todetermine if each patient has developed an adequateimmune response, we encourage the practice philosophy ofvaccinating more patients while vaccinating each patient nomore than needed.Task Force Recommendations Regarding theSelection and Use of Canine Vaccine AntigensDecisions on vaccine selection and use require a balanceamong disease incidence and severity, vaccine efficacy(including DOI) and safety, and the health, welfare, andlifestyle of the individual animal. When taking all thesevariables into account, it becomes apparent that a blanket orgeneric statement encompassing the use of all vaccine products is impossible to make. However, based on the growingbody of knowledge in the areas of vaccinology andimmunology, general vaccine guidelines are appropriateand useful as a foundation upon which to make specific recommendations for individual patients. The 2003 AAHACanine Vaccine Guidelines and Recommendations are discussed in the following sections as well as presented in aneasy-to-reference table format [Table 1]. These guidelinesare based on current knowledge with respect to disease incidence and severity and vaccine efficacy.Vaccine Selection: Core (Recommended), Noncore(Optional), and Not Generally RecommendedCanine VaccinesRecommended or “core” vaccines are those that the committee believes should be administered to all puppies (dogs 6 months of age) or dogs with an unknown vaccinationhistory. The diseases involved have significant morbidityand mortality and are widely distributed. The committeebelieves this group of vaccines comprises canine distempervirus (CDV), CPV, canine adenovirus-2 (CAV-2), andrabies virus.Optional or “noncore” vaccines are those that the committee believes should be considered only in special circumstances because their use is more dependent on theexposure risk of the individual animal. Issues of geographicdistribution and lifestyle should be considered beforeadministering these vaccines. In addition, the diseasesinvolved are generally self-limiting or respond readily totreatment. The committee believes this group of vaccinescomprises distemper-measles virus (D-MV), canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), Leptospira spp., Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Borrelia burgdorferi.Vaccines identified as “not generally recommended”are those that the committee believes have little or no indication. The diseases involved are either of little clinical significance or respond readily to treatment. In addition, the
Administer one dose at6-8 wks, 9-11 wks, and12-14 wks of age.rCanine Distemper Virus(rCDV) (recombinant)A dose 4 wks after thelast dose in this serieswill significantly increasethe likelihood of sterileimmunity\ with this product.Administer one dose at6-8 wks, 9-11 wks, and12-14 wks of age.Initial Puppy Vaccination‡( 16 weeks)Canine Distemper Virus(CDV) (MLV)Vaccine†Two doses, 2-4 wks apart.One dose is protective.Initial Adult Vaccination( 16 weeks)After a booster at 1 yr,annual revaccinationis recommended.Annually (manufacturer)After a booster at 1 yr,revaccination once every3 yrs is consideredprotective.Annually (manufacturer)Revaccination (Booster)RecommendationsAAHA 2003 Canine Vaccination Guidelines and Recommendations*Table 1(continued on next page)Minimum demonstrated DOI forrCDV is 1 yr. Therefore, at present,annual revaccination is recommended.A vaccination program that includesMLV-CDV vaccine for the initialvaccination followed by boostervaccinations with rCDV would provideexcellent protection; revaccination withrCDV every 3 yrs would be reasonablein this scenario.Does not routinely provide sterileimmunity and may take longer toprotect immunologically naive dogs.Therefore, not recommended whereCDV is a serious threat for puppies(e.g., shelters, kennels, puppy/petstores).Recommended: As a suitablealternative to the MLV-CDV andmay be used interchangeably withthe MLV-CDV vaccine.A booster vaccination interval of3 yrs among adult dogs is protectiveand reasonable.Highly Recommended: Despiteannual booster recommendations,adult dogs challenged 7 yrs(Rockborn Strain) and 5 yrs(Onderstepoort Strain) followingMLV vaccination were protected(DOI).§ Usually combined with CDVand CPV vaccinations.Overall Comments andRecommendationsREPORT of the AAHA Canine Vaccine Task Force2003 Canine Vaccine Guidelines and Recommendations3
Administer one dose at6-8 wks, 9-11 wks, and12-14 wks of age.Administer one dose at6-8 wks, 9-11 wks,12-14 wks, and 15-17 wksof age.Administer one dose at6-8 wks, 9-11 wks, and12-14 wks of age.Canine Parvovirus(CPV-2) (killed)Canine Adenovirus-2(CAV-2) (MLV, killed,or MLV-topical)Initial Puppy Vaccination‡( 16 weeks)Canine Parvovirus(CPV-2) (MLV)Vaccine†Annually (manufacturer)Upon completion of theinitial series, andfollowing a booster at1 yr, revaccination onceevery 3 yrs is consideredprotective.Two doses, 2-4 wks apart(if using killed)When puppy is vaccinatedwith MLV and revaccinatedat 1 yr with MLV, killedproduct could be usedas booster 3 yrs.Annual vaccinationrecommended until DOIstudies show longer than1 yr of protection withthe killed product.Annually (manufacturer)After a booster at 1 yr,revaccination every 3 yrsis considered protective.Annually (manufacturer)Revaccination (Booster)Recommendations(continued on next page)Recommended: Demonstratedcross protection against caninehepatitis (CAV-1) and CAV-2, one ofthe agents known to be associatedwith infectious tracheobronchitis.Adult dogs challenged 7 yrs followingCAV-2 MLV vaccination have beenfound to be protected (DOI) againstthe more virulent CAV-1.Killed parvovirus products aresusceptible to maternal antibodyinterference in puppies as old as16-18 wks of age.Not recommended for animals athigh risk for parvovirus (e.g.,shelters, kennels, puppy/pet stores).Recommended: As a suitablealternative to the MLV canineparvovirus vaccine in low-riskenvironment.Products with CPV-2 regardless ofgenotype (i.e., CPV-2, 2a, or 2b) allprovide excellent protection againstfield isolates.Highly Recommended: Althoughannual boosters are recommendedby vaccine manufacturers, studieshave shown protection againstchallenge (DOI) up to 7 yrspostvaccination with MLV vaccine.Overall Comments andRecommendationsREPORT of the AAHA Canine Vaccine Task ForceOne dose (if using MLV)Two doses, 2-4 wks apart,is recommended.Two doses, 3-4 wks apart.One dose is protectiveand acceptable.Initial Adult Vaccination( 16 weeks)AAHA 2003 Canine Vaccination Guidelines and Recommendations*Table 1 (cont’d)42003 Canine Vaccine Guidelines and Recommendations
Note: The 3-yr rabies vaccinemay be used as analternative to the 1-yr rabiesvaccine for initial andsubsequent doses. Localstatutes apply.Note: The 3-yr rabies vaccinemay be used as analternative to the 1-yr rabiesvaccine for initial andsubsequent doses. Localstatutes apply.Administer a single dose.Administer one dose asearly as 3 mos of age.The second rabiesvaccination is recommended1 yr following administrationof the initial dose regardlessof the animal’s age at thetime the first dose wasadministered.(continued on next page)Note: The rabies 1-yr vaccine issometimes administered as theRequired: State, provincial, and localstatutes govern the frequency ofadministration for products labeledas rables 3-yr—these statutes varythroughout the U.S. and Canada.Note: Route of administration maynot be optional—see productliterature for details.One-yr rabies products should notbe considered to cause feweradverse reactions when givenannually than 3-yr rabies products.Note: The rabies (1-yr) vaccine issometimes administered as theinitial dose followed 1 yr later byadministration of the rabies 3-yrvaccine. State, provincial, and localstatutes may dictate otherwise.Rabies 3-year (killed)The 1-yr rabies vaccinemay be used as a boostervaccine when dogs arerequired by statute to bevaccinated annuallyagainst rabies.Annually. State, provincial,and/or local laws apply.Required: State, provincial, andlocal statutes govern the frequencyof administration for products labeledas “1-year rabies.”Administer a single dose.Overall Comments andRecommendationsAdminister one dose asearly as 3 mos of age.Revaccination (Booster)RecommendationsRabies 1-year (killed)Initial Adult Vaccination( 16 weeks)Usually combined with CDV andCPV vaccines; revaccination every3 yrs would be protective andreasonable.Initial Puppy Vaccination‡( 16 weeks)Canine Adenovirus-2(continued)Vaccine†AAHA 2003 Canine Vaccination Guidelines and Recommendations*Table 1 (cont’d)REPORT of the AAHA Canine Vaccine Task Force2003 Canine Vaccine Guidelines and Recommendations5
One dose is adequate.Parenteral—Uponcompletion of the initialseries, and following abooster at 1 yr, revaccinationonce every 3 yrs isconsidered protective (DOI).Annually (manufacturer)Administer one dose at6-8 wks, 9-11 wks, and12-14 wks of age.Parainfluenza Virus(CPIV) (MLV orMLV-topical)(continued on next page)Parenterally administered vaccine is lesseffective than topically (intranasal)administered vaccine.Recommended: Parenteral vaccine isusually combined with CDV, CPV-2, andCAV vaccines.Note: Administer IM only—MV does noteffectively immunize if administeredsubcutaneously.Do not administer to female dogs over12 wks of age.Optional (Not Recommended for RoutineUse): Intended to provide temporaryprotection in young puppies only.Indicated for use in households/kennels/shelters where CDV is a recognizedproblem.Note: Route of administration may not beoptional—see product literature fordetails.Every effort should be made to changelaws that require vaccination with thisrabies product more often than every 3yrs since annual vaccinations cannot beshown to increase efficacy and it isknown to increase adverse events.initial dose followed 1 yr later byadministration of the rabies 3-yr vaccine.State, provincial, and local statutes maydictate otherwise.Overall Comments andRecommendationsREPORT of the AAHA Canine Vaccine Task ForceMay produce maternal MVantibodies that would bepassed to subsequent pupsof female dogs resulting inblocking of puppy responseto D-MV vaccination.Revaccination is notrecommended. D-MVvaccine would not causeany health problem in therecipient, but if used in abreeding female, puppieswould acquire MVantibody and theprotection offered by theMV would be lost.Not indicated for use indogs over 12 wks of age.One dose between 4 and12 wks of age only(follow with one doseMLV-CDV or two dosesrCDV vaccine after12 wks of age).Revaccination (Booster)RecommendationsDistemper-MeaslesVirus (D-MV) (MLV)Initial Adult Vaccination( 16 weeks)Booster vaccines should beadministered every 3 yrs.State, provincial, and/orlocal laws apply.Initial Puppy Vaccination‡( 16 weeks)Rabies 3-year(continued)Vaccine†AAHA 2003 Canine Vaccination Guidelines and Recommendations*Table 1 (cont’d)62003 Canine Vaccine Guidelines and Recommendations
Bordetella bronchiseptica(killed bacterin)—parenteral(Also availablewith serovarsgrippotyphosa andpomona)Administer one dose at6-8 wks and then at10-12 wks of age.Do not administer to dogs 12 wks of age for optimalresponse.Two doses, 2-4 wks apartTwo doses, 2-4 wks apartAnnually (manufacturer)Annually unless severeincidence of leptospirosiscontinues. In situations ofsignificant high-riskexposure, administer abooster every 6 mos.Discontinue 6 mosbooster when local orregional incidence problemis improved since thisproduct carries high-riskfor adverse vaccineevents.Annually (manufacturer)Administer one dose at12 wks and a seconddose at 14-16 wks.Revaccination (Booster)RecommendationsLeptospira interrogans(combined with serovarscanicola andicterohaemorrhagiae)(killed bacterin)Initial Adult Vaccination( 16 weeks)Intranasal commonly givenannually with Bordetellabronchiseptica.Initial Puppy Vaccination‡( 16 weeks)Parainfluenza Virus(continued)Vaccine†AAHA 2003 Canine Vaccination Guidelines and Recommendations*Table 1 (cont’d)(continued on next page)Optional (Recommended):DOI is approximately 9 to 12 mos.There is no known advantage toDOI for serovars grippogyphosa andpomona are assumed to be up to 1 yr.Minimum DOI based on challenge studieshas been shown to be approximately1 yr for serovars canicola andicterohaemorrhagiae; however, efficacyof the products can be low ( 75%).Anecdotal reports from veterinarians andbreeders suggest that the incidence ofpostvaccination reactions (acuteanaphylaxis) in puppies ( 12 wks of age)and small-breed dogs is high. Reactionsare most severe in young ( 9 wks of age)puppies. Routine use of the vaccineshould be delayed until dogs are 9 wksof age. Older dogs are more likely todevelop an optimal immune responsethan younger animals.Optional: Disease prevalence is likely tovary for each serovar. Vaccinerecommendations are therefore difficultto make due to the lack of information onprevalance of specific serovar infectionsin dogs in various geographic regions.Topical is in combination withBordetella or Bordetella and CAV-2.DOI by challenge has been shownto be at least 1 yr (unpublished)for topical vaccine.Overall Comments andRecommendationsREPORT of the AAHA Canine Vaccine Task Force2003 Canine Vaccine Guidelines and Recommendations7
Administer a single doseat 8 wks of age.Manufacturers’recommendations on theearliest age for administeringthe first dose varies and maybe as early as 3-4 wks.Administering an intranasalvaccine to dogs this young isrecommended only insituations where there isconsiderable risk of exposureand the vaccine can beA single dose isrecommended.Same recommendationas for intranasal withCPIV.Annually (manufacturer)If not vaccinated withinthe previous 6 mos, abooster is recommended1 wk prior to knownexposure (e.g., boarding,showing, etc.).(continued on next page)Note: Topically administered vaccines forcanine infectious tracheobronchitis mayThis product has not been shown toprovide any benefit not achieved with theintranasal Bordetella bronchiseptica pluscanine parainfluenza virus in dogs thatare receiving CAV-2 parenterally.Optional (Recommended): For dogsconsidered to be at risk of exposure toany of the pathogens listed.Note: Topically administered vaccines forcanine infectious tracheobronchitis mayprovide a superior local immuneresponse compared to parenterallyadministered vaccines.Note: Transient (3-10 days) coughing,sneezing, or nasal discharge occurs ina small percentage of vaccinates.Antimicrobial therapy may be indicated tomanage postvaccination upperrespiratory signs (persistent cough andnasal discharge). DOI is believed to beapproximately 10 mos for Bordetellabronchiseptica.Optional (Recommended): For dogshoused in kennels, shelters, and prior toboarding in kennels.administering parenteral andintranasal Bordetella bronchisepticavaccines simultaneously.Overall Comments andRecommendationsREPORT of the AAHA Canine Vaccine Task ForceBordetella bronchiseptica(live avirulent bacteria) CPIV (MLV) CAV-2(MLV)-topical(intranasal) applicationFor best results, if theproduct is used prior to5-6 wks of age, it shouldbe given again after 6 wksof age.Not stipulated, althougha single dose isrecommended by themanufacturer.Annually (manufacturer)Administer a single doseas early as 3 wks of age(see product literaturefor specific agerecommendations).Revaccination (Booster)RecommendationsBordetella bronchiseptica(live avirulent bacteria) Parainfluenza Virus(MLV)-topical (intranasal)applicationInitial Adult Vaccination( 16 weeks)Annually or more oftenin very high-risk animalsnot protected by annualbooster.Initial Puppy Vaccination‡( 16 weeks)Bordetella bronchiseptica(killed bacterin)(continued)Vaccine†AAHA 2003 Canine Vaccination Guidelines and Recommendations*Table 1 (cont’d)82003 Canine Vaccine Guidelines and Recommendations
administered 5 daysprior to a known exposure.Initial dose may be givenat 9 or 12 wks of age(depending on manufacturerrecommendations) and asecond dose is required2-4 wks later.Initial dose may be givenat 9 wks of age with asecond dose required 2-4wks later. Optimal age forthe initial dose is 3mos, with a second dose2-4 wks later.Borrelia burgdorferi(Lyme borreliosis)(killed whole bacterin)Borrelia burgdorferi(rLyme borreliosis)(recombinant-OuterSurface Protein A[OspA])Initial Puppy Vaccination‡( 16 weeks)Bordetella bronchiseptica(live avirulent bacteria)(continued)Vaccine†Two doses, 2-4 wks apartTwo doses, 2-4 wks apartInitial Adult Vaccination( 16 weeks)Annually, just prior tostart of insect (tick)seasonAnnually (manufacturer)Revaccinate just prior tostart of insect (tick)seasonAnnually (manufacturer)Revaccination (Booster)RecommendationsAAHA 2003 Canine Vaccination Guidelines and Recommendations*Table 1 (cont’d)(continued on next page)The minimum DOI for the recombinantvaccine is at least 1 yr, based onchallenge.Most authoritative papers recommendthe rLyme borreliosis vaccine over thekilled bacterin for reasons of safety(believed to be associated with feweradverse reactions).Optional: Generally recommended onlyfor use in dogs with a known high risk ofexposure, preferably dogs living orresiding in endemic areas or regionswhere the risk of tick exposure isconsidered to be high.Optional: Generally recommended onlyfor use in dogs with a known high risk ofexposure; preferably dogs living orresiding in endemic areas or regionswhere the risk of tick exposure isconsidered to be high. Minimum DOIbased on challenge studies is 1 yr.DOIs as noted above for individualvaccines.provide a superior local immuneresponse compared to parenterallyadministered vaccines.Overall Comments andRecommendationsREPORT of the AAHA Canine Vaccine Task Force2003 Canine Vaccine Guidelines and Recommendations9
Initial dose may be givenat 8 wks of age and asecond dose should begiven 2-4 wks later.Two doses, 2-4 wks apart(Not recommended inadult dogs as neithera need nor benefit hasbeen demonstrated.)Two doses, 2-4 wks apart(if using killed)(manufacturer)One dose (if using MLV)(manufacturer)Initial Adult Vaccination( 16 weeks)Boosters not necessaryin dogs 1 yr of ageAnnually (manufacturer)Not recommendeduntil this product isdemonstrated to providebenefit not achieved witha vaccine combinationthat does not include CCV.Annually (manufacturer)Revaccination (Booster)Recommendations(continued on next page)Although giardiasis is the most commonintestinal parasite among people in theU.S., the source of human infection isInfection in puppies and kittens is oftensubclinical.Not Recommended: The vaccine mayprevent oocyst shedding but does notprevent infection.The DOI for the CCV vaccine cannot bedetermined.Neither the MLV vaccine nor the killedCCV vaccine has been shown tosignificantly reduce disease caused by acombination of CCV and CPV-2. OnlyCPV-2 vaccines have been shown toprotect dogs against challenge whenthese two viruses are used.It is recommended that animal sheltersnot utilize the CCV vaccine in routinevaccination programs due to additionalcosts incurred and the lack of definedbenefit. Experience has shown noadditional increase in infectious enteritisamong adults or puppies subsequent todiscontinuing the CCV vaccine.Not Recommended: Prevalence ofclinical cases of confirmed CCV diseasedoes not justify vaccination. Clinicaldisease rarely occurs but when seen istypically mild and self-limiting.Overall Comments andRecommendationsREPORT of the AAHA Canine Vaccine Task ForceGiardia lamblia(killed)Administer one dose every2-4 wks of age until 12 wksof age (MLV and killed).Canine Coronavirus(CCV)(killed and MLV)Can begin as early as6 wks of age withboosters every 2-3 wkswith the final dose at12 wks of age (killed).Initial Puppy Vaccination‡( 16 weeks)Vaccine†AAHA 2003 Canine Vaccination Guidelines and Recommendations*Table 1 (cont’d)102003 Canine Vaccine Guidelines and Recommendations
Administer one dose at6-8 wks, 9-11 wks, and12-14 wks of age.Initial Puppy Vaccination‡( 16 weeks)MLV vaccine: One doseKilled vaccine: Two doses,2-4 wks apartInitial Adult Vaccination( 16 weeks)Upon completion of theintial series, and followinga booster at 1 yr,revaccination once every3 yrs is consideredprotective.Annually (manufacturer)Revaccination (Booster)RecommendationsNot Recommended: Based on the lowprevalence of infectious canine hepatitisin North America and the significant riskof “hepatitis blue-eye” reactions. CAV-2vaccines will cross-protect against CAV-1and are much safer. Vaccines containingCAV-1 are not recommended.Because the vaccine does not preventinfection, a minimum DOI based onchallenge is not reported.contaminated water. Infections in dogsand cats are not likely to be zoonotic.Overall Comments andRecommendations* The AAHA 2003 Canine Vaccination Guidelines and Recommendations are provided to assist veterinarians in developing a vaccination protocol for use in clinical practice. They are notintended to represent vaccination standards for all dogs.† MLV modified live virus; r recombinant‡ Route of administration is SQ or IM unless otherwise noted by the manufacturer.§ DOI duration of immunity\ Sterile immunity complete prevention of infectionCanine Adenovirus-1(CAV-1) (MLV andkilled)Giardia lamblia(continued)Vaccine†AAHA 2003 Canine Vaccination Guidelines and Recommendations*Table 1 (cont’d)REPORT of the AAHA Canine Vaccine Task Force2003 Canine Vaccine Guidelines and Recommendations11
12REPORT of the AAHA Canine Vaccine Task Forcevaccines available against these diseases have not demonstrated clinical efficacy in the prevention of disease andmay produce adverse events with limited benefit. The vaccines that the committee believes fall into this category areGiardia spp., canine coronavirus (CCV), and canine adenovirus-1 (CAV-1).Vaccine Frequency of UseAll commercially available vaccine products have attendantvaccine protocols as defined by their manufacturers. Thesegenerally involve an initial (often puppy) series, followed byrecommendations for revaccination (booster) at 1 year of ageand annually (or less) thereafter. Regardless of product chosen, the current controversy over vaccination protocols centers on the traditional recommendation regardingrevaccination schedules for dogs 1 year of age. The currently recommended vaccination schedules (with respect tofrequency, not product choice) for dogs 1 year of age havenot been questioned. Based on a growing body of information regarding immunology and product DOI in both animalsand humans, the need for annual revaccination has beenplaced in doubt. Duration of immunity is the critical determining factor, but it defies simple definition, principally,because it is derived from a complex interplay between thehost’s immune response (see The Immune System as itApplies to Vaccination section) and the vaccine in question,and it is difficult to measure in an individual animal withoutdirect challenge. Current scientific knowledge demonstratesthat DOI varies among vaccines and is influenced by vaccinetype (e.g., modified live virus [MLV], killed, or recombinant), route of administration, and antigen content and oftenextends for 1 year. This information is summarized in thefollowing section on specific vaccine recommendations.Specific Vaccine Recommendations: Core VaccinesCanine Distemper Virus (CDV): Infection with CDVcauses significant morbidity in unprotected animals and isassociated with high rates of mortality from respiratory,gastrointestinal, and neurological abnormalities; there isminimal geo
REPORT of the AAHA Canine Vaccine Task Force 2003 Canine Vaccine Guidelines and Recommendations 3 Tab le 1 AAHA 2003 Canine Vaccination Guidelines and Recommendations* Initial Puppy Vaccination ‡ Initial Adult Vaccination Revaccination (Booster) Overall Comments and V accine † (
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Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
