Information-Centric Networking - HAW Hamburg
Information-Centric NetworkingAW2Markus VahlenkampHamburg University of Applied SciencesMaster of ScienceComputer ScienceMay 31, 2012Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking1/45
AgendaRetrospection AW1Information-Centric NetworkingRelated WorkNDN / CCNxNetInfPSIRPComparisonFuture WorkMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking2/45
Retrospection AW1Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking3/45
Retrospection AW1Content Delivery NetworksIIApproach to deliver large amounts of content in an e cientmannerObjectivesI Reduced latencyI Improved Quality of Experience (QoE)I Reduced backbone loadIUtilises DNS and HTTP redirection mechanismsISteer users towards cachesMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking4/45
CDN componentsCDNDeliverySystemUserAgent 1UserAgent MFigure: CDN components[13, 8, 9, 15]IIDelivery SystemI Deliver contentRequest-Routing SystemI Steer clientsMarkus VahlenkampIIDistribution SystemI Distribute contentAccounting SystemI Billing / statistic creationInformation-Centric Networking5/45
Information-Centric NetworkingMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking6/45
MotivationInternet use cases shiftIFrom host-centricCommunicate via end-points (host/port)ITo information-centricAccess content via the network itselfIResearchers take the view that the network should accountstronger for content distributionTargetIDesigning a scalable and e cient content-aware networkinfrastructureMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking7/45
General ICN building blocks[6]Publish / Subscribe paradigmIPublish data In-networkIReceive data through subscriptionIMatching publication and subscription through rendezvousmechanismCachingIIIn-networkI Utilise content routers for cachingAt-the-edgeI Utilise end-nodes for cachingMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking8/45
General ICN building blocks[6]NamingIVia location independent identi ersSecurityISecure content instead of communication channelsI Data integrity (e.g. self-certi ability)I Author & origin authenticationIPopular to be coupled with content namingIReceiver initiated data transferRouting and ForwardingIImmediate routing of content requests (one-stepresolve/retrieve)IName Resolution Service (NRS) (two-step resolve/retrieve)Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking9/45
General ICN building blocks[6]One-step resolve/retrieveRouting TableRouting TableREQUESTNameFacebook DirectionNode2.NameFacebook ing(forwarding).Facebook/pic/.Node1Node2Figure: Conceptual view of one-stepresolve/retrieveMarkus VahlenkampIInformation-Centric Networking10/45
General ICN building blocks[6]Two-step resolve/retrieveName Resolution ServiceDHTResolveDistributedDBPhasesName - Topology AddressNetwork Topology Routing TableREQUESTAddressXYZ Network Topology Routing TableAddressWXY DirectionNodeXYZ.Node2Figure: Conceptual view of two-stepresolve/retrieveMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking11/45
Related WorkF NDN / CCNxF NetInfF PSIRP / PURSUITMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking12/45
Related WorkRelated WorkIITaken into account hereI NDN / CCNx from Parc[1, 11]I NetInf of the 4WARD and SAIL project[2]I PSIRP / PURSUIT project[3, 4]Early projectsI TRIAD project of Stanford University (2001)I Data Oriented Network Architecture (DONA) (2007)Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking13/45
Related WorkF NDN / CCNxMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking14/45
NDN / CCNxNDN / CCNx OverviewINamed Data Networking (NDN)[1]IResearch project of Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)IPrototype implementation named CCNx[11]Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking15/45
NDN / CCNxNamingIINaming structureI HierarchicalI AggregatableI Human-friendly formatI Naming on chunk basisI Example: ccnx:/parc/videos/intro.aviName resolution / routingI Interest packets are routed towards sourcesI Longest pre x match on content namesI One-step resolve/retrieveI Multiple distributed sources possibleI Reverse Path Forwarding through use of Pending InterestTable (PIT)Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking16/45
NDN / CCNxOriented Network Architecture (DONA).4.1.1CCNinterest)clientidataroutereKKK interestKKKKKdata KK router9t Wtinterestttttttttdatadataclient rinterest originFigure2: CCNoverviewFigure:AbstractCCNxoverview[6]The main idea of CCN is that a request for an information object is routedtowardsIthelocationin the networkwhere that(Pendinginformationobject(IO) has beenInterestpacketscreate soft-stateInterestentry)published. At the nodes traversed on the way towards the source the caches ofI Soft-states timeout or are cleared by corresponding data packetthe nodes are checked for copies of the requested IO. As soon as an instanceof IO is found (a cached copy or the source IO) it is returned to the requesteralong the path the request came from. All the nodes along that path caches aMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking17/45
NDN / rwardingProcessat architecturean NDN Node.data producers and consumers, e.g., name conventions indicatingventionsareVahlenkampspecific to applicationsand opaqueto networks.MarkusInformation-CentricNetworking18/45
NDN / CCNxCachingIPerformed on chunk basisITakes just on-path copies into account(on-path from subscriber to publisher)Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking19/45
Related WorkF NetInfMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking20/45
NetInfNetInf OverviewINetwork of Information (NetInf)[2]IPart of 4Ward and SAIL (European FP7 research Projects)Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking21/45
NetInfName resolution / routingITwo-step resolve/retrieveIUtilises Multilevel-DHT for rendezvous-systemIRendezvous-system yields topology based addressSecurityIProvides self-certifying data structuresI No external trust mechanism needed to verify data integrityMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking22/45
NetInfCachingITwo ways to nd cached copyI Registered copy in Name Resolution Service (NRS)I On-net copy found while routing subscription to the sourcethat the NRS returnedNamingIFlat namesINon human-friendlyTypeHash(PublicKey)LabelFigure: content id / name[5]Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking23/45
NetInf4.1.3dataClientdataoriginFigure 3: PSIRP overview4WARD-NetInfResolutionService o@queryregistrationContent:response Client odata[6]Figure:4:AbstractNetInf overview4WARD-NetInfoverviewFigureIn NetInf IOs are also published into the network. They are registered withNRS is queriedfor Thetopologybaseda NameI ResolutionService.NRS alsois addressused to register network locatorsthat canbeusedtoretrievedataobjectsthatrepresents the published IOs.I Content is transferredWhen a receiver want to retrieve an IO the request for the IO is resolved by theNRS into a set of locators. These locators are then used to retrieve a copy ofthe data object from the ’best’ available source(s).4.1.4DONAMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking24/45
Related WorkF PSIRPMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking25/45
PSIRPPSIRP OverviewIPublish-Subscribe Internet Routing ParadigmIEuropean FP7 research projectIContinues as PURSUIT (Publish-Subscribe InternetTechnologies)Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking26/45
PSIRPName resolution / routingITwo-step resolve/retrieveITopology Manager creates zFilter (Bloom lter) describingpath from subscriber to publisherINamespace scopes are restrictedMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking27/45
PSIRP—Draft for Dagstuhl seminar on Information-Centric Networking—resolutionoRendezvousOT ransportID/ RendezvousXsubscriptionrouterdsubscriptionrr9rrrr rrrrdataClient rrequestdataRegister%routerX Nx overviewoverview[6]Figure3: PSIRP4.1.3I 4WARD-NetInfUses source routingINRS is queried for zFilteroregistrationIResolutionService@ contentRequest is routed tosourceIContent is transferred queryresponseClient oMarkus VahlenkampContent:dataInformation-Centric Networking28/45
PSIRPzFilter[10]IUse Link IDs to construct Bloom lterIx1 and x2 are Link IDsIAttached to every packetIHop-by-hop evaluation against link tableIFalse-positives possibleBroder and Mitzenmacher: Network Applications of Bloom Filters: A Survey487Figure: Bloom lter construction[7]MarkusFigure 1. An example of a Bloom filter. The filter begins as an array of all 0s.Each item in the set xi is hashed k times, with each hash yielding a bit location;these bits are set to 1. To check if an element y is in the set, hash it k timesand check the corresponding bits. The element y1 cannot be in the set, since a0 is found at one of the bits. The element y2 is either in the set or the filter hasyielded a false positive.Information-Centric NetworkingVahlenkamp29/45
PSIRP[10]zFilterbasedforwardingFigure 2: Figure:Exampleof LinkIDsassigned for links, aswell as a publication with a zFilter, built for forwardI Usesingsourcethe packetfrom the Publisher to the Subscriber.routingMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking30/45Each foFor eachter in theis assumeand thatWith Blopositives.link thatThis setscan be inOur apFirstly, winto suitatopologysystem. Adelivery town Linkthe forwawith theforwarded2.4 Fo
PSIRPCachingIAlong transmission pathIRegistered within Name Resolution SystemNamingINon human-friendlyISplit into various abstraction levelsMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking31/45
3.3PSIRPS. Tarkoma et al. / The Publish/Subscribe Internet Routing Paradigm (PSIRP)107NamingFunctional Entity RelationshipsIFigure 3 illustrates the relationships between the key entities of the PSIRParchitecture.Publish / SubscribeMetadata(source is implementation-dependent)IDataScope Identifiers(SId)Associatedwith.Resolved to.Rendezvous Identifiers(RId)IForwarding Identifiers(FId)Define.Fig. 3. Key entities of the conceptual architecture.Figure: PSIRP ID coherence[12]Rendezvous IDScope IDDelimit reachability of giveninformationResolved to.Network Transit PathsUsed by publishers andsubscribersBridge higher level withlower layer identi ersIncludes.Application Identifiers(AId)Includes.Application IDIForwarding IDDe nes network transitpathsTypically, data is associated with one or more application identifiers and one ormore scopes. Each application first resolves application identifiers (AId) intorendezvous identifiers.A rendezvous identifier (RId) represents the network level identity of a publicationand is associatedpolicy-compliant data disseminationgraphs for Networking32/45
ComparisonMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking33/45
Comparison: Routing & ForwardingData pathIIn NDN/CCNx data can only ow along the reverse path theinterest packets takeINetInf and PSIRP allow for di erent pathsNetwork statesIIn CCNx soft-states are created by each interest packets whatmay lead to resource exhaustion (CPU/Memory)[14]IPSIRP utilises zFilters attached to packets thus no states needto be maintained in the networkMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking34/45
Comparison: NamingNamingICCNx names are human-friendlyINetInf and PSIRP are not human-friendly hence may requiremapping serviceVersioningINetInf and CCNx support versioning of contentIPSIRP leaves versioning to the application through theApplication IDMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking35/45
Comparison: Information scopeScopingINetInf has no mechanism of restricting the availability scope ofcontent so far1IPSIRP utilises a Scope ID to restrict the accessibilityICCNx can use export policies to restrict routing information1possible approaches are mentioned in[6]Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking36/45
Future WorkMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking37/45
Future WorkOpen topicsIScalabilityINon human-friendly namesSecure name mapping service neededIScoping of contentLimiting the reach of informationISource mobilityIDisruption Tolerance / Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN)ISecurityInfrastructure attacksMarkus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking38/45
Thanks for your attention!Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking39/45
References I[1]The Named Data Networking Homepage.http://www.named-data.net, 2012.[2]The NetInf Homepage.http://www.netinf.org, 2012.[3]The PSIRP Homepage.http://www.psirp.org, 2012.[4]The PURSUIT Homepage.http://www.fp7-pursuit.eu, 2012.Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking40/45
References II[5]Ahlgren, B., D'Ambrosio, M., Dannewitz, C., Eriksson, A.,Golic, J., Grönvall, B., Horne, D., Lindgren, A., Mämmelä, O.,Marchisio, M., Mäkelä, J., Nechifor, S., Ohlman, B.,Pentikousis, K., Randriamasy, S., Rautio, T., Renault, E.,Seittenranta, P., Strandberg, O., Tarnauca, B., Vercellone, V.,and Zeghlache, D.Second NetInf Architecture Description.Deliverable D6.2, 4WARD Project.[6]Ahlgren, B., Dannewitz, C., Imbrenda, C., Kutscher, D., andOhlmann, B.A Survey of Information-Centric Networking (Draft).Tech. Rep. 10492, Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, 2011.Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking41/45
References III[7]Broder, A. Z., and Mitzenmacher, M.Survey: Network applications of bloom lters: A survey.Internet Mathematics 1, 4 (2003), 485 509.[8]Day, M., Cain, B., Tomlinson, G., and Rzewski, P.A Model for Content Internetworking (CDI).RFC 3466, RFC-Editor, Feb. 2003.[9]Hofmann, M., and Beaumont, L. R.Content Networking: Architecture, Protocols, and Practice(The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking).Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA,2005.Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking42/45
References IV[10] Jokela, P., Zahemszky, A., Rothenberg, C. E., Arianfar, S.,and Nikander, P.LIPSIN: Line Speed Publish/Subscribe Inter-networking.In Proc. of the ACM SIGCOMM 2009 (New York, NY, USA,2009), ACM, pp. 195 206.[11] PARC.The CCNx Homepage.http://www.ccnx.org, 2012.[12] Tarkoma, S., Ain, M., and Visala, K.The publish/subscribe internet routing paradigm (psirp):Designing the future internet architecture.In Future Internet Assembly (2009), G. Tselentis,J. Domingue, A. Galis, A. Gavras, D. Hausheer, S. Krco,V. Lotz, and T. Zahariadis, Eds., IOS Press, pp. 102 111.Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking43/45
References V[13] Vahlenkamp, M.Content Delivery Networks - Chancen und Konzepte fürInternet Service Provider.Bachelor-Thesis, Hamburg University of Applied Science, Apr.2011.[14] Wählisch, M., Schmidt, T. C., and Vahlenkamp, M.Backscatter from the Data Plane Threats to Stability andSecurity in Information-Centric Networking.Technical Report arXiv:1205.4778v1, Open Archive: arXiv.org,2012.[15] Yin, H., Liu, X., Min, G., and Lin, C.Content delivery networks: A bridge between emergingapplications and future IP networks.Network, IEEE 24, 4 (July 2010), 52 56.Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking44/45
References VI[16] Zhang, L., Estrin, D., Burke, J., Jacobson, V., and Thornton,J. D.Named Data Networking (NDN) Project.Tech.report ndn-0001, PARC, 2010.Markus VahlenkampInformation-Centric Networking45/45
Draft for Dagstuhl seminar on Information-Centric Networking 4 Discussing Information-centric Network Ar-chitectures Based on the identi ed building blocks in section 3, we will now discuss the instantiation of these blocks for the speci c approaches. In subsection 4.1, we rst provide an overview of CCN, PSIRP, 4WARD-NetInf, and DONA before
Draft for Dagstuhl seminar on Information-Centric Networking 4 Discussing Information-centric Network Ar-chitectures Based on the identi ed building blocks in section 3, we will now discuss the instantiation of these blocks for the speci c approaches. In subsection 4.1, we rst provide an overview of CCN, PSIRP, 4WARD-NetInf, and DONA before
Content-based networking, publish/subscribe, information-centric networking, content-centric networking, named-data networking Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies
"A survey of Information-entric Networking", IEEE Communications Magazine, 2012 - G. Carofiglio et al. "From content delivery today to information centric networking", omputer Networks, 2013, in press - G. Xylomenos et al (G. Polyzos), "A survey of information-centric networking research", IEEE ommunications Surveys and Tutorials,
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) research direction raised by Van Jacobson. ICN represents a general trend of future Internet architecture that evolves from the today's host centric, end-to-end, IP focused architecture to a content centric and distributed one. CCN and Named Date Networking(NDN) [24] are the typical instances of the broad
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) architectures [4, 5, 41] have been proposed to improve the quality of information perceived by consumers compared to the current IP Internet. The Named Data Networking (NDN) [25] and the Content-Centric Networking (CCNx) [9] architectures advocate the use of what has been called a "stateful forwarding .
This information asymmetry often leads to a suboptimal system operation. Information-centric Networking (ICN) postulates a fundamental paradigm shift away from a host-centric model towards an information-centric one. ICN focuses on information item discovery and transmission and not on the connection of end-points that exchange data.
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