The Impact Of High Population Density On The Built Environment And The .
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering: JGeneral EngineeringVolume 17 Issue 1 Version 1.0 Year 2017Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research JournalPublisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)Online ISSN: 2249-4596 & Print ISSN: 0975-5861The Impact of High Population Density on the BuiltEnvironment and the Behavior of Individuals in AmmanElaf DawodiehUniversity of JordanAbstract- When thinking of high density, one of the most important issues is how we perceive itand how it affects us, the users of high density environments. The built environment affectsdirectly personal relationships and neighborhood relations, while spatial configuration is animportant factor in determining satisfaction of residents. Also, the experience of living in highdensity environments is much more complex than living in lower density environments. Thus, Ibelieve that understanding the relationship between people and the built environment and theway in which high density affects human behavior and social relations is particularly important fordesigning and constructing new high-density residential environments. Amman the primatecapital city of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan currently has a population in excess of 2 million,but in 1924 it consisted of little more than a collection of dwellings and some 2000–3000inhabitants.Keywords: built environment environmental behavior high densityGJRE-J Classification: FOR Code: y as per the compliance and regulations of : 2017. Elaf Dawodieh. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionNoncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecom mons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial use,distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The Impact of High Population Density on theBuilt Environment and the Behavior ofIndividuals in AmmanKeywords: built environment environmental behaviorhigh densityJI.INTRODUCTIONordan's Population is Estimated at About 6,508,271Countries’ Population is Growing Rapidly, Over theNext Fifty Years; the Demographics Will ChangeDramatically in Jordan Lack of Justice, where thePopulation Distribution in High-Density ConcreteSpokesman Suffer While the East and South Parts of theLack of Investment and Lack of Development of theNon-Availability of Human Potential in Them. Here weDo Not Discuss that Human Nature Feels Secure andStability in the Booming Places Such as Cities, Villagesand Various Centers, but if we Want to Continue toDevelop and Thrive on Those Responsible Must Beginthe Rehabilitation of Remote Areas to Accommodate theIncreasing Human Energy in Jordan.High density is a physical state involvingpotential inconveniences (loss of control, stimulus, lackof behavioral freedom, resources or privacy) which mayor may not be prominent to a person in the situationprominence of the conditions depends on individualAuthor: e-mail: aloofdaoudieh@gmail.com The most important reasons that led to theemergence of the problem Natural increaseOne of the main reasons for the increase inpopulation is the low mortality rate and the high birthrate due to the development of medicine and theincrease in the number of hospitals The increase due to the inclusion of new areas foradministrative boundaries of the area The increase due to warsCrowding and density Jordan has a populationestimated at about 6,508,271 (est. July 2011). Thecountry's population is growing rapidly, over the next fiftyyears, will change the demographics in Jordan 2017Global Journals Inc. (US)Yeardifferences between people ,situational conditions andsocial condition. Growing interest in the science ofpsychological self as a result of environmentaldegradation and urban violence and dwindling naturalresources and the impact of environmental pollution onhealth has not theories methodology sophisticatedenough available for behavioral scientists to study thepsychological performance and health effects ofcomplex environmental problems and because of thisgrowing awareness of heart society - the environmenthas expanded the field of Environmental Psychology thisaxis Scientific study of the various relationships betweenhuman behavior and the physical environment and theeffects of environmental processors on humanpsychology and environmental science teenager isclosely related to the daily life of different sites andpsychologists are studying environmental aspects ofthis relationship is to increase the positive andconstructive findings lose demolition factors. We willsearch through study the impact of high populationdensity on the built environment and the behavior ofindividuals in two different areas in terms of populationdensity are the regions of Amman The importance of thestudy from a scientific point of being considered the firststudy in Jordan, which is studying the impact ofpopulation density on the behavior of individuals and thebuilt environment. The importance of the study andpractice as an important aspect for architects, designersand scientists planning to create an effectiveenvironment for future humanitarian use as a result ofthe continued increase in the number of residents.13Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( J ) Volume XVII Issue I Version IAbstract- When thinking of high density, one of the mostimportant issues is how we perceive it and how it affects us,the users of high density environments. The built environmentaffects directly personal relationships and neighborhoodrelations, while spatial configuration is an important factor indetermining satisfaction of residents. Also, the experience ofliving in high density environments is much more complex thanliving in lower density environments. Thus, I believe thatunderstanding the relationship between people and the builtenvironment and the way in which high density affects humanbehavior and social relations is particularly important fordesigning and constructing new high-density residentialenvironments. Amman the primate capital city of theHashemite Kingdom of Jordan currently has a population inexcess of 2 million, but in 1924 it consisted of little more than acollection of dwellings and some 2000–3000 inhabitants. Thepresent paper sets out to document and explain thephenomenal expansion of ‘‘ever-growing Amman’’ Throughresearch will review the impact of population density on thebuilt environment and the behavior of individuals through thestudy of two areas in the city of Amman in different populationdensity and ask some design solutions after comparing thetwo areas of study global status.2017Elaf Dawodieh
The Impact of High Population Density on the Built Environment and the Behavior of Individuals inAmmandramatically 1. Crowding is a subjective experience thatis only mildly related to the objective index, populationdensity (Stokols, 1972), as is obvious to anyone at agood party or anyone who has felt crowded in anothercontexts by one other person. It exists in three modes(Montano & Adamopoulos, 1984): situational (such asfeeling constrained or having expectations dashed),emotional (usually negative, but positive emotions canoccur), and behavioral (such as activity completion orassertiveness). Crowding is accentuated or amelioratedby personal factors (e.g., personality, expectations,attitudes, gender), social factors (e.g., the number, type,and actions of others, and attitude similarity), andphysical factors (e.g., architectural features and spatialarrangements). Prolonged high indoor populationdensity often impairs mental and physical health, taskperformance, child development, and social interaction(e.g., Evans & Saegert, 2000). Individuals in somecultures seem to cope with high density better, butsensory overload and lack of personal control lead tomany negative outcomes. Short-term high density mayhave positive outcomes when social and physicalconditions are positive. High outdoor density, as in largecities, certainly can provide an enjoyable variety of socialand cultural experiences. In general, high density tendsto magnify pre-existing social conditions (Freedman,1975). To reduce the negative effects of high densitythrough environmental design, more space is not alwaysneeded. Rather, careful environmental design (such aspartitioning and behavioral Zoning) can ease crowdingwithin a limited space 2Year20170FGlobal Journal of Researches in Engineering ( J ) Volume XVII Issue I Version I141F32FHow has the high density of the population effect on thebuilt environment?1https://www.google.jo/url?sa t&rct j&q &esrc s&source web&cd 1&cad rja&uact 8&ved 0ahUKEwiW6JbdzrXSAhUBuhoKHcDZCa0QFggYMAA&url &usg AFQjCNFclElGVDsCaIMYotswkSRgmucxzQ&sig2 wHfXFcTYvItYOrFcF4BF7w2Robert Gifford, Linda Stag, and Joseph P. Reser, EnvironmentalPsychology, Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd, p.444-445, 2011.3Department of Statistics,1992-2014 2017Global Journals Inc. (US)The experience of living in high densityenvironments is much more complex than living in lowerdensity environments. Thus, I believe that understandingthe relationship between people and the builtenvironment and the way in which high density affectshuman behavior and social relations is particularlyimportant for designing and constructing new highdensity residential environments in the future. Due to theurban way of life in which a large number of residentslive in artificially built areas in the city of Amman, manyof their behavior is believed to be influenced by thearchitectural character of spaces and the characteristicsof the physical environment. The built physicalenvironment directly affects our behavior, the socialsystems that govern our social interactions, ourindividual experience and our behavior, such asinfrastructure, housing and roads. The high density ofthe affected population in Amman is based on the multifaceted environment 4 .High density of populationaffected in the city of Amman on the built environmentfrom several aspects:3Fa) Traffic jamsConstitute a clear manifestation of thecongestion caused by the growing role of the car inmost big cities and seen this look like a noise of modernlife and increase the problems of employment, housingand social services. The traffic jams today represent asevere problem for most cities in the area of goods andmovement of people and the consequent loss ofresources such as time, energy, fuel. And reduce theeconomic productivity of the city and thus adverselyaffect the jobs and employment growth.b) The lack of urban servicesUsually it is difficult for local governments anddepartments of the cities to find or provide the servicesrequired by the population, or aspire to it as a result ofthe large number of these populations Lack of housingor housing crisis spread worldwide, but the people orthe people of the poorest are hurting so dramatically hasrecorded land values in some areas, it figures highbecame a large section of people cannot get housingalso note the low level and area of residence of themajority and basic urban services to mostlyhumanitarian needs are less than desired, such aseducational and health facilities at all levels, as well asrecreational facilities and other servicec) The implications of the high density environments onhuman behaviorWith the beginnings of industrialization thescientific attention to the effects of overcrowding onpeople began to emerge and became organized in the1920s, coinciding with the time when urban dwellers first4Baum A, Valins S. Architecture and Social Behavior: Psychologicalstudies of social density. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence ErlbaumAssociates, Publishers, 1977.
Density and Social PathologiesCalhoun’s laboratory study, One of the firststudies on the effects of crowding is conducted on apopulation of rats. In laboratory conditions, populationsof rats were subjected to spatial constraints andlimitations, while being provided with enough water andfood supplies. While the only limited resource wasspace, the rat population instead of growingexponentially because of food suffered a dramaticdecrease, exhibiting violent and aggressive behavior,high infant mortality, a decreased quality of nests andeven a lack of nest building exhibited by mothers,cannibalism, followed by asexual behavior and totalwithdrawal from the community’s social life.The grouping of those manifestations wasdefined by Calhoun as a “behavioral sink”, and theconclusions of the study and the term that describesthem became very influential after they were published,migrating from the academic area into urban culture. Abehavioral sink is described as being “the outcome ofany behavioral process that collects animals together inunusually great numbers. The unhealthy connotations ofthe term are not accidental: a behavioral sink does act toaggravate all forms of pathology that can be found withina group” 6 From this experience, the effect of highdensity in the impact and change in behavior ofindividuals, especially in the built environmenta) Effect of density on social behavior -High density reduces attraction (less liking forpeople and places) .long term density dormitorystudents living in triples were less satisfied with theirroommates than those living in doubles 7. -Withdrawal may be associated with high levels ofsocial contact; it functions as response for highdensity, a means of coping or an aftereffect.Withdrawal responses include: less eye contact,head movements away from others, maintenance of5Huang,Ed Tieh-yeu,Impact of environmental design on residentialcrowding,1982,.Dissertions and theses paper 7746Calhoun JB. Population Density and Social Pathology. ScientificAmerican, Vol. 206 (3), pp. 139–148, 1962.7Baum A, Valins S. Architecture and Social Behavior: Psychologicalstudies of social density. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence ErlbaumAssociates, Publishers, 1977b) Feeling the effects of density Physiological arousalHigh social density may cause negativeaffective states (bad mood) and anxity. Negativefeelings caused by high density may be stronger inmales than in females, males have greater personalspace needs than do females. Females socializing ismore affiliate (affinity for others at close range). Womansometimes approach high density setting in morecooperative ways than do men. High density also affectin human health Higher pulse rate and blood pressure isrelated to high density conditions High densityconditions in transportations media leads t stress.Regardless of high density, passengers boarding anempty transportation media at the first stop had lowerstress (they had more control were able to chose whereto sit and with whom) compared to passengersboarding halfway to the final destination 10Living under high density conditions can havenegative health consequences (somewhat inconsistent)and the disease can spread more quickly in high densityconditions One study has shown that the highpopulation density led to the emergence of socialstratification and the lack of per capita health care andservices which led to the high rate of crime and theemergence of diseases 11III.Case study in Ammana) Society and the study sampleThe study represents the community CapitalGovernorate is the most populous province and the thirdlargest area of the province after the governorates ofMann, Mafraq, and the most important and representthe backbone of the Jordanian state. The 20098Robert Gifford, Linda Steg, and Joseph P. Reser, EnvironmentalPsychology, Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd,p.,2011.9University of Alaska Justice Center, “The Strength of Association:Housing Density and eries03/10Robert Gifford, Linda Steg, and Joseph P. Reser, EnvironmentalPsychology, Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd, p., 2011.11Hassan Jaw khaddar: 1992 Juvenile Delinquents Act, culture Libraryfor Publishing and Distribution, Amman, Jordan,p.90 2017Global Journals Inc. (US)YearII.greater interpersonal distance. Also the greaterdensity leads to less helping 8.Higher-densitydevelopmentleadstoAggression and higher crime rates. People sometimesassociate density with crime, even though numerousstudies show that no relationship exists between thetwo. A study in Irving, Texas, using geographicinformation systems and crime statistics, found no Linkbetween crime and density. There are many studies thathave shown a high correlation between high density andcrime in high density cities. The number of blocked andinvisible areas increases, thus increasing the crime. Thenumber of foreign individuals in the region increases,thus reducing the security ratio in the region 915Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( J ) Volume XVII Issue I Version Iexceeded rural populations in many cities. Studies onthe effects of high negative density on the builtenvironment and behavior of individuals in urban lifeafter the Second World War have increased whenAmerican and European cities recorded anunprecedented real estate boom. The first sociologicalstudies on the influence of density are based on thepremise that urban life is a continuous source ofaggressive behavior, frustration and conflict thatgenerates as a final result a number of evils and socialdysfunctions. 52017The Impact of High Population Density on the Built Environment and the Behavior of Individuals inAmman
Year2017The Impact of High Population Density on the Built Environment and the Behavior of Individuals inAmmanGlobal Journal of Researches in Engineering ( J ) Volume XVII Issue I Version I16population estimates indicate that the number ofresidents of the capital province, approximately twomillion people, making it about one-third of Jordan'spopulation 12. Amman is divided administratively area to9 areas 13The study sample was selected by two samplesof the above areas, namely Zahran area which has apopulation of 70,648 and the Yarmulke area, which hasa population of 206,570 inhabitants. Zahran andYarmulke were selected regions because the differentpopulation densities in the two regions to comparisonbetween the two regions by the impact on thepopulation density of the urban area and how it affect inthe social behavior.b) Study area (yarmulke and Zahran region)Jordan is a small country, whose population isconcentrated predominantly along the Mediterraneanclimate, in close proximity to its major cities Amman,Zarqa, Madaba, Salt and Irbid . The population of thesecities and their immediate hinterland amounts to some75% of the Jordan residents as indicated in. The studyfocuses on Yarmulke and Zahran region with an area ofaround 900 km2, which is part of greater Amman-areac) Trends of Demographic Growth in AmmanThe Urbanization in Jordan is the result of arapid population growth caused by high natural growthand a flow of refugees. This essentially unplanned andtherefore uncontrolled process results in the destructionof natural landscape and ecological footprint.Historically, urban immigration in Amman has increasedat rates that have exceeded those of infrastructuredevelopment in the destination cities, resulting inconcentration of population and increasing ofpopulation density. Continuous migration flows havelargely contributed to an increase of the populationdensity and built-up areas, one of the main effects ofsuch a situation is the transformation of settlementstructures and urban services.The population growth of Amman since thesecond half of the 20th century has been Phenomenal,in terms of its population, density, and socio-economiccharacteristics. This has Transformed Amman fromsmall town in the early 1920s of little more than 3000people to a major city with a population of 2.4 millionpeople 1412Distribution of the population in Jordan for the year 2015 from theofficial website of the Department of Statistics13Ministry of Interior Administrative Devisions14‘‘Ever-growing Amman’’, Jordan: Urban expansion, socialpolarisation and contemporary urban planning issues Robert B. Pottera,*, Khadija Darmame a, Nasim Barhamb, Stephen Nortcliff 2009 2017Global Journals Inc. (US)The physical expansion of Amman 1956–1985.1First region Yarmulke 15 Yarmulke: one of theGreater Amman Municipality areas that make up thebrigade Reed Amman, capital of the province of theHashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Located in the centralpart of the Jordanian capital, Amman, and consists ofthree neighborhoods or residential areas. Hit area(5.502) and by (44.6) of the total area of the GreaterAmman Municipality and the number of inhabitants(207.866 inhabitants).Picture 16Second region Zahran 17 Zahran region one of theGreater Amman Municipality areas that make up the15https://www.google.jo/url?sa t&rct j&q &esrc s&source web&cd 1&cad rja&uact 8&ved 0ahUKEwig9P2au8XSAhVEOxQKHeOmB kQFggYMAA&url %25D9%2583 (%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586)&usg AFQjCNEWaX3t9S5N56SqOSAzSIMWWYTpDg&sig2 cOJBQu2lGyN7RCvhDnRjjw&bvm bv.148747831,d.d2416https://www.google.jo/search?q %D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9 %D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9 %D9%81%D9%8A %D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9 %D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%83 %D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86&sa X&biw 1366&bih 613&tbm isch&tbo u&source univ&ved 0ahUKEwi54Izv9s7SAhUCMBoKHc4yB50QsAQIGQ
The picture taken by researcherStatistical methods used to analyze thequestioner To achieve the objectives of the study andverification of hypotheses has been relying on statisticalmethods and descriptive as follows:1. Measures of central tendency: the arithmetic mean.2. Measures of dispersion: standard deviation3. Cranach’s alpha reliability coefficient for thedetection reliability of study tool. Testing one sampleT-test to accept or reject hypothesesIV.ConclusionsIn light of the questionnaire analysis andanalysis of the responses of the study sample, thisaspect deals with a presentation of the overall findingsof the researcher, as an answer to the questions thathave been raised in the first chapter of this study, whichrepresented her problem and hypotheses which it wasbuilt, and in the light of these results that have beenreached in the current study, the researcher made anumber of recommendations.From Table (1 10) note that the arithmetic meanof all the paragraphs is greater than the arithmetic meanpremise (3) this shows that all the study sample have apositive opinion towards them, demonstrating theirapproval of the paragraphs of the hypothesis. It alsonotes that the standard deviation for most paragraphs ofthe hypothesis is smaller than the right one, whichdemonstrates the heterogeneity of most of the answersto the study sample paragraphs hypothesis individuals,as well as fined that the significance (sig) for all ferries17https://www.google.jo/url?sa t&rct j&q &esrc s&source web&cd 1&cad rja&uact 8&ved 0ahUKEwiyvIfrusXSAhVLrRQKHQWyDaMQFggYMAA&url %25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586 (%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586)&usg AFQjCNFUYl bpKLSoVUFbcfv6MxIiuuxfA&sig2 OmPsThRmNsXPHiwThk4RywDiscuss the ResultsV.1. There is the impact of the high density in builtenvironment* There is the impact of high-density wear on roads andtraffic accidents as the number of individuals over a yearthus increasing the number of cars with the roadsremain the same sizeHigh people density, by providing a greaternumber of users, would sustain the use of the masstransit system and thus improve its efficiency andviability. Furthermore, high building and people densitymeans that both places and people are concentratedand close to each other. This offers more opportunitiesfor walking and cycling, and therefore would reduce thenumber of car trips, as well as the travel distance pertrip. High people density can enhance the opportunityfor using public transit and thus help to reduce the useof private cars. 18* There is the impact of high-density drain on resourcesEnvironment affected the way you consume thecity's land and other resources urban informal - andgrowth, both measured by an increase in the numbers17F18Understanding Density and High Density Vicky Cheng p.15 2017Global Journals Inc. (US)Yearless than (0.05), which confirms the approval of thesample clauses hypothesis. Also note that (9) vertebraereached the arithmetic mean in categorical term (4.215.0), the extent to approve strongly, while there aredirect and signed in categorical term (3.41-4.2), which isthe extent of approval. That reach the approval of thestudy sample of all first hypothesis phrases in theregions of Zahran and Yarmulke this confirms the validityof the hypothesis (no effect of the high populationdensity on the built environment)From Table (1 12) note that the arithmetic meanof all the paragraphs is greater than the arithmetic meanpremise (3) This shows that all the study sample have apositive opinion towards them, demonstrating theirapproval of the paragraphs of the hypothesis. It alsonotes that the standard deviation for most paragraphs ofthe hypothesis is smaller than the right one, whichdemonstrates the heterogeneity of most of the answersto the study sample paragraphs hypothesis individuals,as well as fined that the significance (sig) for all ferriesless than (0.05), which confirms the approval of thesample clauses hypothesis. Also note that (6) vertebraereached the arithmetic mean in categorical term (4.215.0), the extent to approve strongly, while there are fiveparagraphs and signed in categorical term (3.41-4.2),which is the extent of approval. That reach the approvalof the study sample all the second hypothesis phrasesthis confirms the validity of the hypothesis (no effect ofthe high population density on the behavior ofindividuals)17Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( J ) Volume XVII Issue I Version Ibrigade Reed Amman, capital of the province of theHashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Located in the centralpart of the Jordanian capital, Amman, and consists offive neighborhoods or residential areas. An area of(13.8) square kilometers and with a population (600,000)people.2017The Impact of High Population Density on the Built Environment and the Behavior of Individuals inAmman
The Impact of High Population Density on the Built Environment and the Behavior of Individuals inAmmanof the population or the amount of space that is spreadby Alepeshr- depends on the land, water and energyfrom the surrounding areas to meet the needs ofhumans. And increases dependence on cars andbuildings need energy and increasing environmentalpollution and destruction of the use of gas and oil andthe flow of pollutants in lakes and rivers 19* There is the impact of high population density on theexpansion of the expense of Agricultural land and themixing of industrial projects with efficient housingMaintaining agricultural land and lack of urbanexpansion at the expense of only extreme necessity andin the minimalistic and expansion as much as possiblein the desert areasRedirection of migration away from the denselypopulated cities and by strengthening the economicbase and the infrastructure of some cities, theavailability of consumer needs and entertainmentservices, all of which say what will be in the countrysideand is grounds for attracting more population groupsthat seek to stability in the social milieu advanced* There is a statistically significant effect on the risingprices and the depreciation of buildings has structuralMaintenance costs and higher depreciation andstructural restoration of the buildings and the difficulty ofexpanding horizontally or vertically, which led to theincreasing demand for housing and the next risinghousing prices 20* There is a statistically significant effect on the difficultyof inferred housingRenewal of worn-out areas of the city to improvehealth conditions by providing better living conditions forresidents by replacing older units desolated and spamand improve service delivery and improve theenvironment 212. there is the impact of the high density on humanbehavior* There is a statistically significant effect of the highdensity of the high crime rate and lower the level ofsecurity in the region.There is a clear relationship between thephysical environment of the home and educationalattainment of the children to Congestion caused by thehome of the lack of privacy and noise and turned into ahome environment Repellent lead to leakage of thechildren to the street, which could lead to a deviation of22the children toward crimeYear201718FGlobal Journal of Researches in Engineering ( J ) Volume XVII Issue I Version I1819F20F21F19Cities dimensional environment and humanitarian planning Author:Lao Marcia p4320Social inhabitant, Rania Mohammed Ali Taha 2010 mutual influencebetween Allowaf urban housing and cultural identity21Dr. Malik Ibrahim and Dr. Mohammed al-Obeidi Urban planningand humanitarian problems, p 48122Social inhabitant, Rania Mohammed Ali Taha 2010 mutual influencebetween Allowaf urban housing and cultural identity 2017Global Journals Inc. (US)* There is the impact of high-density on the use ofalternative means of transportThere are many methods in the style ofaddressing urban land use can reconcile thecommunities and transport considerations growth willneed and, in particular renovation followed the old lawson zoning, (have planners continued in mostindustrialized countries in the West to isolate homes forthe workplace and in spite of it far longer pose a threatto the health, Vtahjr residential areas during the day andkeep the workplace free at night and some areas do notincrease too much on being the ways* The key to the success of the division of integratedareas as a strategy for the transfer is to encouragedense urban development enough to promo
The Impact of High Population Density on the Built Environment and the Behavior of Individuals in Amman . Elaf Dawodieh . University of Jordan. Abstract- When thinking of high density, one of the most important issues is how we perceive it and how it affects us, the users of high density environments. The built environment affects
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