THE NETHERLANDS - World Wind Energy Association
April 2018WWEA Policy Paper Series (PP-02-18-C)THE NETHERLANDSDenmark - Germany - The Netherlands - Spain - United KingdomAuthor: Frits Ogg
Table of Contents1.The Netherlands; review of existing data and reports on public policies for wind farmdevelopment. 3The historic process of development and introduction of the scheme . 3The learning process. 5Prospects and predictions of wind power deployment . 7Prospects onshore . 7Prospects offshore. 72.Grid connection regulations in the Netherlands onshore and offshore . 93.Permission procedures, environmental impact assessments in the Netherlands . 9Onshore . 9Offshore wind energy in the Netherlands . 10The offshore wind energy law . 11Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). 13Legal framework for EIA . 144.Social aspects: acceptance, benefits and support for community ownership . 15Energy Agreement . 15Meeting EU objectives. 16Stakeholder involvement . 16How did the Agreement come about? . 16What is in the Agreement?. 17Is this a unique Agreement? . 17What has happened since the Agreement has been signed? . 18What is the Standing Committee? . 18How does implementation work in practice? . 18Ho to follo the Ag ee e t s progress?. 19Objectives . 195.Support for community ownership . 20REScoop.EU . 20What is a REScoop? . 20Energiecoöperaties. 21Code of conduct . 211
Handbook on participation in the development process of wind energy projects . 21Phases . 226.Available wind data in the Netherlands . 22Mission for NEWA . 22Trend in wind speed? . 23DOWA (Dutch Offshore Wind Atlas) . 247.Industrial capacities of domestic windturbine manufacturers in the Netherlands . 248.Windindustry R&D, training & education Institutions in the Netherlands. 25The Topsector Energy . 25Training, education and institutions . 26ACM The Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets . 26National cooperation. 27International cooperation . 27EIA. 29NWEA. 29Deltares . 29DUWIND . 30Energy research Centre of the Netherlands ECN – ECN Wind Energy . 30IMARES . 31MARIN . 31NLR. 32German-Dutch Wind Tunnels . 33TNO . 339.Export promotion policies for the Dutch wind industry . 35International export and knowledge agenda . 3510. References: . 3511. Appendix A: Dutch Code of Conduct . 38ACM The Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets . 4612. Appendix C: Valuable Internet links . 472
1. The Netherlands; review of existing data and reports onpublic policies for wind farm developmentWind energy has been used in the Netherlands since the inception of the country. Windmillshave harnessed the power of the wind to drain the wetlands, saw logs for building, grindgrain for food, and many other industrial purposes. This has not changed as time progressed,though the type of wind power used has certainly changed. No longer large wooden or stonewindmills but modern wind turbines spin to create the electricity that a modern country likethe Netherlands needs. The conditions for offshore wind energy in the Netherlands areexcellent: relatively shallow waters, good wind resource, good harbour facilities,experienced industry and a robust support system (Offshore wind energy in the NetherlandsRVO, 2015).This study is essentially built on citates from published information (see thereferences), research results and market information.The historic process of development and introduction of the schemeDespite continuous efforts from the seventies in the last century onwards, wind energy stillis a minor niche in the Netherlands, although the Dutch offshore potential is considerable.Wind energy was then regarded as a promising renewable energy option for theNetherlands, accompanied by visions with 200.000 80kW wind turbines onshore. It facesseveral serious problems, especially the difficult development trajectory. A combination of atechnology push approach, frictions in the social network behind windenergy and limitedlearning, results in a tarnished symbolic image. This historic proces was well described byVerbong et al. from which parts of the next chapter are derived (Verbong 2008).Following the first oil crisis in 1973, policy interest in wind energy rapidly increased. The firstnational energy research program on wind energy started in 1976. The official goal was toinvestigate the potential of wind energy and the general vision was that the Netherlands(and Dutch industry) should become a global leader on wind energy. Referring to the famedpast of Dutch windmills, it served to legitimate a national research program. The outcome ofthis first program confirmated the view that wind energy was promising and conducted withrecommendation for more research.A national goal for wind energy was agreed in the early 1980s upon 1000 MW in the year2000. It became obvious during the 1990s that this target would not be met, although itremained the official target.Actors from the existing electricity regime dominated the social network behind windenergy, therefore certain ideas guided the visions on wind energy. Large wind turbines,preferably clustered in wind parks, should be the best way forward. However, the grassroots movement contested this large-scale vision. It succeeded in creating a decentralisedline within the research program, focusing on small autonomous turbines. The learningproces in the late 80s and early 90s ran into problems for both designs. Experience inDenmark showed that gradual upscaling of small turbines was a better way to innovate.Dutch actors also embraced this idea in the mid 1990s, but it was too late to save the Dutchwind turbine industry.3
In the late 90s, wind energy still was regarded as one of most important Dutch renewableenergy options and was stimulated by concerns about climate change, but theimplementation of wind energy encountered a lot of problems such as local opposition and aweakening of its symbolic image. Public opinion expressed concerns about landscapedistu a e i d tu i es o st u ti g ide ope sk ie s a d i d sh eddi g hi hwas stimulated by negative publicity in (local) newspapers. Newspapers played a crucial roleby causing excitement in giving the few opponents mostly unfounded voice, in a try to makethe newspaper the talk of the day. Furthermore grid operators increasingly saw windturbines as unreliable because of the variability of wind and as a danger to the stability ofthe electricity system. Politicians came to perceive wind turbines as a waste of tax moneyand a not very cost-effective way of reducing greenhouse gases.The social network behind wind energy in the 70s consisted mainly of representatives of theexisting players in the electricity market: research institutes, large companies and electricutilities. They thought that the only feasible option were large turbines (Breukers 2007).Therefore, Research & Development focused on large MW-size turbines, based on designknowledge from aeronautics. From the beginning the utilities played an ambiguous role.The e e i itiall s epti al a out i d e e g s pote tial ut s patheti to su sidisedinitiatives! (Verbong 1999).The first frictions in the network behind wind energy were played out in the early 80s.Theutilities wanted to have control over the first wind park, because its functionalcharacteristics were similar to power plants. They succeeded in getting the park out of thenational program framework, frustrating other actors.Relationships between the utilities and technology suppliers further deteriorated, when thepark failed because of unreliable wind turbines. The company that supplied the turbineswent bankrupt. Another industrial company quit participation, complaining about theturbine selection procedure and arrogant behaviour of the electricity sector (Gipe, 2016) .The attitude of the electricity sector and large industrial companies towards wind energybecame more hostile because of these negative experiences.Despite the disappointments and frictions in the 80s, the Dutch position in wind energy inthe early 90s was still good in an international perspective (Bergek and Jacobsson 2003): There were three middlesized turbine producing companies, supported by a fewproducers of rotor blades and other components; The knowledge infrastructure was well developed, especially at Delft university andECN (the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands); The utilities formed a foundation for the large-scale implementation of windturbines, with financial support from the government, and The government reached an agreement on wind turbine sites with seven Provinces.4
Ten years later, however, ambitions were shattered and the Dutch wind industry wasoverrun by Danish turbine producers. Although the Dutch companies switched to the Danishdesign, they could not keep up with the international companies who benefitted from firstmover advantages and scale economies (Kamp, Smits, and Andriesse 2004).The Dutch 1989 Electricity Law enforced a separation of production of electricity. Whileutilities remained responsible for production, the law introduced new actors; EnergyDistribution Companies (EDCs). These were responsible for electricity distribution andconsumer markets. These new actors provided new dynamics because EDCs stimulated windenergy (and other renewable sources). Although EDCs put most of their efforts andesou es i oge e atio of heat a d po e CHP , the also sti ulated the g eeele t i ita ket th ough ad e tisi g a d i age-building campaigns and constructedseveral wind energy parks. Nevertheless, the government did not achieve its official target.Only 450 MW of wind turbines were installed in 2000 (instead of 1000 MW).The implementation problems were related to increasing frictions between the nationalpolicy level, where ambitious targets were set, and the local policy level, which wasresponsible for implementation, siting and permit procedures. The national level, focusedexclusively on the contributions of wind energy to climate change policies and oftenneglected possible benefits, sensitivities and opportunities on the local level. Because policymakers focused primarily on large scale applications and regime actors, they neglectedbroad-based institutional capability building (Breukers 2007).The learning processIn the 70s and 80s, learning focused mainly on technological aspects. The development oflarge breakthrough designs proved to be difficult. Most large turbines broke down or did notfunction, therefore outcomes of learning processes were disappointing. Danish firms, incontrast, conquered the market with a bottom–up approach: they started with small-sizeturbines, and subsequently upscaled them (Maegaard 2013). The innovative two bladeddesign, favoured by the Dutch (and also Americans and Germans) lost out to the moreconservative three-bladed Danish design.Failures also occurred in decentral designs, because the assumption that wind energysystems could function reliably without grid back-up, proved to be erroneous. These learningprocesses hardened the vision that only grid-connected wind parks had a future. Hence, therelationship with the existing electricity regime was seen as crucial for further developmentof wind energy (Verbong 2001).Wi d e e g s i pa t o the ele t i it s steas a othe issue. Be ause of i dfluctuations and unpredictability, the electricity sector estimated that only 650 MW of windturbine capacity could be connected without endangering the system. This claim wascontested by ECN (Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands), which made higherestimates (2500 MW).The underlying issue was that wind turbines require the presence of spare capacity whichcan provide backup during windless periods. Normally, utilities paid electricity suppliers forthe a ou t of ele t i it deli e ed to the g id, topped up ith a apa it fee ased o5
savings in installed capacity. But for wind turbines, the electricity sector did not want to paysuch a fee, arguing that they did not really replace existing production units. Wind energypromoters fiercely contested this principle, because low feedback tariffs increased the pricegap between wind energy and regular electricity. The principle thus formed an importantbarrier for local initiatives by co-operatives and private wind initiatives. Despite thesep otests, utilities efused to pa apa it fees . A othe fi a ial a ie fo i d e e gsuppliers came from additional costs that utilities charged for connecting wind turbines tothe grid. Both problems soured relationships in the social network behind wind energy.In 1996, some conditions improved because of the introduction of an energy tax (REB).Because renewable energy was exempted from this ta , the p i e gap et ee g eeele t i it a d o al g e ele t i it as edu ed. The ta e e ptio as supple e tedby 2 cents/kWh for production support. These support measures enabled wind energy toovercome the two previously mentioned economic barriers (the unpaid capacity fee and grido e tio osts . No g ee ele t i it as a out the sa e p i e as g e ele t i it , hi hsti ulated households de a d: the u e of g ee ele t i it o su e s apidlincreased from 16,000 in 1996 to 1.4 million in 2002.From 1996 onwards, contributions from wind energy grew steadily, but the expansion alsoled to new problems, especially in the process of societal embedding. Local environmentaland local interest groups increasingly opposed new wind energy projects, complaining thati d tu i es distu ed the atu al la ds ape, a ted as i d sh edde s , a d e e ois ,ugly objects. These protests were the main reasons that wind energy targets for 2000 werenot met. After 2000, offshore wind parks were seen as a promising solution, because theyavoided on-land problems, but permit - procedures, negotiations with natureconservationists and uncertainty over financial support schemes delayed these projects.This uncertainty was due to new policy changes in 2003. The underlying problem was thatthe apid i ease i o su e de a d fo g ee ele t i it ould ot e et ith atio alproduction alone. Hence, imports of renewable electricity increased rapidly from 1.5 GWh in2000 to 10.5 GWh in 2002 (www.cbs. l . I,o l% of g ee ele t i it asproduced domestically (Van Rooijen and Van Wees 2006). The unintended effect ofrenewable energy subsidies was that Dutch tax money flowed to international suppliers.Hence, a new government stopped the demand-oriented REB exemptions in 2003, replacingit with the supply-oriented and technology specific MEP-regulation (Environmental QualityElectricity generation).The MEP provided a fixed feed-in tariff to renewable electricity producers plus an additionalecotax exemption. The new MEP-scheme was initially set for 10 years, but within 2 years theminister of Economic Affairs announced a major downscaling, because the number ofproposals for wind parks was much larger than expected, something that would imply majorincreases of the MEP budget. The minister thus excluded new offshore wind and large-scalebiomass projects from MEP scheme. Only two offshore wind parks acquired financialsupport. In another twist to this story, the government abruptly announced the end of theMEP-scheme for all new projects, including smallscale projects, in August 2006. Thegovernment argued that the Netherlands would reach the EU goal (9% renewable electricity6
in 2010) with existing projects. Continuation of the MEP-regulation was thus seen as toocostly and not really necessary.These frequent changes in regulations and subsidy schemes and the refusal to support theindustry over an extended period of time (as the Germans did) have given the nationalgovernment an image of unreliability. Moreover, a persistent problem is the neglect ofsocietal embedding of wind energy, with policy focusing primarily on the technical side ofinnovation (Breukers 2007).Prospects and predictions of wind power deploymentProspects onshoreIn the coming years, onshore wind will remain one of the most inexpensive ways ofproducing renewable energy. The Dutch target is 6,000 megawatts installed power capacityfrom onshore wind turbines by 2020. Currently there are 2,000 onshore wind turbines,providing only 4 percent of the total Dutch electricity requirement.Prospects offshoreOffshore wind capacity from will grow to 4,500 MW in 2023 as part of the National EnergyAgreement (See chapter 4). The Dutch government has designated three wind farm zoneswhere new wind farms can be developed in the coming years. In consultation with the windenergy sector, a new system was designed for the deployment of these new wind farms (See3. Offshore wind in the Netherlands).North Sea in the Policy Document on the North Sea 2016-2021 (see references)The Ce t al Go ee t s No th Sea poli sets f a e o ks fo the spatial use of the No thSea in relation to the marine ecosystem. The spatial aspect of the North Sea PolicyDocument applies to the Dutch Exclusive Economic Zone and the non-administrativelyclassified territorial sea. Other aspects may also pertain to the area that is administrativelyclassified. After all, there is interaction between the marine ecosystem and the designateduses at sea and the (water on) land. The 2016-2021 North Sea Policy Document outlines thecurrent use and developments in the North Sea and the relationship with the marineecosystem, as well as the vision, tasking and policy. The North Sea Policy Document,including the appendix Marine Strategy Part 3 (programme of measures), forms an integralpart of the National Water Plan (NWP).Long-term visionThe vision on the North Sea has been laid down in the North Sea 2050 Spatial Agenda andincorporated into the North Sea Policy Document.The Netherlands will benefit from a safe, clean, healthy and ecologically diverse North Seathat helps to provide for economic and social needs. The sea is also of great socio-culturaland historical significance to the Netherlands and it is a source of knowledge. The sea can7
make an optimal contribution if the natural resilience is (further) restored and increased andits attraction is preserved for everyone. The use of the sea is in a state of transition.The crux of the new policy for the North Sea is: together with civil-society organisations,steering towards desired use in terms of space and time, ecology and economy, andcontinuing to develop the natural potential of the sea and coast. The Central Government isaiming for a development-based approach to the sea, one that leaves room for newinitiatives and flexible management of the sea.Based on this vision, the emphasis in the period up until 2050 will be on five themes:building with nature; energy transition at sea; multiple/multifunctional use of the space;connecting land and sea; and accessibility/shipping. International collaboration and exportopportunities play a significant role in all five themes.The marine ecosystem and designated uses The North Sea is a highly complex, open marineecosystem, without borders and with specific habitats. The shallow and nutrient-rich area isa habitat for marine mammals, a breeding ground for fish and an important migratory routeand wintering area for many bird species. The marine ecosystem can be used as a source ofgoods (such as fish, sand, shells, oil, gas, wind, tidal and wave power) and to facilitateservices (shipping routes, recreation, CO2 storage, perception) for (Dutch) society.The expected intensification in the use of the North Sea, which is partly the result of anincrease in the number of designated uses, demands responsible use of the limited availablespace. Increasing use is exerts pressure on the marine ecosystem. Policy is a prerequisite forharmonising the various designated uses of the North Sea and ensuring a healthy ecosystem.The Policy Document on the North Sea 2016-2021 sets out the desired policy for the use ofspace, within the limits of the marine ecosystem. The Central Government sets the spatialframeworks, allowing the use of space in the North Sea to develop in an efficient andsustainable manner. Multiple use of space is an important principle in this regard. It offersbalanced opportunities for all forms of use of the North Sea.The Framework Vision on Infrastructure and Space presents the following national spatialchallenges for the North Sea: the p ese atio of the oastal fou datio a d i ple e tatio of the a ea-basedCoastal and Wadden Region sub-programmes of the Delta Programme inassociation with local and regional government authorities; the p ese atio a d p ote tio of Natu aa eas a d the ai tai i g the u o st u ted ie of the ho izo up tocoast; p o idi g spa e fo thevia pipelines;aia i e e os ste ;auti aliles f otheet o k fo the t a sport of (hazardous) substances the p ote tio of a haeologi al alues suother archaeological values).e ged settle e ts, shipe ks a d8
Within the European frameworks (Water Framework Directive, Marine Strategy FrameworkDirective, Birds Directive, Habitats Directive and the Malta Convention), the Cabinet is givingpriority to the activities that are of national interest to the Netherlands: Oil a d gas e t a tio : as u h atu al gas a d pet oleu as possi le is ei gextracted from the Dutch fields in the North Sea, in order to optimise use of thepotential of natural gas and petroleum reserves in the North Sea. CO sto age: suffi ie t spa e fo the sto age of CO i depleted oil a d gas fieldsor in underground aquifers. Shippi g: a whole system of traffic separation schemes, clearways and anchoringareas that can accommodate shipping safely and swiftly. Sa d e t a tio : suffi ie t spa e fo sa d e t a tio fo oastal p ote tiopurposes, countering flood risks and sand for use on land. Ge e atio of e e a le e e g : suffi ie t a eas foof renewable energy, combined wherever possible. Defe e: suffi ie tilitai d e e g a d othe fose e ise zo es i the No th Sea.The policy decisions for all designated uses are described in the report.2. Grid connection regulations in the Netherlands onshoreand offshoreIn the Netherlands Tennet is the transmission system operator (TSO).According to the Energy Industry Act, operators of transmission systems have an obligationto define the minimum technical requirements for connections to their grids.The minimum requirements for the TenneT grid on land are described in the "Grid code –extra high voltage" (see references). The "Requirements for offshore connections in the gridof TenneT TSO GmbH" applies to grid connections for offshore plants (see references).3. Permission procedures, environmental impactassessments in the NetherlandsOnshoreTo uild a i d tu i e o e eeds a o ge i gs e gu i g fo e l uildi gpermission). An omgevingsvergunning is granted by the municipality. For a wind farm 5 to100 MW, a province can authorise.If the location of the turbine doesn't fit in the zoning plan, then a zoning plan change has tobe made.9
Offshore wind energy in the NetherlandsThe Netherlands is working on a transition to a sustainable, reliable and affordable energysupply for everyone. Drivers are the climate change, the declining availability of fossil fuels,and the dependence on international energy suppliers.Within the National Energy Agreement, a goal of 16% sustainable energy in 2023 was agreedupon with over forty organisations including Ministries, energy organisations, employerso ga isatio s, u io s, NGO s a d othe s. All a aila le sustai a le e e g sou es are neededto reach this goal, including wind energy both land based and offshore (see 4. Social aspects– Energy agreement).The conditions for offshore wind energy in the Netherlands are excellent: relatively shallowwaters, good wind resource, good harbour facilities, experienced industry and a robustsupport system.This chapter gives a brief overview of the road map to increase offshore wind capacity fromtodays 1,000 MW to 4,500 MW in 2023 as part of this National Energy Agreement (Offshorewind energy in the Netherlands, January 2015). The Dutch government has
Following the first oil crisis in 1973, policy interest in wind energy rapidly increased. The first national energy research program on wind energy started in 1976. The official goal was to investigate the potential of wind energy and the general vision was that the Netherlands (and Dutch industry) should become a global leader on wind energy.
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
red wind/red wind xlr h50 t-15m l 35 mm red wind/red wind xlr h80 t-16m l 65 mm red wind/red wind xlr h105 t-17m l 90 mm racing speed xlr h80 t-19m l 74 mm profile rim female valve adapter (option) red wind/red wind xlr h50 t-15f l 37 mm red wind/red wind xlr h80 t-16f l 67 mm red wind/red wind xlr h105 t-17f l 92 mm racing speed .
Geburtstagskolloquium Reinhard Krause-Rehberg Andreas Wagner I Institute of Radiation Physics I www.hzdr.de Member of the Helmholtz AssociationPage Positrons slow down to thermal energies in 3-10 ps. After diffusing inside the matter positrons are trapped in vacancies or defects. Kinetics results in trapping rates about
